Subject Pronouns are used to describe who is doing the action.

Subject

Pronouns can be singular or plural.

Los Pronombres Personales se utilizan para describir quién realiza la acción. Los
Pronombres Personales pueden ser singulares y plurales.

Personal Pronouns

Verb to Be is used with singular Pronouns (am/is) and plural Pronouns (are).

Pronoun "you" can be singular (are) or plural (are).

El verbo ser o estar se utiliza con los Pronombres singulares (am/is) y los pronombres
plurales (are). El pronombre you, puede ser singular (are) o plural (are).

SINGULAR PLURAL

Los adjetivos posesivos describen pertenencia.

Possessive Adjectives describe possession.
Greetings and Farewells can be formal and informal.
Los saludos y las despedidas pueden ser
formales e informales.
STEP 1
Informal
“Hi” cuando conoces bien a la persona.
"Hi" when you know the person well,
o simplemente “Hello” (Hola).
or simply “Hello”
Formal
“Buenos Días” – se usa hasta el mediodía
cuando ves a la persona por primera vez
en el día.
"Good morning" - used until 12pm when
you see someone for the first time that
day.
“Buenas Tardes” – se usa entre las 12 pm
y las 6 pm cuando ves a la persona por
primera vez en el día.
"Good afternoon" - used from 12pm to
6pm when you see someone for the first
time that day.
“Buenas noches” se utiliza después de las
6 pm y hasta la medianoche.
"Good evening" - used from 6pm to
midnight.
Usualmente, un saludo va seguido de una pregunta sobre tu salud.

Usually a greeting is followed by a question about your health.

STEP 2

Informal Formal

"How are you?"

"How’re things?"
“How’s everything?”
“How’s it going?”
“What’s up?”

Algunas respuestas pueden ser:

Replies to these are:

STEP 3

Informal Formal

“Not too bad” “Very well, thank you”

“ So-so” “ Fine, thank you”
“ Can’t complain”
“ OK”
“ All right, thanks”

Luego de responder a esta pregunta, usualmente repetimos una pregunta similar.

After giving an answer to this question we often repeat a similar question:

STEP 4

Formal
Informal

“What about you?” “And how are you?”

“ And you?” yourself?” “ And what about

PRONUNCIATION

Remember this is just a pronunciation chart.

A B C D E F
ei bi ci di i ef
 G H I J K L
lli eich ai llei kei el

M N O P Q R
em en ou pi qiu ar

S T U V W X
es ti iu vi dabliu ex

Y Z
guay zi / zed

Deletreamos para aclarar la forma en que se escribe una palabra.

Spelling

Spelling is used to clarify the way a word is written

Ejemplos:
How do you spell Smith?
It’s S – M – I – T – H
Can you spell Computer, please?
Sure, it’s C – O – M – P – U – T – E – R

Present Continuous Tense is a tense used to describe actions that are

happening at the moment of speaking or within a time period.

Ejemplos:
Am I dialing the wrong number ?
He is teaching English
You are not listening to the teacher

Formulas to form the sentences are the following:

QUESTION

am

is +
+ verb + ing ?
are
 * Am I dialing the wrong number ?
* Is she cooking dinner?
* Are they studying for the test?

POSITIVE
am
+ is
+ verb + ing + complement.
are

* I am writing an essay
* He is teaching English
* We are reading the report

NEGATIVE

am

+ is
+ not + verb + ing
are

Isn’t/aren't

* I am not dialing the correct number

* She is not (isn’t) following the steps
* You are not (aren’t) listening to the teacher

Wh - questions are used to obtain complete information with the answer.

Las preguntas con Yes/No o cerradas se usan para confirmar afirmativa o

negativamente una información.

Yes/No questions are used to obtain a confirmation answer.

Formulas are the following:

Wh- QUESTION

am

+ is +
Wh- + verb + ing ?
are
 * Where are you studying?

ANSWER TO A WH- QUESTION

am

+ is
+ verb + ing + complement.
are

* I am studying in Canada

YES/NO QUESTION
am
is +
+ verb + ing ?
are

* Are you studying English?

ANSWER USING “YES”

am

+ is
Yes, + ( verb+ing + complement).
are

* Yes, I am (studying English)

ANSWER USING “NO”

am

+ is + not
No, ( + verb+ing + complement)
are

Isn’t/aren't

*No, I am not (studying English)

Prepositions IN/ON/AT are used together with parts of the day, to express

“time”
 Usage Examples

I like to eat breakfast in the

the morning until 12pm
morning.
IN
the They don't have classes in the
12 pm to 6 pm
afternoon afternoon.

the evening 6 pm to 11 pm Do you work in the evening?

11 pm to early My mom's a nurse. She works at

night
morning night.
AT
specific time Classes start at 8.30 A.M.

Do you sleep late on Saturday

Saturdays
mornings?

Sundays I play football on Sundays.

We don't go to university on
weekends
weekends.
ON
weekdays They go to classes on weekdays.

weeknights He studies hard on weeknights.

Do you go to the supermarket on

specific days
Mondays?

Other expressions we use to give more information:

Otras expresiones que utilizamos para dar más

información

I have lunch around 1 P.M.

AROUND more or less at that time Sometimes at 12.45 or sometimes
at 1.15 P.M.
before + time: I never leave before
BEFORE any time prior to the set time
11.30 A.M.
after + time: I take a nap after
AFTER any time following the set time
11.30 A.M.
until + time: I study until 11.30
UNTIL up to a set time
A.M.
action + early. I start work early in
EARLY any time before the set time
the morning
 action + late. I arrive home late at
LATE any time after the set time
night

In order to describe daily routines we use Affirmative and Negative

Statements in the Present Simple tense.

FORMULA FOR AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

+ verb in present simple +

complement.

Examples Remember add an 's' to the 3rd person -

he/she/it:

I study at Duoc. He works for APPLE

You work for IBM. She plays tennis.

We play football. It (the time) goes slowly.

They go to university. She faxes the documents.

Nota: Los verbos que terminan en “x”, “y”, “s”, “ch”, “sh”, “o· agregan “-es”
a la tercera persona del verbo.

Note: Verbs ending “x”, “y”, “s” “ch”, “sh”, “o” add “-es” to the third

person form of the verb

FORMULA FOR NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

+ do + not
does + not

+ verb in infinitive + complementary information

don't / doesn't

Examples Contractions

I do not study Industrial Engineering. I don't study Industrial Engineering

 He does not like volleyball. He doesn't like volleyball .

When talking about likes and dislikes, we usually ask Yes / No questions

Cuando hablamos sobre las cosas que nos gustan, usualmente

utilizamos preguntas de confirmación.

QUESTION
Like + verb in infinitive +
do + complementary
does Like + verb in gerund + information?

NEGATIVE

Like + verb in gerund

+ do not + verb in infinitive + complementary
enjoy
+ does not information

don't .
doesn't

Examples:

QUESTION POSITIVE NEGATIVE

response response

Do you like pop music? Yes, I do No, I don’t

Does she like talk shows? Yes, she does No, she doesn’t
Does Peter like to sing? Yes, he does No, he doesn’t
Do you like reading books? Yes, I do No, I don't
Does he like playing tennis? Yes, he does No, he doesn't
Does Kim enjoy speaking English? Yes, she does No, she doesn't

With the "closed" or "confirmation" question we are asking for clarification

and we use "do" / “does” in the short answer. After giving this short

response, you can add more information if you want.

Con la pregunta “cerrada” o de “confirmación” estamos solicitando clarificación y
utilizamos “do”/”does” en la respuesta corta. Luego de ésta podemos agregar más
información si queremos hacerlo.

Examples:
Do they like skating? Yes, they do.They really enjoy it.
Does she like reading? Yes, she does. She reads lots of books.

To give opinions on the things you like or dislike remember to use affirmative

or negative statements, using some of these examples:

Affirmative statements to express Negative statements to express

opinions: opinions:

He loves rap and heavy rock. I don’t like pop at all.

I like the presenter Eli a lot. He doesn’t like classical at all.

I prefer science fiction movies. I don’t like Paulina Nin very much.

He likes to play the piano. He doesn’t play the trumpet.

I like to watch the teletrece news at

I don’t like to watch the news.
9 P.M.

Logically extended answers can be either positive or negative. They have to

be complete statements to answer a Wh- question

Question Positive Negative

What kind of movies do I love comedies and I don’t like thrillers at

you like? dramas. all.

What kind of music He loves rap and He doesn’t like

does he like? heavy rock. classical at all.

I like the presenter Eli I don’t like Paulina

Who do you like on TV?
a lot. Nin very much.

Which movies do you I prefer science fiction

prefer? movies.

What does Charly He doesn’t play the

He plays the piano.
Garcia play? trumpet.

What news program do I watch the teletrece I don’t watch the

you watch? news at 9 P.M. news.

MAKING INVITATIONS AND GIVING EXCUSES

Para hacer invitaciones utilizamos “would” (terminación –ía en un verbo) y el verbo
“querer”.

To make invitations we use “Would” and the verb “like”

Esta es la fórmula que utilizamos para invitar a alguien a hacer algo.

This is the formula to invite someone to do something

Would + complementary
+ like to + verb in infinitive
+ information ?

Debido a que una invitación es una pregunta directa de una a otra persona,
generalmente utilizamos la persona “you” singular o plural. Y como ésta es una
pregunta cerrada o de “confirmación”, respondemos utlizando “yes”.

Because an invitation is a direct one-to-one question, we generally only use

the 2nd person “you” singular and plural; and as this is a “closed” or

“confirmation” question we respond using “Yes”.

Yes, + + would

No utilizamos “NO”, porque sería de mala educación. Por esa razón damos una
EXCUSA

We do not use “No” because it will sound impolite. Therefore, we make an

EXCUSE:

+ would
+ like to, + but + EXCUSE.
(‘d )

Invitation Accept

Would you like to see a movie? Yes, I would.

 Would you like to go out on Yes, I’d really
Saturday night? like to.

Invitation Reject Make an excuse

but I have to work late

Would you like to see a movie? I’d like to,
tonight.

Would you like to go out on but I need to visit my

I’d like to,
Saturday night? parents

Si aceptas una invitación, diciendo “yes”, necesitarás organizar las acciones

posteriores, dependiendo de que harán o de dónde irán:

If you say “Yes” to an invitation you then need to make further arrangements,

depending on what you will do or where you will go:

Examples

What time does the movie start? / Where should we meet?

Where is it? / What time should we meet?

To ask questions with how often look at the following chart.

How often do you ?

Para responder preguntas con How often mira el siguiente

esquema.

You can answer questions with how often in the

following way.
1. I go jogging everyday. (Monday - Sunday)
2. I do aerobics once a week. (only one day in the week)
3. I play tennis twice a month. (2 times in one month)
4. I exercise about three times a week.

I don’t go jogging very often/very much. (very little)

do aerobics
 play tennis
exercise

When we want to say how often something happens, it is common to use

frequency adverbs.

Cuando queremos decir que tan seguido suceden las cosas usamos los adverbios de
frecuencia.

• We often do jogging
• I usually play basketball
• I always go surfing
The following list shows the most common Frequency Adverbs:

To request information about capabilities you can ask the following questions
using differents question marks. (How often, How much time, How long, How

well, How good).

QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

How often do you work out ? Twice a week / Not very often
 How much time do you spend at Around one / two / three / four hours
the gym? a day

How long do you spend working

I don´t work out
out?

Pretty well / About average I gess /

How well do you play racketball?
Not very well

I´m pretty good / I guess I´m ok /

How good are you at sports?
Not too good

You can also use a short answer to answer the question Do you ever ....... ?

Question: Do you ever ?

Answer: Affirmative Negative

Yes, I do No, I don´t

Exchanging Information about different places and locations.

RESTAURANT

DRUGSTORE

LAUNDROMAT
 GAS STATION

Exchanging Information about different places and locations.

Existential there + to be answers

To give information about places in a city we use the expressions "There

is..... / There are"........
"There is" is used when we have 1 place (Singular)
"There are" is used when we have more than one place (Plural)

Examples:

To ask questions about places in the city, we use the following

expressions.
Examples

British Money:
 One penny / One pi

Five pennies / 5 pi

One Pound

Twenty five pounds

Three pounds seventy five / Three

pounds seventy five pence/ Three
pounds and seventy- five pence

American Money:

American bills are all the same color and

the same size. The bills in common use are
$1 One dollar
$5 Five dollars
$10 Ten dollars
$20 Twenty dollars
$50 Fifty dollars
$100 One hundred dollars

$3.75 = Three dollars seventy five / Three dollars seventy five cents/ Three
dollars and seventy- five cents.
How much is this/these/this one/these ones
When selling and buying products you need to ask about the price using

demonstratives this and/or that and the numeral one.

Question 1, singular object, near

How much is this book?

A:
is this one?
B: It´s ten dollars

Question 2, Plural near object

How much are these

A: books?
are these ones?
B: They are twenty five dollar

How much are these/those/these ones/those one

Question 1, singular object, far

How much is that

A: book?
is that one?

Question 1, Plural object, far

How much are those

A: books?
are those ones?
They are twenty five
B:
dollars

Expressions used when buying and selling

 Verb to be in past /Affirmative.

Verb to be in past / Negative.

Verb to be past questions.

To ask questions with verb to be in past you can use the following formula:

Podemos utilizar la siguiente fórmula para realizar preguntas con el verbo ser o estar
en pasado.

Questions
Utilizamos adverbios para dar información acerca de tiempo pasado.

Answers

Affirmative: Yes, I/He/She/It was Affirmative: Yes, we/you/they were

Negative: No I/He/She/It wasn´t Negative: No, we/you/they weren´t

The English language has two kinds of verbs. The regular verbs and the
irregular verbs.
Regular verbs in past usually end in –ed. Irregular verbs on the other hand

change their spelling in past.

Buy Bought

Drink Drank

Drive Drove

Eat Ate

Go Went

Have Had

Make Made

Read Read

See Saw

Sit Sat

Sleep Slept

Speak Spoke

Spend Spent

Teach Tought

Wear Wore

List of regular verbs.

Verbs that duplicate their final consonant (admit - admitted) or change "-y" for
"-ied", when the "y" is preceded by a consonant (bury - buried).
1 INFINITIVE 2 PAST 3 PARTICIPLE CASTELLANO

admit (admít) admitted (admítid) admitted (admítid) admitir

ban (ban) banned (bánd) banned (bánd) prohibir

beg (beg) begged (bégd) begged (bégd) rogar

bury (béri) buried (bérid) buried (bérid) enterrar

clap (kláp) clapped (klápt) clapped (klápt) aplaudir

copy (kópi) copied (kópid) copied (kópid) copiar

cry (krái) cried (kráid) cried (kráid) gritar, llorar

drop (drop) dropped (drópt) dropped (drópt) dejar caer, caerse

dry (drái) dried (dráid) dried (dráid) secar

empty (émpti) emptied (émptid) emptied (émptid) vaciar

fancy (fánsi) fancied (fánsid) fancied (fánsid) imaginar, desear

fit (fit) fitted (fítid) fitted (fítid) caber, encajar

fry (frái) fried (fráid) fried (fráid) freír

hug (jág) hugged (jágd) hugged (jágd) abrazar

hurry (jári) hurried (járid) hurried (járid) apurarse

identify (aidéntifai) identified (aidéntifaid) identified (aidéntifaid) identificar

knit (nit) knitted (nítid) knitted (nítid) tejer

knot (not) knotted (nótid) knotted (nótid) anudar

label (léibl) labelled (léibld) labelled (léibld) etiquetar

level (lével) levelled (léveld) levelled (léveld) nivelar

marry (mári) married (márid) married (márid) casarse

multiply (máltíplai) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplicar

pedal (pédal) pedalled (pédald) pedalled (pédald) pedalear

plan (plan) planned (pland) planned (pland) planear, planificar

plug (plag) plugged (plagd) plugged (plagd) conectar

prefer (prífér) preferred (prifert) preferred (prifert) preferir

program (prógram) programmed (prógramd) programmed (prógramd) programar

regret (rigrét) regretted (rigrétid) regretted (rigrétid) lamentarse

rely (relái) relied (reláid) relied (reláid) confiar

reply (replái) replied (repládt) replied (repláid) responder

rob (rób) robbed (róbd) robbed (róbd) robar

Simple past Tense Affirmative and negative

El pasado simple se utiliza cuando la acción empieza y termina en el pasado.

The Simple Past is used when the action starts and stops in the past.
The Simple Past Tense
Simple Past
Used to show a completed · I studied English last
Simple Past
action Saturday.

Past Tense Affirmative Sentences

I played last night

Your sister slept last night
I woke up late last weekend
John drove a car yesterday

Past Tense Negative Sentences

 I did not/didn´t play last night

Your sister did not/didn´t sleept last night

I did not/didn´t wake up late last weekend

John did not/didn´t drive a car yesterday

To ask general questions abot past tense experiences you can use the

following formula.

1. Where did you go last night?

2. What did you eat yesterday?
3. What time did you wake up last weekend?
4. Why did John eat the sandwich?

(También es posible hacer preguntas del tipo afirmativa/negativa)

It is also possible to ask yes/no questions in the past. Use the following

formula.
Example:
Did you go to the cinema last night ?

AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER NEGATIVE ANSWER

Yes I did No, I didn´t

When giving information about past time there are many past time

expressions that you can use.

In English, there are verbs that can be combined with certain words only but not with

others. These combination of words are called COLLOCATIONS.

(Por ejemplo el verbo DID se puede combinar con HOUSEWORK)

For example the verb DID can be combine with the word HOUSEWORK.
 Last weekend I did all the housework (Correct)

Last weekend I made all the housework (Incorrect)

The following table shows the possible combitations with the verbs did, went, had,
saw,
DID + housework + the dishes + laundry
WENT + swimming + to an art exibition + shopping
HAD + a good time + a lot of fun + a party
SAW + a movie + a play + a movie
TOOK + a day off + a vacation + a trip
Examples:

Last weekend I went

swimming.
I had a good time last night.
My sister saw a very good
movie.
I took a day off because I was
tired.
My mother went on a trip to
Osorno.