EE 42/43/100 Introduction to Digital Electronics

Lecture 11: Review Chap 1-3 7/17/13 Instructors: Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain Dr. Wenbin Hsu
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 1 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Node-Voltage Circuit Analysis Method

1. Choose a reference node (ground)
Look for the one with the most connections!

2. Define unknown node voltages

those which are not fixed by voltage sources

3. Write KCL at each unknown node, expressing current in terms of the node voltages (using the I-V relationships of branch elements)
Special cases: floating voltage sources

4. Solve the set of independent equations

N equations for N unknown node voltages
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 2 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Nodal Analysis: Example #1

R1
+ -

R 3
IS

V1

R 2

R 4

1. Choose a reference node. 2. Define the node voltages (except reference node and the one set by the voltage source). 3. Apply KCL at the nodes with unknown voltage.

4. Solve for unknown node voltages.

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 3

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Nodal Analysis: Example #2

R1 i3 R3 V
1

R5

R2

i2

I1

R4

i4

V2

What are i2, i3, i4 ?

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 4

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Nodal Analysis w/ Floating Voltage Source

A floating voltage source is one for which neither side is connected to the reference node, e.g. VLL in the circuit below:
Va VLL
- +

Vb

I1

R2

R4

I2

Problem: We cannot write KCL at nodes a or b because there is no way to express the current through the voltage source in terms of Va-Vb.
Solution: Define a supernode that chunk of the circuit containing nodes a and b. Express KCL for this supernode. Incorporate voltage source constraint into KCL equation.
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 5 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Nodal Analysis: Example #3

supernode

What is i3 ?

i3
Va VLL
+

Vb

I1

R2

R4

I2

Eqn 1: KCL at supernode

Substitute property of voltage source:

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 6

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Formal Circuit Analysis Methods

NODAL ANALYSIS
(Node-Voltage Method)

MESH ANALYSIS
(Mesh-Current Method)

0) Choose a reference node

1) Define unknown node voltages 2) Apply KCL to each unknown node, expressing current in terms of the node voltages => N equations for N unknown node voltages

1) Select M independent mesh currents such that at least one mesh current passes through each branch* M = #branches - #nodes + 1
2) Apply KVL to each mesh, expressing voltages in terms of mesh currents => M equations for M unknown mesh currents 3) Solve for mesh currents => determine node voltages

3) Solve for node voltages => determine branch currents

*Simple method for planar circuits A mesh current is not necessarily identified with a branch current.
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 7 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Mesh Analysis: Example #1

1. Select M mesh currents.

2. Apply KVL to each mesh.

3. Solve for mesh currents.

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 8

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Mesh Analysis with a Current Source

ia

ib

Problem: We cannot write KVL for meshes a and b because there is no way to express the voltage drop across the current source in terms of the mesh currents.
Solution: Define a supermesh a mesh which avoids the branch containing the current source. Apply KVL for this supermesh.
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 9 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Mesh Analysis: Example #2

ia

ib

Eqn 1: KVL for supermesh

Eqn 2: Constraint due to current source:

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 10 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Dependent Sources
Node-Voltage Method
Dependent Current source:
treat as independent current source in organizing node eqns substitute constraining dependency in terms of defined node voltages.

Dependent voltage source:

Use supernode Substitute constraining dependency in terms of defined node voltages.

Mesh Analysis
Dependent Voltage Source:
Formulate and write KVL mesh eqns. Include and express dependency constraint in terms of mesh currents

Dependent Current Source:

Use supermesh. Include and express dependency constraint in terms of mesh currents

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 11

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Circuit w/ Dependent Source Example

Find i2, i1 and io

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 12

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Comments on Dependent Sources

A dependent source establishes a voltage or current whose value depends on the value of a voltage or current at a specified location in the circuit.
(device model, used to model behavior of transistors & amplifiers)

To specify a dependent source, we must identify:

1. 2. the controlling voltage or current (must be calculated, in general) the relationship between the controlling voltage or current and the supplied voltage or current the reference direction for the supplied voltage or current

3.

The relationship between the dependent source and its reference cannot be broken!
Dependent sources cannot be turned off for various purposes (e.g. to find the Thvenin resistance, or in analysis using Superposition).
Slide 13 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources

If a circuit contains dependent sources, what to do?
Example:

iD 20 W 10 W
2.4 A + 5iD

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 14

20 W

80 V

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Superposition Procedure:
1. Determine contribution due to one independent source Set all other sources to 0. Replace independent voltage source by short circuit. Replace independent current source by open circuit. 2. Repeat for each independent source 3. Sum individual contributions to obtain desired voltage or current

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 15

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Open Circuit and Short Circuit Open circuit i=0 ; Cut off the branch Short circuit v=0 ; replace the element by wire Turn off an independent voltage source means
V=0 Replace by wire Short circuit

Turn off an independent current source means

i=0 Cut off the branch open circuit

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 16

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Thvenin Equivalent Circuit

Any* linear 2-terminal (1-port) network of indep. voltage sources, indep. current sources, and linear resistors can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of an independent voltage source in series with a resistor without affecting the operation of the rest of the circuit.
Th venin equivalent circuit

RTh

vL b

RL

VTh

load resistor
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 17 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

+
b

network of sources and resistors

iL

+
vL

iL

RL

Norton Equivalent Circuit

Any* linear 2-terminal (1-port) network of indep. voltage sources, indep. current sources, and linear resistors can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of an independent current source in parallel with a resistor without affecting the operation of the rest of the circuit.
Norton equivalent circuit

a
network of sources and resistors

a
+ iL RL

iL RL

vL b

iN

RN

vL b

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 18

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Finding IN and RN
Norton equivalent circuit = Thvenin equivalent circuit simply by making a source transformation:
RTh
a a

iL
RL

iL

vTh

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

+
b

vL

iN

RN

vL b

RL

Slide 19

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

What is i5
R2

R1
+

+ V0

a R3

R5

b R4

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 20

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Finding VTh, RTh, IN

a

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

+ V0

vTh

a
R3

b
b

R4

Slide 21

+
Prof. Chang-Hasnain

R1

R2

RTh Calculation Example #2

Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals a,b:

Ix + Vx -

Since there is no independent source and we cannot arbitrarily turn off the dependence source, we can add a voltage source Vx across terminals a-b and measure the current through this terminal Ix . Rth= Vx/ Ix
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 22 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Summary of Techniques for Circuit Analysis -1

Resistor network
Parallel resistors Series resistors Y-delta conversion Add current source and find voltage (or vice versa)

Superposition
Leave one independent source on at a time Sum over all responses Voltage off SC Current off OC
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 23 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Thvenin Equivalent Example

Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals a,b:

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 24

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

RTh Calculation Example #1

Set all independent sources to 0:

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 25

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Summary of Techniques for Circuit Analysis -2

Node Analysis
Node voltage is the unknown Solve for KCL Floating voltage source using super node

Mesh Analysis
Loop current is the unknown Solve for KVL Current source using super mesh

Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Solve for OC voltage Solve for SC current
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 26 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Quiz 1: KVL and KCL 4 =? (A)0.5 A; (B) 1.5 A; (C) 2 A; (D) 1 A; (E) None of the above

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Quiz 2: Node Voltage Analysis =? (A)3 V; (B) 6 V; (C) 9 V; (D) 12 V; (E) None of the above

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 28

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Quiz 3: Supernode Use the supernode concept to find the current in the circuit below. (A) 4 A; (B) 8 A; (C) 12 A; (D) 2 A; (E) None of the above

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 29

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Quiz 4: Source Transformation

What is ?

(A) (B) (C) 7 7 3 (E) None of the above

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 30

(D)

3 17

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Quiz 5: Thevenin Equivalence

Within the box are contained dependent sources, resistors and independent sources. Without connecting (left graph), measured = 1. We then connect the box to the circuit (right graph) where = 1 and = 2 , and measure = 1. What is the of circuit in the box? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0 (E)not able to solve

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 31

Prof. Chang-Hasnain