MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

Chapter 7 Trusses, Frames, and Machines

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

7.2 Plane Trusses

Before this chapter In this chapter

R1

F1

F2

R2

R1

F1

F2

R2

Determine the reactions, R1 and R2, of a rigid body subjected to a pair of forces F1, and F2.

Determine the reactions, R1 and R2, and the forces in nine rigid members that are joined together with six pin joints, subjected to a pair of forces F1, and F2.

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Idealized trusses
1. Members are connected together at their ends only. 2. Members are connected together by frictionless pins. 3. Loads are applied only at the joints. (Thus, all members are two-force members.) 4. Weights of members are neglected.

An actual riveted truss joint, which transmits both forces and moments among connecting members

An idealized frictionless pin connection, which transmits forces among connecting members, but not moments. This assumption can be justified so long as the members are long.
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7.2 Plane Trusses

A triangle is the building block of all plane trusses
B 1 A 2 C 3 A 1 2 C B 4 3 5 6 E D 7 F 8 9 12 11 13 G H

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m = 2j3

m = NUMBER OF MEMBERS; j = NUMBER OF JOINTS Total unknowns: m (one for each member) + 3 (3 support reactions). Each joint yields two equations (Fx = 0, Fy = 0) Is a truss always stable and solvable when m = 2j -3 is satisfied?
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MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

7.2 Plane Trusses

A triangle is the building block of all plane trusses
B 1 A 2 C 3 A 1 2 C B 4 3 5 6 E D 7 F 8 9 12 11 13 G H

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m = 2j3

m = NUMBER OF MEMBERS; j = NUMBER OF JOINTS Total unknowns: m (one for each member) + 3 (3 support reactions). Each joint yields two equations (Fx = 0, Fy = 0) Is a truss always stable and solvable when m = 2j -3 is satisfied?
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MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Rigidity and Solvability of A Truss

m = 2j3 m=2jr
m: # of Members j: # of Joints r: # of Reactions j = 9 m = 15 2 j 3 = 15 = m

m=2jr
j = 9 m = 15 r = 3 2 j r = 15 = m

j = 9 m = 14 2 j 3 = 15 m

j = 9 m = 14 r = 4 2 j r = 14 = m

j=6 m=9 2j3= 9 = m

j=6 m=9 r=3 2jr =9=m

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

m=2jr
j = 8 m = 12 r = 3 2 j r = 13 > m = 12 j = 8 m = 14 r = 3 2 j r = 13 < m = 14 j = 10 m = 16 r = 3 2 j r = 17 > m = 16

j = 8 m = 13 r = 3 2 j r = 13 = m

Yet, it is unstable!

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Method of Joints 1. Draw a free-body diagram of the entire structure and determine the reactions (if r = 3). 2. Draw free-body diagrams for all members (assume tensile forces in all members) and all joints. 3. Set up the equilibrium equations for each joint and solve them one joint at a time, begin with those that have at most two unknowns. 4. Check the results at the last joint.

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Method of Joints
Reactions

M = (8)B (4)(1000) (8)(2000) = 0 M = (8)A (4)(1000) = 0 F = A + 1000 = 0

A y B y x x

Ax = 1000 lb Ay = 500 lb B y = 2500 lb

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Method of Joints F A: 2000 lb F
D D
C TCD
TAC C TAC
x y

= TAB + TAC cos 1000 = 0 = TAD + TAC sin 500 = 0

TCD

TAD TCD TCD TAD

Fx =TAB = 0 C B: TBC Fy = TBC + 2500 = 0

TBC C

Fx = TCD TAC cos = 0 C: Fy = TBC TAC sin 2000 = 0 Fx = TCD + 1000 = 0 D: Fy = TAD = 0

A TAD TAD
TAC TAC

B
A

TBC

TBC TAB TAB

1000 lb A TAB TAB 500 lb

A(TAB , TAC ) B (TAB , TBC )

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D (TAD , TCD ) C (TAC , TBC )

2500 lb

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Method of Joints
? m=2jr ?

j=4 m=5 r=3 2jr =5=m

j=4 m=5 r=4 2jr =4<m=5

j=4 m=5 r=3 2jr =5=m

j=4 m=5 r=4 2jr =4<m=5

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Zero-Force Members
P D B A C E TBD B TAB TCD C TCE TBC E y x TAC C E D B A C P D B A P

= 0 TBC = 0

= 0 TCD = 0
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7.2 Plane Trusses

Zero-Force Members

B A C

B A C

B A C

Zero-force member: BC, CD

Zero-force member: AB, AC

Zero-force member: AB, AC, BC

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7.2 Plane Trusses

More About Zero-Force Members Zero force members cannot simply be removed from the truss and discarded, as they are needed to guarantee stability of the truss.

If members BD and AD are removed, then a slight disturbance would cause joint D to buckle outward. The equilibrium at joint D (see the free-body diagram) requires that

= TDE cos + TCD cos = 0 TDE = TCD TDE = TCD = 0 y = TDE sin + TCD sin = 0 TDE = TCD Yet equilibrium at joint C requires that TCD 0. Thus, joint D will continue to buckle outward and the truss is no longer stable.
x

F F

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7.2 Plane Trusses

More About Zero-Force Members Zero-force members may become non-zero-force members, or vice versa, as the load moves from one location to another. Consider a Warren truss with vertical supports.
(See http://www.geocities.com/Baja/8205/truss.htm for other types of bridge truss)

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MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

Other Bridge Trusses Warren Truss w/o Vertical Supports Pratt Truss

Quadrangular Warren Trusses

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MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

More About Zero-Force Members Washington Crossing Bridge

Tension-only members

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MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

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7.2 Plane Trusses

More About Zero-Force Members

Cross members are slender tension-only members. Any compressive force will buckle the member, render it useless.
T C C T T C T C T C T C

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