FAKE 2011 AP ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION FREERESPONSE QUESTIONS

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION SECTION II Total time40 minutes Question 1 Directions: The following prompt is based on the accompanying six sources. This question requires you to synthesize a variety of sources into a coherent, well-written essay. When you synthesize sources, you refer to them to develop your position and cite them accurately. Your argument should be central; the sources should support your argument. Avoid merely summarizing the sources. Remember to attribute both direct and indirect references. Introduction The first zoo, the London Zoo, opened to the public in 1828. By the present time, there are more than 1,000 zoos all over the world, 80% of them in cities. People from all over visit these zoos for reasons such as entertainment and education. Some view that zoological gardens are valuable institutions that contribute to the conservation and regulation of certain species population and the research of zoology. On the other side, many animals rights activist believe that zoos are an unhealthy environment for animals, especially when certain animals are left in such enclosed areas. They reason that it leads to strange behavior, such as depression. In most cases, they believe that animals should be able to live in their natural habit because the lives they live in zoos are not the same equivalent. Despite years of research and argument, this issue still remains controversial. Assignment Read the following sources (including the introductory information) carefully. Then, in an essay that synthesizes at least three of the sources for support, evaluate the most important factors that state a position on whether or not animals should be kept in zoos. You may refer to the sources by their titles (Source A, Source B, etc.) or by the descriptions in parentheses. Source A (ABC News) Source B (PETA) Source C (Hanna)

Source D (Jonard) Source E (Kuehn) Source F (Photo)

Source A ABC News Internet Ventures. Should Animals Be Held in Captivity? ABC News. 28 Dec. 2007 <http://abcnews.go.com/print? id=4055821> The Christmas Day tiger mauling at the San Francisco Zoo that killed a 17-year-old boy and severely injured two men has ignited a national debate about whether wild animals should be held in captivity. When a 350-pound Siberian tiger named Tatiana killed Carlos Sousa, it wasn't the first time that the animal had attacked someone. On Dec. 22, 2006, the animal attacked a zoo keeper, who survived. Police are investigating whether the three victims provoked the tiger to scale a 20-foot wall and jump over a moat. "If you go across a barrier at a NASCAR race and go on to the track, you get hurt," said Jack Hanna, director emeritus of the Columbus Zoo, on "Good Morning America" today. But Adam Roberts, senior vice president of the animal protection advocacy group Born Free USA, said caging animals can create problems for both humans and the animals. "It's not good for the animals," Roberts said on "GMA" today. "It's not good for humans either. First, the animals are put in unnatural settings. They're taken out of their biological comfort zone and the way they actually live in the wild and forced into these artificial enclosures on concrete, behind bars." Roberts argued that having animals in unnatural environments provides no educational value. "You're not getting the right education about what animals are like in the wild. That's why we believe that you should keep wildlife in the wild. That's best for animals and it's best for the people," Robert said. "We're not getting an educational benefit from zoo-going or from circus-going, and more importantly, as you unfortunately have seen recently, there is the potential for attack," he added. But Hanna vigorously disagreed, saying millions of dollars had been spent to ensure the health of animals and education of people. "I take great offense to anyone saying there's no education done there," Hanna said. "Most of these animals live better than people in the world. You have to have the love for animals in order to save animals, and that's what we teach. We're doing the best we can to provide habitat for these animals."

For zoos that are lacking suitable animal habitats and settings, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and others are working to close them down, Hanna said. But those actions haven't appeased objectors. "It's not enough to say we're pouring money into education or conservation without quantifying exactly what that means," Roberts said. "It's very easy to say we're doing it, but we have to see the results. AZA's [Association of Zoos and Aquariums] own research has suggested that we don't know whether the results on educational values of zoos are conclusive or not." Source B PETA. Zoos Cannot Replicate Wild Animals' Habitats. Opposing Views. 16 March 2011 < http://www.opposingviews.com/arguments/zoos-cannot-replicate-wild-animalshabitats> Zoos claim to educate people and preserve species, but they usually fall short on both counts. Most zoo enclosures are cramped and barren. Rather than promoting respect for or understanding of animals, signs often provide little more info rmation than an animals diet, and natural range. Animals normal behavior is seldom discussed, much less observed, because their natural needs are rarely met. Birds wings may be clipped so that they cannot fly, aquatic animals often go without adequate space to accommodate their natural swimming patterns, and many animals who live in large herds or family groups in the wild are kept alone or, at most, in pairs. Natural hunting and mating behaviors are virtually eliminated by regulated feeding and breeding regimens. Animals are closely confined, lack privacy, and have little opportunity for mental stimulation or physical exercise. These conditions often result in zoochosisabnormal and self-destructive behaviors such as pacing, swaying, self mutilation, and excessive licking. An Oxford University study based on four decades of observing animals in captivity and in the wild found that animals such as polar bears, lions, tigers, and cheetahs show the most evidence of stress and/or psychological dysfunction in captivity and concluded that the keeping of naturally wide-ranging carnivores should be either fundamentally improved or phased out.

Source C Hanna, Jack. Zoos Provide Education and Conservation. Opposing Views. 16 March 2011 < http://www.opposingviews.com/arguments/zoos-provide-education-andconservation> Zoos have to educate the public about the value of animals so that they understand the importance of conservation. After a fun experience at the zoo, people leave with a newfound knowledge and understanding. How are they going to learn these things if they dont get to see the animals? Zoos and aquariums give people an appreciation for the animals. They need to see, listen to, and smell an elephant. Viewing an animal on TV does not give a person the same kind of love and respect for the creature as seeing it in person does. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) is the major accrediting body for zoos in North America . AZAs standards require excellence in animal care and welfare, conservation, education, and research before a zoological park is eligible to receive their stamp of approval. Accredited zoos all over the country are actively supporting conservation projects in the wild. Most zoos are actively involved in numerous projects to preserve and rescue a wide range of endangered species from elephants to amphibians. In 2007 alone, the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium raised over $716,000 for field conservation. Because of tireless conservation efforts, species like the snow leopard and the mountain gorilla have overcome near extinction and will have the opportunity to see future generations.

Source D Jonard, Christine. Why Should Endangered Animals Be Kept in Captivity? The Daily Puppy. 16 March 2011 < http://www.dailypuppy.com/articles/why-should-endangeredanimalsbe-kept-in-captivity/68fee682-d711-4ff6-79da-d2aacd6aa2f0> Protect Endangered Species The Endangered Species Act of 1973 places value on all species of wildlife and plants, stating that they are "of aesthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people." Zoos participate in the effort to protect endangered species by keeping them safe from harm, breeding them and providing medical care should illness arise. Educate the Public A major part of the conservation efforts of endangered species depends on educating the public about the animals. Zoos provide a way for the general public to learn about and view endangered animals. Conservation of habitats and species becomes more pressing when a person actually sees an animal that needs help. Breeding Programs The American Zoo Association has developed Species Survival Plans that focus on maintaining diverse endangered species populations throughout zoos in the United States. Breeding the animals is a way to ensure their survival in captivity, as well as in the wild.

Prevent Breeding Bottlenecks In the wild, an endangered species typically breeds within a small gene pool due to the low population diversity in an area. Breeding programs in captivity offer a wider selection of genetic material and prevent "bottlenecks." Bottlenecks occur when an animal population dies down to a few individuals, who then reproduce. Numbers of the species increase, but the lack of genetic diversity leaves them susceptible to disease. Science and Research Aside from the breeding programs, zoos also help scientists learn crucial facts about an endangered species. This information translates into ways we can preserve their natural habitat and potentially release some individuals back into the wild. The research also enriches our understanding of the world and its ecosystems. Source E Kuehn, Bridget M.. Is it ethical to keep animals in zoos? AVMA. 1 Dec. 2002 < http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/dec02/021201d.asp> Zoo official says only if conservation and animal welfare are the focus Despite the high standards of AZA zoos and aquariums, some individuals object to zoos on an ethical basis. Some people believe that animals have an intrinsic right to liberty and, therefore they conclude all zoos are inherently wrong, Dr. Hutchins said. Others are concerned that living in a zoo diminishes animals' quality of life, that captive breeding is of limited value, or that entertainment is not a sufficient justification for keeping animals in captivity The primary benefits zoos provide to society are education and conservation of species and habitats, he said. "I think the central ethical justification for zoos and aquariums in the modern world is their commitment to conservation," Dr. Hutchins said. He explained that, during the past decade, zoos have shifted their focus from preserving species through captive breeding programs to preserving habitats and species in the wild. Zoos support conservation by educating the public, raising money for conservation programs, developing technology that can be used to track wild populations, conducting scientific research, advancing veterinary medicine, and developing animal handling techniques. By studying animals in captivity and applying that knowledge to their husbandry, zoos can provide valuable and practical information that may be difficult or impossible to gather in the wild. "We need to know about the biology of animals to conserve," Dr. Hutchins said. Zoos also help by participating in collaborative efforts with other zoos and conservation groups, or directly supporting a wildlife reserve by contributing expertise, training, funding, and other resourcesto improve animal welfare, AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums

must ensure quality care, promote natural behaviors and natural environments, assess and improve their training and education programs, and address the problem of surplus animals, Dr. Hutchins said. They also must reach out to nonaccredited zoos and promote high-quality care for all captive animals, he said. The AZA is taking a number of steps to promote improved animal welfare at accredited and nonaccredited zoos and aquariums, including: Developing species-specific resource manuals and standards for animal care Requiring AZA zoos and aquariums to develop and implement enrichment programs.

Training USDA-APHIS inspectors Lobbying the government for more funding for APHIS

Reducing the number of surplus animals by giving "do not breed" recommendations Developing a system to track animals and setting policies that forbid the transfer of animals to substandard facilities and hunting ranches"By reaching out in this way, AZA zoos and aquariums are demonstrating their concern for animal welfare outside their realm," Dr. Hutchins explained. Dr. Hutchins concluded his presentation by stressing the importance of advancing both conservation and animal welfare"I think having these dual goals of animal welfare and conservation provides a strong ethical justification for zoos and aquariums." Source F <http://www.all-creatures.org/articles/ar-zooculture-03.jpg>