Energy for Sustainable Development 17 (2013) 357362

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Energy for Sustainable Development

The energy impact of luminaire depreciation on urban lighting

I.O. Mockey Coureaux a,, E. Manzano b, 1
a b

Departamento de Electroenergtica.Universidad de Oriente, Ave., Las Amricas s/n. Santiago de Cuba, 90400, Cuba Departamento de Luminotcnia Luz y Visin, Universidad Nacional de Tucumn, Av., Independencia 1800 - T4002BLR Tucumn, Argentina

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
Road lighting facilities operate for over half of a year but they are permanently subjected to adverse weather conditions and environmental pollution. The major cause of the loss of light is generally the accumulation of dirt on the luminaires (lamps and lighting xtures).The severity of the loss (depreciation) depends on the nature and density of environmental pollution and the degree of protection of the luminaires against dust and water. This depreciation is compensated, beginning from the design stage, by over-sizing facilities and, throughout its lifetime, by maintenance programs. There are several ways of estimating depreciation. This paper is a review of the different sources of information and ndings of major investigations conducted in recent times. There is strong evidence which indicates that luminaire depreciation could be based on the level of sealing of the luminaires and on environment pollution categories. Luminaires with IP6X degree protection are only slightly inuenced by environment pollution. New generations of LED luminaires are built to conform to IP6 and this will probably soon be the standard for road and urban lighting luminaires. Even if these luminaires have a higher rate of lamp survival, an exterior cleaning operation is still necessary and the luminaire depreciation behaviour model will still be useful. It is important to select a convenient maintenance factor to compensate for depreciation and to reduce the number of installed xtures or the amount of over sizing of lamp power, which signicantly transcends the energy and environmental impact. 2013 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 12 June 2012 Revised 21 March 2013 Accepted 21 March 2013 Available online 19 April 2013 Keywords: Energy efciency Urban and road lighting Maintenance Depreciation

Introduction In Latin American cities, urban lighting in municipalities accounts for around 3.5 to 4% of total electricity consumption. For urban lighting the potential reduction in consumption is signicant, and, possible by the use of efcient lighting systems that can reach reduction values of over 30%, as stated by Tapia et al. (2009). In addition to this, the decision to implement efcient policies usually depends on one person, the mayor, but affects the consumption of street lighting throughout the city. At present, electric power saving and the environmental impact are the topics that are treated with the most interest by illumination engineers, according to Horng-Ching et al. (2009). Some of them have centered their attention on the saving possibilities using lamps, luminaires and more efcient ballasts (Pujol, 2009). Research that combines these possibilities with the employment of lamp ux output regulations and time switching control of illumination are also reported by Tapia et al. (2009).

Other research focuses on the possible saving of lighting energy through the implementation of appropriate maintenance policies. Some results indicate that when using higher maintenance factors, during the design stage, a signicant saving of energy is guaranteed (Malgozrata, 2007; Sveinsdottir, 2007). An improvement of 5% in the maintenance factor can end up producing savings of 10% in the energy consumption, according to Sanders and Scott (2008). Currently there is a worldwide tendency to replace urban lighting with energy efcient lighting systems (Kostic and Djokic, 2009). Considering these processes, using an adequate maintenance factor and appropriate maintenance policies, could not only have energy saving implications but would also result in the reduction in the emissions of polluting gases through reduced electricity generation. The implementation of realistic and appropriate maintenance programs requires the use of reliable data for estimating maintenance factors to be used during the design of road lighting installations. This paper is a review of the available data and models which would help determine the maintenance factor (or determine the opposite factor i.e. depreciation) due to dirt pollution accumulated on the luminaires. This pollution is generally considered to be the main cause of the problem of depreciation. The luminous depreciation of urban lighting Throughout the life span of any lighting installation, light emission decreases progressively and gradually. The rate of reduction depends

Corresponding author. Tel.: +53 52718247. E-mail addresses: iomc@e.uo.edu.cu (I.O. Mockey Coureaux), emanzano@herrera.unt.edu.ar (E. Manzano). 1 Tel.: +54 381 4361936, +54 381 4364093x7715/7855.

0973-0826/$ see front matter 2013 International Energy Initiative. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2013.03.006

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on the type of lamp, luminaires, environment, operation conditions and the length of time they are in use. In the case of outdoor lighting, depreciation is important because of the exposure to environmental pollution. The main causes that affect the performance of road lighting facilities, their operation and, in some cases, the value of maintained illuminance and luminance on the road, according to the technical reports of CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage), (CIE 33, 1996; CIE 154, 2003), are: A) B) C) D) F) G) H) Progressive reduction in luminous ux emitted by the lamps. Accumulation of dirt on the optical parts of the luminaires. Aging of the components (reectors, refractors, etc.). Premature failure of lamps. The vibrations of the pole-luminaire lamp set. The corrosion of the structures of the luminous units. Changes in the reective properties of the road surface.

Depreciation by dirt on luminaires Road and urban lighting systems are constantly affected by wind, rain and dirt because they are directly exposed to, them. The accumulation of dirt in the exterior and interior optical parts of the luminaire and in the lamp itself brings about a progressive loss of the luminous emission. This source of depreciation can end up being the most significant and it is, at the same time, the one that allows major recovery through maintenance actions, (CIE 154, 2003). The amount of light loss depends on the nature and density of airborne dirt, and luminaire design. Dirt accumulation on interior reecting and transmitting surfaces can be minimized by sealing the lamp compartment against the entry of dust and moisture. In turn, the level of contamination to which the luminaires will be exposed, will mainly be a result of the level of pollution of the surrounding atmosphere, the height of the sources, the volume and nature of the vehicular trafc, the climate, and wind pattern, according to Manzano (2000). Dirt accumulating in the lamp depends strongly on the protection offered by the luminaire. In open luminaires, the accumulation of dirt on lamps would be signicant. Fortunately, open luminaires are not used in most countries. For that reason dirt accumulation is usually approached from the point of view of the external surface of the luminaire (CIE 154, 2003). The degree of protection of luminaires will depend on their optical sealing (lamp compartment) and the most effective way of characterizing this quality, according to IEC 60529 (2004), is through its IP code. State of art Some of the rst studies carried out regarding the depreciation by dirt pollution for different categories of luminaires and types of environment were by Van Dusen (1971). For technological differences with the present, and in order to make an analogy with the current situation where luminaires are used with an adequate sealing of the lamp compartment, curves corresponding to closed luminaires which were provided with good mechanical gaskets, from all luminaire types that had been analyzed, were selected. The curves of the light output with a good mechanical closing in ve environmental categories are represented in Fig. 1 (ne line) and described in Table 1. The lluminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) has partially adopted the results of Van Dusen since 1993 but only considers a 8-year period in which it carries out an extrapolation of the data. Fig. 1 represents, (thick line) the information given by IESNA DG-4 (1993). When comparing the two references, a small difference is observed, which is bigger for the initial period until the second year in dirty and very dirty environments; and, from the rst to the sixth year for a clean environment. In the most adverse environment, the effect on the luminaire output shows a reduction of 50% compared to the initial one, after 4 years. Currently, the IESNA continues to use these behaviors (Rea, 2000). It should be noted that these references do not take into account all the diverse degrees of sealing of the lamp optical compartment in the available luminaires at present. This is a very inuential characteristic that differentiates luminaires from each other. In 1977, the Association of Public Lighting Engineers (APLE) of the United Kingdom, in its Technical Report TR8, carried out a series of trials with the objective of determining the effects of depreciation in public illumination facilities. These trials studied the effect of the accumulation of dirt on the exterior and interior sides of the luminaire, the depreciation of the optical components, the benets of hermetic closing and the changes in the photometrical characteristics. In his work, Manzano (2000), starting from the original data published in APLE Technical Report TR8, extracted the results obtained in the town of Leicester. According to his criterion, those results are the most

There are other causes which do not have a cumulative effect: I) Use of ballasts. J) Excessive increase or reduction of temperature inside the luminaire. K) Premature failure of auxiliary devices and/or regulation ux system. L) Incorrect voltage supply at the terminals of light sources. Among these causes, the rst three are the ones that most inuence the depreciation of road illumination. At the same time, the effect of these three causes can be minimized through maintenance of the system. At the lighting design stage, light reduction or depreciation should be considered when using a maintenance factor (MF) that over-sizes facilities to compensate the reduction in time until the moment when it becomes necessary to apply maintenance operations. The initial lighting parameter values such as illuminance (Eo) or luminance when the facility starts to run up will gradually be reduced to maintenance values indicated in most standards (EM): E0
EM

.
MF

There are three components of MF: the lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) which accounts for lamp luminous ux depreciation by burning hours, the lamp survival factor (LSF) which accounts for random lamp failures during use and the luminaire maintenance factor (LMF) due to exterior and interior dirt accumulation: MF LLMFLSFLMF 2

Random and premature failure of lamps, considered in the lamp survival factor, can affect the average illumination of indoor illumination applications, (Sveinsdottir, 2007). However, in the case of road lighting, the failure of a lamp produces much more than changes in average illumination. As luminaires are located and separated in rows, a lamp failure produces an entire dark area which causes a drastic reduction in the quality of the service. For such reason, if a spot lamp replacement maintenance policy is often applied, the effect of the premature lamp random failure is minimized (Manzano and San Martin, 1999). Based on the behavior of road lighting facilities due to depreciation, for design calculations, only the luminaire depreciation by environmental pollution and lamp luminous ux reduction by exploitation will be considered (CIE 154, 2003). The use of low MF values seems to be a frequent practice used to compensate the lack of or reduced maintenance for road lighting that will produce an important energy impact. For that reason a review and analysis of depreciation due to environment pollution on lamp and luminaires will be carried out in this study.

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Table 2 Characterization of atmospheric pollution degree in environment of lighting facilities, in connection with trafc density, (APLE TR8, 1977). Pollution High Medium Low Trafc Heavy Mixed: private and commercial Mixed: private, services and heavy Vehicles per day (vpd) 30,000 20,000 10,000

When comparing this environment classication for environmental pollution with the one carried out by Van Dusen (1971) the following correspondence is observed:
BS5489, 1987 (Pollution) Fig. 1. Depreciation of luminaire of public ilumination, with hermetic closing and ve types of environments published by Van Dusen (1971), in ne line and the IESNA DG-4 (1993) in thick line. Low Medium High Van Dusen, 1971 (Environment) Very clean Clean and Moderate Dirty

appropriate to discriminate three environment categories according to the density of automotive trafc (vehicles per day, vpd). At the same time, they are closely related to the local atmospheric contamination and to the presence of dust which characterizes the environment, as the existence of other sources is not indicated. Table 2 describes the characteristics of the environments. When comparing the results obtained by Van Dusen (1971) and those of APLE TR8 (1977) we nd that, although it is not possible to make a direct analogy, the similarities observed in the depreciation curves for the extreme categories of environments are appreciable. The environments, characterized as clean and very dirty by Van Dusen are comparable with those of low pollution (10,000 vpd) and high pollution (30,000 vpd) of APLE respectively, as shown in Fig. 2. However, the luminaires used by Van Dusen and APLE did not have a precise description of the degree of sealing of the lamp compartment as the one used at present through the international protection code (IP), according to IEC 60529 (2004). Therefore, the luminaire depreciation behavior can be better characterized and the use of this information extended. Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) carried out tests using two types of luminaires: IP23 and IP54, (ILE TR19, 1989). A signicant reduction of depreciation when increasing the degree of sealing from IP23 to IP54 was veried. In addition to this, an effect of non-recoverable depreciation with the action of luminaire cleaning of 9.5% (90.5%) for IP23 and of 2.5% (97.5%) for IP54 was found. This is attributable to depreciation by deterioration and aging of the transmitter or reecting surfaces due to oxidation, temperature and ultraviolet radiation effects, chemical effects, etc. This effect is not recoverable by cleaning processes. The British Standard established the depreciation factors for luminaires according to IP rating and three categories of environmental contamination: high, medium and low, (BS5489, 1987). These are characterized in Table 3.

The successive versions of BS5489 standard continued recommending the same values of luminaire maintenance factor due to dirt (BS5489, 1992; BS5489, 2003). Table 4 shows the strong inuence that optical sealing has on depreciation. For better sealing, both the environmental conditions and the frequency of cleaning have a smaller inuence on luminaire depreciation. According to the BS, only the rst digit of the IP rating is specied. It refers to protection against the dust entrance. Instead of specifying the second digit, an X is placed, which could signify that the entrance of water to the luminaires does not affect its depreciation signicantly. Nevertheless, values greater than 4 are recommended. On the other hand, CIE from 1998, proposed the use of the curves of the BS5489 in order to calculate the lighting depreciation (CIE TC 5.14, 1998). In the year 2000, it recognized that this depreciation could be determined by two main ways, (CIE 136, 2000): For typical American closed type luminaires, according to IESNA, DG-4 (1993) from the curve corresponding to the type of environment and considering the frequency of successive cleanings. For IP rated luminaires, as per (BS5489, 2003), according to the environmental pollution and the frequency of cleaning. However, in the technical report (CIE 154, 2003), which constitutes a very explicit and detailed reference for this issue, a lot of importance is given to the sealing of lamp compartments and, at the very least, a protection level IP5X is recommended, and the same luminaire maintenance factors as those of (BS5489, 2003) are proposed. Other recent standards such as BS EN, 13201 (2003); EN 12464-2 (2007), although they specify the importance of this depreciation type and indicate that the designer should prepare a maintenance schedule which includes the frequency of lamp replacement, intervals of luminaire cleaning and cleaning methods, do not offer recommendations about the determination of a depreciation factor due to accumulated dirt.

Table 1 Categories of the environments according to Van Dusen (1971). Environment category Very clean Clean Moderate Dirty Very dirty Environment Absence of nearby activities that generate smoke or dust and low environmental contamination Absence of nearby activities that generate smoke or dust and low environmental contamination Presence of some activities that generate smoke or dust Presence of smoke or dust generated by nearby activities that can occasionally surround the luminaires Presence of smoke or dust generated by nearby activities that can frequently surround the luminaires Trafc Reduced, generally limited to residential areas or rural areas Moderate to intense Particles in suspension 0150 g/m3 150300 g/m3 300600 g/m3 6001200 g/m3 12002400 g/m3

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Fig. 2. Comparison of Van Dusen and APLE's results.

On the other hand, the London Transport Department in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, (updated in 2007) incorporates changes issued by the European Standard (EN13201, 2003) and BS5489 (2003). Previously TD34 (1991) prescribed a single value of maintenance factor for all types of roads and equal to 0.81. The updating of TD34 (TD34, 2007) guides designers to calculate the maintenance factor according to BS5489 (2003), previously described. That is why, according to Sanders and Scott (2008), TD34 is now in correspondence with BS5489 (2003). This has the advantage of working with luminaires with the highest IP ratings and, because of this, bigger maintenance factors can be used and, potentially, it is possible to achieve an increase of the spacing between points of light. The report of Sanders and Scott (2008), considers change under the current conditions related to two aspects: In recent years the luminaire IP rating has been increased, in general, and most road luminaires are of rating IP6X. Environmental concerns and regulations have resulted in a reduction in environmental pollution. Their work has been evaluated in several communities of the United Kingdom and Scotland for 4 years through laboratory depreciation measurements of luminaires with IP65 rating in different facilities, as well as for environmental pollution and location height. For the consideration of environmental pollution, they classied the studied areas into four areas of environmental protection: E1, E2, E3 and E4. Table 5 shows the results that are obtained when the cases analyzed by areas E1/E2 and E3/E4 are grouped together and

for mounting heights smaller than or equal to 6 m and for those of mounting heights greater than 7 m. These results indicate the low inuence of environment on depreciation due to dirt on luminaires with a high sealing of optical compartment like those used with IP65. At the same time, (Sanders and Scott, 2008) emphasize that the element with greater inuence is height. For lower mounting heights and, mainly, for those lower than 6m the depreciation is more signicant. For that reason, this analysis would have smaller signicance in applications of road lighting, taking into account that these systems are generally placed at a height of more than 6m. When comparing the above results with those proposed by BS5489 (2003), (see Fig. 3), it can be appreciated that the resulting depreciation is signicantly lower, probably because of lower environmental pollution. Although these results are not necessarily valid

Table 4 Luminaires depreciation factors due to dirt, according to BS5489 (2003). Optical compartment IP rating IP2X Pollution category Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Exposure time (months) 12 0.82 0.62 0.53 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.93 0.92 0.91 18 0.80 0.58 0.48 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.92 0.91 0.90 24 0.79 0.56 0.45 0.90 0.86 0.84 0.91 0.89 0.88 30 0.78 0.54 0.43 0.89 0.84 0.80 0.90 0.88 0.85 36 0.78 0.53 0.42 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.90 0.87 0.83 42 0.77 0.52 0.41 0.87 0.80 0.72 0.89 0.86 0.81 48 0.77 0.51 0.40 0.87 0.79 0.69 0.89 0.86 0.80

IP5X

IP6X

Table 3 Degree of atmospheric contamination in the environment of the illumination installation to characterize the depreciation, according to BS5489 (1987). Pollution High Medium Low Features Smoke or dust generated by nearby activities are commonly surrounding the luminaires. Moderate smoke or dust generated by activities nearby. Moderate to heavy trafc. No nearby smoke or dust generated by activities and a low ambient contaminant level. Light trafc. Generally limited to residential or rural areas. Particles in suspensiona b 600 g/m3 b 150 g/m3 E1/E2 E1/E2 E3/E4 E3/E4 6 >7 6 >7

Table 5 Depreciation of lighting with IP65 for different heights and environmental characteristics. E zone Mounting height (m) Exposure time (months) 12 0.98 0.98 0.94 0.97 24 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.96 36 0.95 0.95 0.90 0.95 48 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.94

Added by CIE TC 5.14 (1998).

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Fig. 3. Comparison between the depreciation obtained by Sanders; Scott, (2008) regarding the values recomended by BS5489 (2003) for IP 65 luminaires.

in other parts of the world, this corroborates the recommendation of BS5489 (2003); CIE 154 (2003) regarding the necessity to obtain depreciation by local measurements for the adoption of maintenance programs. Another work in this eld was carried out by Sveinsdottir (2007), where the impact of different maintenance policies on the illumination of several public roads of Reykjavik in Iceland was studied. In his study he used the values of luminaire's depreciation indicated by CIE 154 (2003). Discussion As has been described, luminaire depreciation due to accumulated dirt is characterized by the recommendations from IESNA and CIE. Taking into account the optical sealing characterization of luminaires by IP ratings adopted by numerous countries and proposed by CIE, together with the categorization of the environmental dirt based on the average trafc density, the CIE 154 (2003) luminaire depreciation model is recommended for adoption. However, it is possible to nd a difference with regard to the level of pollution in different areas. Therefore, in order to evaluate existing facilities, some measurements in situ may be necessary to adjust the curves to local values. Conclusions 1. The strong impact of luminaire protection against the entrance of dust is evidenced in the reduction in resulting depreciation. The IP rating characterizes this luminaire capacity. 2. The studies demonstrate that for luminaires with rating IP 6X, the depreciation is low and almost independent of environmental pollution level. 3. The most reliable source that reports the luminaire depreciation due to dirt is CIE 154 (2003) and has been the basis of reference for other standards and support of recent researches in this eld. However, the improvements in construction of the luminaires, especially in their sealing, and the improvement of the environmental conditions in some countries could suggest a need for updating of this standard. It is also assumed that IP sealing luminaire characteristics remain unchanged after maintenance cleaning or when a lamp spot replacement operation is applied.

4. New generations of LED luminaires are built as per IP6 and this will probably soon be the default standard for road and urban lighting luminaires. Even if these luminaires have a high lamp survival, an exterior cleaning operation will be necessary and the luminaire depreciation behaviour model will still be useful.

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