RESEARCH

AND

DEVELOPMENT

BULLETIN

RD041,OlT

6.

Further Laboratory Portland-Pozzolan

by William

Studies of Cements
and Paul Klieger

F. Perenchio

PORTLAND
Research

CEMENT
/ Cons,,i,clrori

ASSOCIATION
Technology Laboraiorres

and Deve,opmen,

Further Laboratory Portland-Pozzolan

by William F. Perenchio

Studies of Cements

SCOPE This study included chemical and physical tests of six Type IP cements, their six Type I counterparts, and the fly ash pozzohms used in the manufacture of the IP cements. The cements were produced by intergrinding, by blending, or by combinations of these two operations, Pastes, mortars, and concretes were evaluated for such properties as strength development, drying shrinkage, and durability. Also, the fly ashes were tested according to ASTM C618.

and Paul Klieger*

SYNOPSIS This study augments an earlier one** in which much of the same type of information on the properties of concretes made with early portland-pozzolan cements (ASTM Type lP) was presented. Three Type IP cements and two Type I cements were used in the earlier work. One of the Type I cements was manufactured at the same plant as one of the Type IP cements. The present study included six Type I cements and six Type IP cements made at six different plants. Each Type IP, therefore, can be directly compared with a Type I manufactured at the same plant at about the same time; consequently, the clinker portions of the counterpart cements should be very similar in composition, The data presented include results of chemical and physical tests of the cements according to ASTM C150 and C595 and data on the physical properties of the concretes, including strength development, drying shrinkage, resistance to freezing and thawing, and resistance to deicer scaling. Air-entrained concretes made with the portland-pozzolan cements were somewhat less resistant to deicer scaling than were the air-entrained concretes made with the Type I portland cements, However, resistance to freezing and thawing in water was similar with both types of cement, Drying shrinkage was somewhat less for the Type IP cement concretes. Both types of concrete exhibited similar compressive and flexural strength development, KEYWORDS: air-entrained concretes; blended cements; curing; deicers; fly ash; freezethaw durability; portland-pozzolan cements; pozzohins; scaling; shrinkage; strength.

MATERIALS The cements used in this study included six Type IP cements and their six Type I counterparts manufactured at the same plants at approximately the same time. Fly ash was used as the pozzolanic constituent in each case. Portland Cements (Type I). The results of the chemical and physical tests required by ASTM C150 are shown in Tables 1 and 3. All the Type I cements meet the applicable requirements. Portland-Pozzolan Cements (Type IP), Tables 2 and 3 list results of the chemical and physical tests required by ASTM C595. These cements also meet the applicable requirements. Mortar bars were fabricated from all the cements in this study and cured according to ASTM C595. Drying shrinkages of these bars after various periods of drying in an atmosphere main. tained at 73 deg. F. and 50% R.H. are shown in Table 4. Pozzolans (Fly Ashes). Table 5 lists results of the chemical and physical tests required by ASTM C618, All the fly ashes meet all the requirements. Additionally, expansions due to alkali-aggregate reac-

INTRODUCTION Between the time when the previous study of portland-pozzolan cements was completed and the present one started, interest in this type of cement had declined. However, when cement shortages began to appear in various areas of the country in early 1973, several manufacturers began producing 1P cement as a means of increasing productive capacity, At the time the present study was instigated, during the summer of 1973, approximately a dozen producers were manufacturing

IP cement, The cements were generally well received in the various concrete-using industries, but a consistent body of data comparing the engineering properties of concretes made with 1P cements with those of concretes containing their Type I counterparts was lacking. This study provides such information,

TABLE 1. Chemical and Physical Tests of Type 1 Cements

Percentage of constituent *Senior Research Engineer and Director, respectively, Concrete Materials Research Department, Portland Cement Association, Research and Development/Construction Technology Laboratories, S kokie, Ill. * *K]ieger, p., and perenchio, W., Laboratory Studies of Blended Cem ents: Portland-Pozz elan Cements, PCA Research and Development Bulletin RD013T, 1972. Cement No. 21525 21528 21535 21543 21547 21551 MgO 3.51 1.26 1.31 1.09 1.71 0.61 S03 2,85 2.51 2,75 2.47 2.84 2.71 L.O. I. 1.43 1.93 1.55 1<18 0.76 1.79

F inenes cm.2/g. Blaina 3250 3900 4540 3000 3400 4030 Wagner 1800 1920 2030 1780 1827 1801

Percent passing 325 sieva 89.1 92.1 92.1 90.9 89.8 89.0

Percent insoluble rasidue 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.38 0.14

@ Portland Cement Association 1976

Further Laboratory Studies of Portland-Pozzolan Cements

tion were determined according to ASTM C441. These results are listed in Table 6. In each case, the fly ash used was the same as that used in making the corresponding Type P cement for that particular plant. Fine Aggregate. Natural sand from Elgin, Ill., partly carbonates and partly silicates, was used in all the concretes in this study. Coarse Aggregate. Partially crushed gravel from Elgin, Ill., similar in composition to the sand but with a greater percentage of carbonates, was used for the compressive and flexural specimens and for drying-shrinkage prisms. For the durability specimens, highly siliceous, partially crushed river gravel from Eau Claire, Wis., was used because of the higher durability of this aggregate. Air-Entraining Admixture. A laboratory-prepared neutralized Vinsol resin solution was added during mixing to entrain the amounts of air shown in Tables 7andll,

TABLE 2. Chemical and Physical Tasts of Type 1P Cements

Percentage of constituent Cement No. 21526 21527 21534 21544 21546 21552 MgO 2.65 1,20 1<21 1.02 1.45 0.83 S03 2.54 2.28 3.08 2,51 2.62 3.23 L.O. I. 1.47 1.74 3.42 1.61 1.17 1.79

Fineness, cm.2/g., Blaine 3710 3300 4070 4424 4010 3920

Percent passing 325 sieve 89.2 87.0 89.2 94,9 93.9 96.1

Specific gravity 2.94 2.98 3.02 2.97 3.03 3.08

TABLE 3. Paste and Mortar Tests

Autoclave

+Y%--I.:%CYL54C:F
21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 21534 I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P 23.5 24.3 26.8 24.5 24.6 26.0 26.0 27.1 25.0 27.0 26.5 26,1 2:45 2:45 2:35 2:45 0:55 2:00 2:00 1:10 2:35 2:45 1:40 2:05 5:00 5:00 4:30 5:00 4:00 4:45 4:00 4:00 4:15 4:15 3:00 4:45 8.0 3.9 8.2 4.0 8.5 4.8 8.6 4.5 7.9 5.9 7.9 7.3

xp~ion=
compressive strength psi 0.075 -0,010 0,024 0.008 0.021 0.018 0.237 0.029 0.068 -0.001 0.218 0.235 2940 2300 3180 2330 3180 2530 3350 2980 2710 2410 3110 2980 4110 3280 4350 3280 4550 3430 4990 4070 3920 3780 4650 4320 5760 4920 5700 4570 6280 4940 6680 5980 5820 6510 6230 5860

DISCUSSION OF TEST R ESULTS

STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF CONCRETES

21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552

All the concretes prepared for evaluation of compressive and flexural strength development contained 550 + 10 lb. of

TABLE 4. Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Bars

Cemant No. 21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552 Type I 1P I W I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P 4 d. .049 .041 .039 .041 .051 .054 .053 .049 .060 .054 .050 .044 .050 .047 7 d. .060 .050 .050 .051 .063 .066 .085 .060 .074 .067 .062 .054 .082 .058 14d. .076 .083 .067 .058 .074 .OBO .076 .068 .088 .079 .072 .085 .076 .069

Drying shrinkage, % 28 d. .080 .075 ,080 .083 .084 .093 .082 .073 .088 .087 .079 .074 .086 .081 8 wk. .100 .085 ,091 .094 .094 ,103 .095 .082 ,111 .097 .090 .083 .087 .091 16 wk. 24 wk. .119 .103 ,108 .111 .112 .117 .107 .087 .128 .113 .105 .100 .113 .107 48 wk. .126 .112 .114 ,117 ,119 .123 .113 .105 .136 .119 .112 .107 .120 .114

Water/ cemant rat io 0.48 0.51 0,47 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.50 0,49 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.50

F IOW, % 107 110 111 108 113 108 110 111 111 106 112 110

.110
.086 ,100 .104 .104 ,110 .102 .081 .121 .106 .099 .083 ,106 .100

Average of ls Average of I Ps

*All results ere the everege for three specimens.

PCA Research and Development Bulletin

TABLE 5. Chemical and Physical Tests of Fly Ashes, ASTM C618

Percentage of constituent

Fly ash No. 21524 (21526)* 21529 (21527) 21536 (21534) 21546 (21 544) 21549 (21 548) 21553 (21 552)

Si02 46.3 44.7 44.9 49.8 49.8 43,6

A1203
18.2 17.8 17.6 24.2 23.1 14.9

Fe203 21.4 27.8 27.9 10,4 6.5 20.7

S03 1.08
1.05 1,04 0.53 0.89 1.65

Total alk. as Na20 1.85 1.80 1.85 2.51 2.69 1.41

Moisture 0.06 0.01 0.03 0,16 0.23 0.08

Loss on ign., % 4,26 3,87 4,81 2.45 2.87

Elaine fineness, cm.219. 3605 2880 2970 3074 4237 2571

ercent p~sssg Fineness cm,2/c~.b 8400 7315 7544 8790 9872 6813 siave 78.02 77.83 79.23 74.84 87.67 76.99 Specific gravity 2.33 2.54 2.54 2.35 2.33 2.65

Pozzolanic strength at 7 d., psi 1010 1050 1040 900 1380 1500

0.46

* In each case, parentheses denote the 1P cement made with tha fly esh listed directly abova.

TABLE 6, Mortar Expansions with Pyrex Aggregates, ASTM C441 *

TABLE 7. Concrete Mix Characteristics, Compressive and Flexural Specimens*

I
1 1 I I

Cement 21525 + Flyash** 21528 + F Iy ash 21535 + F Iy ash 21543 + F Iy ash 21547 + Fly ash 21551 + Fly esh

14-day expansion, % 0.163 0.037 0.250 0.053 0.165 0.016 -o.oo7t -0.000t 0<137 0.042 0.180 0.074

Reduction in expansion, % 77 79 90

Cament No. 21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552 I Type I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I

Net wetarl cement ratio 0.418 0.413 0.457 0,419 0.442 0.450 0.457 0.447 0,428 0.446 0.466 0.438 I

Net water, Ib,lcu.yd. 228 226 258 234 243 243 252 247 235 244 255 242 I

Net air, % 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.4 I

Sl:nmp, . 2.3 2.2 3.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.8 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.3 I
yd.

Air-entraining agent requirement, % of control 310 1;5 154 213 238 115

69 59

*A II results are the everege for three specimens. **The ,J+ F Iy esh morters in each case were mede
according to the test mixture requirements of C 441. using flv ash from the same source usad to makethe IF counterparts of the Type I listed.
tQuesti~neble data+

* E}gin sand and greval, nominally

550 lb. cement/cu.

cement per cubic yard. Air contents were maintained at 5-6% and slump was held to 2-3 in. The water-cement ratios were thus allowed to vary to more closely simulate field procedures, More detailed information on these concrete mixtures is given in Table 7. Generally, the Type IP cements required somewhat less mixing water than their Type I counterparts. Airentraining agent requirements were higher in every case for the IP cements than for

their Type I counterparts. Increases ranged from 15 to 210%. Mixing, casting, and curing were done at a temperature of 73 deg. F, Specimens used for evaluation of compressive strength were 6x12-in. cylinders. They were capped with a sulfur-fire clay mixture at least one hour before testing. Beams measuring 6x6x30 in, were used for flexural testing. The beams were loaded at the third points of an 18-in.

span. Two flexural breaks were made on each specimen. Concretes for strength development evaluation were cured as follows: Moist, Continuously moist at 73 deg. F. and tested at ages ranging from 1 day to 1 year. Air. Moist-cured at 73 deg. F. for 7 days, then stored in air at 73 deg. F. and 50% R.H. until tested, The results of compressive strength

Further Laboratory Studies of Portland-Pozzolan Cements

these concretes are listed in Table 8, A comparison of the average results for the Type I and Type 1P cement concretes is shown in Fig. 1. The Type IP cement concretes were lower in strength through 28 days, but after 90 days the compressive strengths for the two classes of concrete were nearly identical. The air-cured specimens (7 days moist followed by air storage) did not show significant reductions in 90-day strength development compared to the continuously moist specimens. The data for the individual concretes listed in Table 8 show that some of the IP concretes have a higher strength at 90 days and 1 year than their Type I counterparts, while for others the reverse is true. Flexural strength test results are listed in Table 9. A graph of strength development averages for the Type Is and Type 1Psvs. time is shown in Fig, 2, The graph reflects the lower average strengths of Type IP concretes as compared to those of Type I concretes when moist curing was applied. When the concretes were allowed to dry after 7 days of moist curing, the two types of cement produced almost identical 28-day flexural strengths. The slopes of the lines indicate that the strengths at later ages, like the compres. sive strengths, most likely would be comparable,
DRYING SHRINKAGE

tests on

TABLE 8. Concrete Compressive Strengths*

Cement No, 21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552 Type I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I
1P Cure ~*. At M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A M A I M A M A

Compressive strength, psi

1 d.
1730 1140 1230 1270

3 d. 3440 2720 2660 2550 2620 1880 2970 2550 3380 2310 2950 3330

7 d.

28 d. 6040 6660 5340 6130 4870 5450 4860 5350 5230 5110 4080 4590 5520 6140 5170 5360 6350 6780 5540 5330 5960
5560

90 d. 6780 7120 6510 6730 5790 5740 6160 6180 6160 5760 5450 5180 6390 6260 6270 5750 7000 7190 6660 6180 6160 6160 6580 6460

365 d. 7620 7050 6480 6950 7010 6380 6630 6670 7790 7260 6550 6810

4640 3710 3710 3700 4040 2910 4380 3730 4500 3500 4210 4110

1430
875 1550 1450 1590 1210 1770 1780

1P

6050

*A II results are the average of tests on three 6x 12-in. cylindars. * *Continuously moist, t7 days moist, than eir.

Prisms 3x3x1 1%in. in size were cast from concretes nearly identical to those described in Table 7. Drying-shrinkage values after various lengths of drying time are listed in Table 10. Only eight of the 12 cements are represented here. Supplies of the remaining four had been exhausted by the time these specimens were cast. The differences between the Type I and the Type IP cement concretes are minor, as were those in the mortar bar data, and are overshadowed by the effect of length of moist-curing period.
DURABILITY

8000 I AIR STORAGE\

COMPRESSIVE

T::~H1::l /K
CURE

20+ /
-0
I

o = TYPE I - AV.OF 6 q =TYPE 1P - it 1! 11

37

28 AGE IN DAYS

90

365

Concretes for durability tests were similar to those made for evaluation of strength development and drying shrinkage, with the exception of the coarse aggregate. The Eau Claire gravel concretes required an average of 12 lb. per cubic yard less water than the Elgin gravel. Table 11 lists detailed information on these concretes,

Fig. 1. Comparison of compressive strangths of concretes made with Types I and 1P cements.

PCA Research and Development Bulletin

TABLE 9, Concrete Flexural Strengths*

TABLE 10. Drying Shrinkage of Concretes*

Cement No, 21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552 Type I 1P I 1P Cure
M** At M A M A M A

: Iexural strer th, psi

Cement No. 21528 21527 21535 21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 rype I
1P

Y
560 440 455 455 490 370 485 430 505 410 485 460

7 d.
635 520

28

d.

Days of moist curing 7 28 7 28 7 28 7 28 7 28 7 28 7

Dr\ 7 d. 28 d. 2 mo.

g shrin

]e, % 4 mo. .058 .053 .056 .052

mo.

mo.

9 mo. .060 .052 .057 .050

760 640 710 660 710 580 680 535 720 600 570 515

.025 .021 .024 .022 ,028 ,024 .026 .024 .030 .026 .029 .026

.045 .037 .045 .037

.054 .045 .052 .045 .057 .050 .053 ,047 .058 .050 .055 .047 .057 .045 .059 .047 .057 .048 .055 .047

.056 .047 .054 .046

.059 .052 .057 .050

580 555
555 475 560 510

I 1P

.051 .044 .046 .040 .051 .044 .049 .042 .049 .038 .052 .043 .049 .041 .048 .041

.059 .052 .055 .049 ,061 .052 ,057 .048 .058 .047 .060 .051 .059 .050 .057 .049

.060 .059 .057 .056 ,062 .059 .058 .055 .060 .054 .062 .057 .060 .056 .058 ,055

.061
.055 ,058 .052 .063 .055 .059 .050 .061 ,050 .063 .053 .061 .053 .059 ,051

.062 .055 .059 ,052 ,064 .055 .059 .050 .061 .049 .064 .053 .062 .053 .060 .051

I
1P

M A M A

I 1P

I
1P

M A M A M A M A M A M A

700 615 660 640 735 605 710 640 685 615 705 655

I 1P

28 7 28
7 28

,028 .019 .031 .024 .028 .023 ,028 .024

I 1P

585 530 E 565

Average of Is

Averege of 1Ps

7 28

I 1P

*All

results are the everage for three 3x3x1

1%-in. prisms.

* All results are tha average for two 6x6x30 in. beems (3rd-pt, loading, lEI-in. span), two tests per specl man. * *Continuously moist. t7 dey~ moist, than air.

FLEXURAL STRENGTH,

Ps I

were similar to those used inthe drying-shrinkage tests. After curing foreither7, 14,0r 28 days moist, three specimens for each concrete were stored in air at 73 deg. F. and50%R,H, for 14days, followedby3 days inwater, They were then tested for freeze-thaw durability. The specimens underwent 2 complete cycles of freezing and thawing each day, 7 days per week. They were immersed in tap water at all times. The temperature range of the specimens was approximately 10 deg. F. to +55 deg. F. The rate of cooling was approximately 20 deg. F. per hour. Specimens were tested at intervals for changes in length, weight, and fundamental frequency of transverse vibration (sonic modulus). The test produces results similar to those obtained by ASTM C666, Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Waterm

Resistance to Freezing and Thawing The specimens used in these tests

200 t

o=

TYPE

I-

AV,0F6

TYPE

1P-

AGE IN OAYS

Fig. 2. Comparison of flexural cements,

strengths of concretes made with Types I and 1P

The results after 300 cycles of freezing and thawing are listed in Table 12. Percent of original E is durability factor as defined in ASTM C666. No significant differences appeared between the Type I and the Type 1P concretes. The data indicate that all the concretes exhibited excellent re~stance to freezing and thawing in water.
Resistance to Deicer Scaling

Slabs 3x6x1 5 in. in size were used for these tests. A small mortar dike was af-

fixed to the top perimeter (6x15-in. face) to retain the %-in, layer of water and, subsequently, chloride solution. Freezing was accomplished in a room maintained at O deg. F. Thawing was done in a room maintained at approximately 70 deg. F. To start the thawing, flake calcium chloride was applied to the %-in, layer of ice at the rate of 2.4 lb, per square yard of surface. After thawing was complete, the slabs were washed and the Z&in.layer of water replaced,

Further Laboratory Studies of PortLzrrd-PozzoLmCements

TABLE 11. Concrete Mix Characteristics, Durability Specimens*

TABLE 12. Freezing and Thawing Tests*

Resu Its after 300 cvcles

Cement No. 21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552 Type I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P i 1P

Net weterl cement ratio 0.394 0,383 0,424 0.395 0.424 0.413 0.440 0,431 0.407 0.419 0.433 0.412

Net watar, lb,/cu,yd, 218 214 238 222 236 229 244 240 225 234 238 226

Net air, % 5:6 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.4

Sl;nmp, , 2.6 2.1 3.0 1.9 2,0 2.2 3.1 2.6 2,3 2.7 3.0 2,4

Air-entraining agent requirement, % of control

Cement No, 21525

Type

Moist curing, days 7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28

Expa~ion,

Weight changa, %

Durability factor* *

271 138 150 160 21526 1P

.014 .014 .017 .010 .011 .013

+0,2

104
103 102 104 102 102

+0.5 +0.3 -0.4 -0.2 +0.1 +0.3 +0.3 +0.2 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 +0.5 +0.6 +0.4 +0.2 +0.1 to.4 +0.6 +0.6 +0.5 +0.6 -0.1 tO.6 +0.2 +0.2 to.4 +0.2 +0.3 +0.3 +0.5 +0,6 +0.5 +0.1 +0.2 -0.4

21528 21527

1P

225 150
yd.

.015 .016 .013 .015 .013 .013 .014 ,012 ,015 .009 .009 .010 .012
.011 .012 .013 .013 .012 .016 .016 .018 .021 .016 ,013 .016 .018 .022 .011 .013 .018

104
103 102 102 103 102 106 104 103 104 104 104 105 105 102 105 105 102
104

21535 21534

Elgin sand, Eau Claire gravel, nominallv 550 lb, cement/cu,

1P

7 14 28 7 14 28
7 14 28 7 U

21543

The slabs underwent one of these cycles daily. The amount of scaling was determined visually at intervals. Numerical ratings were assigned as follows: O = no scale 1 = slight scale 2 = slight to moderate scale 3 = moderate scale 4 = moderate to heavy scale 5 = heavy scale Scale ratings through 300 cycles are given in Table 13 and are depicted graphically in Fig. 3. As is evident in both, the Type 1P concretes exhibited more rapid early scaling than did the Type I concretes, but scaling did not progress from 50 through 300 cycles. Also evident is the fact that length of initial moist-curing period has little effect on the performance of the Type 1P concretes and no effect on the Type I concretes. After this rapid initial scaling became apparent, the slabs were duplicated and given a linseed oil coating at 7 days into the drying period. The results, shown in Table 14, indicate some improvement at 100 cycles but more rapid scaling thereafter. Because laboratory test procedures for deicer scaling are much more revere than any field exposure, differences observed in the laboratory may not be confirmed in the field. Therefore, slabs measuring 12x12x6 in, deep were prepared for out-

21544

1P

21547

21548

1P

7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28

102 102 102 104 102 104 103 101 104 102 97

21551

21552

1P

. . ~e~ed

*All results ara the averege of tests on three 3x3x1 1 %-in, prisms.
on tjvnemic E et 300 Wales.

door exposure, including the application of deicer. At this time, the outdoor slabs have been exposed to only one winter of field exposure and all are rated excellent, or no scaling. Several more years will be required before meaningful comparisons can be made. the somewhat more rapid early scaling of the IP concretes, one laboratory specimen from each concrete was measured for air content by linear traverse, ASTM C457. The
Linaar Traversa Studies In an attempt to explain

results are listed in Table 15. In every case but one, the 1P cement concretes were determined to contain more voids per cubic inch, and in half the cases, the 1P cement concretes Were calculated to have smaller values of L, In all cases, percentage air contents were comparable between concretes made with the Type I and the W from the same plant. These tests do not explain the differences in early scaling test results between the Type Is and the II%.

PCA Research and Development Bulletin

TABLE 13. Results of Deicer Scaling Tests*

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The present study included tests of pastes, mortars, and concretes made with six Type I portland cements and six counterpart Type IP portland-pozzolan cements made at the same plant at about the same time. All the IP cements contain fly ash, introduced by intergrinding, by blending, or by combinations of these two operations. Tests were done also on each of the fly ashes used in these cements. (It is interesting that the pozzolanic strength development shown in Table 5 does not correlate with the compressive strength development of the corresponding Type 1P cements in either the concretes or the C109 mortar cubes.) The following conclusions are based on the information developed in this study : 1. The water requirements of the concretes made with the Type IP cements were usually lower than those made with the corresponding Type I cements. 2. The air-entraining agent requirements were higher in every case for the Type 1P cements than for their Type I counterparts. Increases ranged from 15 to
210%.

Cament No.

T ypa I

Moist curing, * days 7 14 28 7 14 28

7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28

Scale ratingt at deicar cycle 5 l 10+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 0+ 0+ 1 0+ 1 1 0+ 0 0 0+ 0+ 0+ 0 0 0 0 0+ 0+ 0 0+ 0+ 0+ 0+ 0 K 0+ 0 0+ 0+ 0 . 25 1+ 1+ 22+ 2 2+ 1 222 2+ 2+ G 0+ 0+ 11 1 0+ 10+ 0 1 1 11 1 11 0+ 1 10+ 1 11-

21525

% 1+ 1+
22+ 2+ 32 222+ 2+ 2+ K 0+ 0+ 1 1+ 1+ 1 110+ 1+ 1+ 1+ It 1+ 1+ 1+ 0+

z
1+ 1+
22+ 2+ 3 2 2 2 33 3; 0+ 0+ 1 2 2 1+ 1 10+ 22= 21+ 21+ l)+

200 1+
2 2333

300

1+
2 233 3 2 2 2 3 3 3

21526

1P

21528

21527

1P

21535

o+ o+ 0+

r)+ 0+ 0+

21534

[P

1+
2 2 21+ 1 0+ 2 222 1+ 220+

1+
2 2 21+ 1 0+ 2 222 1+ 220+ 1+ 1+ 0+ 21+ 1-

21543

21544

1P

7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28 7 14 28

21547

21548

1P

21551

21552

1P

. *Follo~ed
tWhera

1+ 1 1+ 1 0+ 0+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 11 .

1+

1+
r)+
21+ 1-

*AII results ere the everege for three 3x6x15-in. slebs. by 14 deys in eir pkIS 3 deys in Waterl O= 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = no sceling slight scaling slight to moderete scaling moderete sceling modereta to severe scaling savere scaling

The average flexural and compressive strengths were lower for the Type IP cement concretes through 28 days than for the Type 1s. At the ages of 90 and 365 days, the average strengths were comparable. (Flexural strengths were not determined after 28 days.) 4. The effect of air-drying on compressive strength development was similar for concretes made with the two types of cement. 5. The differences in drying shrinkage between concretes made with the two
3.

5 4 I DEICER SCALE RATING 31

o = 7 DAYS MOIST q=]4 1, II K =28 ,, II

/TYPE 1P CONCRETES

Fig. 3. Comparison of deicer scaling of concretes made with Types I and IP cements.

051015

bL4_u&+llllll
25

,> NO. OF CYCLES

100

4 *O

Further Laboratory Studies of PortlandPozzolan Cements

TABLE 14. Effect of Linseed Oil on Rate of Scaling*

Cement NO. 21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 Type I 1P I 1P I

I Scele rating at 100 cycles No coating 1+ 2+ 2 3 Linsaad oil 12+ 1+ 2 2+

I Scale reting at 200 cycles No coati ng 2 32 3 Linsead oil 22+ 2 2+ 4+

I Scale rating at 300 cycles No coating 2 3 2 3 Linseed oil 3 2+ 3 3-

21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552

1P I 1P I 1P I 1P

o+ 2 1 221+ 1+ 1+

2 1+ 1+ 1 1+ 0 0+

o+ 2 1+ 2 2 21+ 1+

3 3+ 3 2 3 1 2

o+ 2 1+ 2 2 21+ 1+

5 @225<4 3+ 4+ 43 4+ 23-

*A II resu Its are the average of tasts on threa 3x6x1 5-in. slabs. They wera curad 14 days moist, 14 days in air, 3 deys in water prior to test. Linseed oil was applied after tha first 7 days of the 14-day air-drying pariod.

types of cement were minor and inconsistent, The length of initial moist-curing period influences drying shrinkage more than cement type. 6. Resistance to freezing and thawing in water was comparable and excellent for concretes made with both types of cement. In the earlier study referred to in the Synopsis, the concretes made with 1P cements exhibited lower resistance than those made with the Type Is, This may be due to higher fly ash contents in the earlier IPs. Length of initial curing period had little effect. 7. Resistance to deicer scaling was somewhat less for the air-entrained concretes made with Type IP cements than it was for concretes containing the counterpart Type I cements. Longer initial moist-curing periods were beneficial in some cases and detrimental in others. Slabs stored outdoors for one winter and subjected to applications of deicer showed no scaling, 8, All the fly ashes were effective in reducing mortar expansion due to alkaliaggregate reaction.

TABLE 15. Characteristics of Entrained Air in Concretes Usad in Durability Studies

Linear traverse deta Cement No. 21525 21526 21528 21527 21535 21534 21543 21544 21547 21548 21551 21552 Type I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P I 1P 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.4 3.7 4.5 5.4 5,4 4.4 4.0 5.2 6.2 5.1 4,8 4,8 6,2 Air content (pr~s.), Air content (hard~ed), Voids par cu.in., millions 1.43 3.28 3.25 4.42 1,79 3.88 2.55 2.76 1.82 4,53 2.56 2.39

Voids per in. 7.74 11.08 14.13 16.00 8.80 11.70 13.30 12.68 9.96 14.03 11.37 12.49

L,* * in. 0.0063 0.0050 0.0043 0.0047 0.0063 0.0044 0.0045 0.0053 0.0058 0.0041 0.0050 0.0053

Rasults ara single determinations on one aampla of concrete, * .Spacing factor, For a discussion of this parameter, see The A ir Re@re-

of Frost-Resistant Concrete by T. C, Powars, PCA Rasearch Department Bulletin 33, raprintad from Proceedings of the Highway Research Board, Vol. 29, pp. 184-211, 1949,

ment

FUTURE WORK Only the field exposure slabs remain to be evaluated. This will require a number of years. However, the authors feel that

PCA R esearch and Development Bulletin

this portion of the study may become the most significant in view of the laboratory indications of somewhat lower deicer scaling resistance for the 1P cements; i.e.,
the less severe field conditions may not

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to acknowledge the very helpful work of R. Fletcher Klouthis, materials technologist, who was responsible

produce the same degree of difference. This portion of the work will be reported as an addendum to this bulletin when significant results have been obtained.

for much of the supervision and data collection,

Metric Conversion Factors

c =

(F32)

X$

1 lb I cuyd 1 in. i cu in.

= 0.45 kg = 0.8 m = 25.4 mm = 16.4 cm

This publication is based on the facts, tests, and authorities stated herein. It is intended for the use of professional personnel competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of the reported findings and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Obviously, the Portland Cement Association disclaims any and all responsibility for application of the stated principles or for the accuracy of any of the sources other than work performed or information developed by the Association.

I--------

---------------------------

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I I I 1 : I I I I
I I

air-entrained ash; freeze-thaw durability; shrinkage; ABSTRACT: cements Type strength. This study

KEYWORDS:

concretes; blended portland-pozzolan

cements; cements;

a curing; deicers; fly pozzolans; scaling;

~ I I I I i ,

I 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I
I

presents

comparative six Type

data on six portland-pozzolan I counterparts. at the same plant Each Type at about 1the

(ASTM Type

1P) and their

1P pair of cements

was manufactured

same time to assure similarity in composition of the clinker portions. Data include results of chemical and physical tests on the cements according to ASTM C150 and C595, development, as well as physical drying shrinkage, properties study of the concretes, durability, supplement findings inciudin an ing strength freeze-thaw and resist-

! I I i I I ! I I

I I I

ante to deicer scaling. Data in the present earl ier report on the same subject.

I I

REFERENCE: Perenchio, William F., and Klieger, Paul, Further f.aboratory I I Studies of Portland-Pozzolan Cements (R D04 1.01 T), Portland Cement Asso1 ciation, 1976. I I I I--------------------------------------------------

; ,

: I I - I

PCA R/D Ser. 1536

United States Aetna Cement Corporation Alamo Cement Company Arkansas Cement Corporation Ash Grove Cement Company Atlantic Cement Company, Inc. California Portland Cement Company Capitol Aggregates, Inc. (Capitol Cement Dlvlsion) Centex/Nevada/Texas Citadel Cement Corporation Coplay Cement Company Cyprus Hawaiian Cement Corporation Flintkote Cement Company Florida Mining & Materials Corp. Giant Portland & Masonry Cement Company Glfford-Hill Portland Cement Company (a subsidiary of Gifford-Hill & Company, Inc. ) Ideal Basic Industries, Cement Dlvlslon Independent Cement Corporation Kaiser Cement Corporation Lehigh Portland Cement Company Lone Star Industries, Inc. Louisville Cement Company Marquette Company Martin Marietta Cement The Monarch Cement Company Monolith Portland Cement Company National Gypsum Company Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. OKC Corp. Oregon Portland Cement Company Rinker Portland Cement Corporation Rochester Portland Cement Corporation Santee Portland Cement Corporation The South Dakota Cement Plant Southwestern Portland Cement Company Wyandotte Cement Incorporated Canada Canada Cement Lafarge Ltd Ciment Quebec, Inc. Federal White Cement Ltd Genstar Llmlted Lake Ontario Cement Limited Miron Inc. North Star Cement Limited St. Lawrence Cement Co. St. Marys Cement Limited (as of April 1980)

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An

CEMENT
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ml
I
and concrete

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