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13

Vibrations and Waves


CLICKER QUESTIONS Question G1.01
Description: Understanding harmonic oscillation frequency. Question Two identical springs are attached to two identical masses. Both are resting on a frictionless horizontal surface. One of the springs is displaced a distance d from its equilibrium position, while the other is displaced a distance 2d.
d (A) 2d (B) Xeq

If both masses are released at the same instant, which of the springs, A or B, returns to its unstretched length rst? 1. 2. 3. 4. Spring A Spring B Its a tie Not enough information

Commentary Purpose: To develop your understanding of what a harmonic oscillators frequency means. Discussion: The period of an oscillating object of mass m attached to a spring of spring constant k is 2 m k . Note that the period does not depend on the amplitude; it takes the same amount of time to complete one large oscillation as one small oscillation. In both cases shown, the block is undergoing one quarter of a complete oscillation, so the time required is one quarter of a period. If the springs are of equal stiffness and the blocks have the same mass, both will reach their equilibrium point at the same time. Although case B travels a larger distance, it has a larger average velocity and covers that distance more quickly. To stretch the spring twice as far, four times the potential energy is required. Block B will thus have four times as much kinetic energy as block A when they reach their equilibrium points, which means it will be moving twice as fast. Also, the initial spring force on B will be twice as large as on A, so it will accelerate twice as quickly when the blocks are released.
625

626

Chapter 13

Key Points: The period and frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator are independent of amplitude.

For Instructors Only This aspect of simple harmonic oscillator behavior is counterintuitive to most students; they will expect case B to take longer, though not twice as long. A demonstration may help. You should stress that this is only true for ideal oscillators; real physical springs, pendula, and other oscillators deviate increasingly from ideal behavior as amplitude is increased. Nevertheless, the approximation is good enough for small oscillations that pendulum-based clocks depend upon it for keeping time.

Question G1.02
Description: Understanding what harmonic oscillator frequency depends upon. Question Three systems are constructed from identical springs and masses as shown.

Which statement is true regarding the frequencies of these systems? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1 > 2 > 3 1 > 2 < 3 1 < 2 = 3 1 < 2 < 3 1 = 2 < 3 1 = 2 = 3 None of the above. Cannot be determined.

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Commentary Purpose: To develop your understanding of what the frequency of an oscillator depends upon. Discussion: Consider a plot of net force (along the direction of motion of the block) vs. block position for case 1.

0 L0

The equilibrium point, about which oscillation occurs, is at the springs resting length. When the spring is stretched ( L > L0 ), it pulls back; when compressed ( L < L0 ), it pushes back; this is a restoring force that causes oscillations about the equilibrium point. The angular frequency of oscillations is related to the slope of the force vs. position plot ( k , where k is the springs force constant) and to the block mass m, and has a value of = k m . Now consider case 2. The net force on the block is due to the spring force and gravity, and a plot of the net force vs. block position (in terms of the spring length, where downward is positive) looks the same as for case 1, except that the entire line has been shifted upward by a constant amount mg.

0 L0

(In the plot, the dotted green line represents the spring force alone, the dotted red line represents the weight, and the solid blue line represents the net force.) We can see that the blocks equilibrium point (where the net force is zero) is different than in case 1, but the slope of the line is the same. This means that gravity will stretch the spring and cause oscillations to occur about a larger length value, but the frequency of oscillations will be the same: = k m. Case 3 is the same as case 2, except that only one component of the gravitational force ( mg cos ) affects the blocks motion, so the equilibrium point does not shift as much as it does for case 2. The slope of the net force vs. position line is still the same, so the frequency must be the same also. In other words, for any orientation of the spring, the restoring force can be written as F = kd , where d is the displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position (not necessarily from the point at which the spring is relaxed). Since the restoring force has the same proportionality constant k, oscillations must have the same frequency.

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Chapter 13

Key Points: The oscillation frequency of an object on a spring does not depend on the orientation of the spring, only on the springs stiffness and the objects mass. Changing the orientation of a mass on a spring changes the equilibrium point about which oscillations occur. For an object oscillating due to a restoring force of strength F = kd , where d is the objects displacement from equilibrium, the angular frequency of oscillation will be = k m .

For Instructors Only Intuitively, many students have difculty believing that orientation makes no difference. Sometimes, students convince themselves that cases 1 and 2 have the same frequency, but case 3 differs. They want to see a factorof cos worked in somewhere. A demonstration, if available, may be useful. We have not derived the relationship between restoring force and angular frequency of oscillation here; how that is handled depends upon the level of your course and the mathematical sophistication of your students. This question is intended for use after the simple harmonic oscillator, case 1, has been introduced and its angular frequency presented.

Question G3.01
Description: Distinguishing interference from related concepts and phenomena. Question The phenomenon of interference is the result of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Conservation of energy Superposition The Fourier theorem Conservation of mass All of the above

Commentary Purpose: To hone the concept of interference, distinguishing it from other concepts and situations it is frequently related to. Discussion: The principle of superposition states that if two or more traveling waves are moving through a medium and combine at a given point, the resultant displacement of the medium at that point is the sum of the displacements of the individual waves. Interference is the combination of separate waves in a region of space to produce a resultant wave. It can occur due to the convergence of waves from multiple sources, or from one source via multiple paths. Of the four listed answers, it depends only on superpositionanswer (2). Diffraction is not a different phenomenon from interference, but a particular case in which many waves (from every point in a nite-width slit, for example, or from every gap in a grating) interfere.

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Key Points: Interference is a consequence of superposition. A wide variety of phenomena, including diffraction, are instances of interference.

For Instructors Only While discussing interference, be careful to distinguish between amplitude and intensity; students frequently confuse these. This is especially true in many demonstrations of interference. The intensity is usually observed, though it is superposition of amplitudes that is discussed.

Question G3.02
Description: Honing the concept of interference. Question Two sound waves can interfere: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Only when traveling in the same direction Only when the frequencies are the same Only when both are sinusoidal Only when the phase difference is constant None of the above

Commentary Purpose: To distinguish the essential phenomenon of interference from many of the contextual features it is frequently associated with. Discussion: Any time two waves overlap in a linear medium (one that obeys the principle of superposition), interference between the waves occurs. The principle of superposition states that the total excitation of the medium (displacement in a vibrational wave, eld strength in an electromagnetic wave, etc.) is equal to the sum of the excitations due to each individual wave acting alone. Interference occurs regardless of the waves directions, frequencies, waveforms, or phase differences. If the waves overlap, some kind of interference will occur. (To get specic kinds of interference for example, standing waves, stationary nodes and antinodes, and the like additional conditions are necessary.) Thus, None of the above is the appropriate answer here. Key Points: Interference occurs any time two waves overlap in a linear medium (a medium obeying the principle of superposition). Interference does not necessarily result in a stable pattern of nodes and antinodes, standing waves, or anything else. Those are special cases.

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Chapter 13

For Instructors Only This question serves well as a follow-up to Question G3.01, reinforcing the ideas developed there. The questions real purpose is to instigate a discussion about what students associate the word interference with, so that they can learn to distinguish the general phenomenon and its preconditions from its consequences under special cases. Too frequently, students see interference only through a small set of these special cases, and do not learn to generalize the phenomenon.

QUICK QUIZZES
1. (d). To complete a full cycle of oscillation, the object must travel distance 2 A to position x = A and then travel an additional distance 2 A returning to the original position at x = + A . (c). The force producing harmonic oscillation is always directed toward the equilibrium position, and hence, directed opposite to the displacement from equilibrium. The acceleration is in the direction of the force. Thus, it is also always directed opposite to the displacement from equilibrium. (b). In simple harmonic motion, the force (and hence, the acceleration) is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. Therefore, force and acceleration are both at a maximum when the displacement is a maximum. (a). The period of an object-spring system is T = 2 m k . Thus, increasing the mass by a factor of 4 will double the period of oscillation.
2 (c). The total energy of the oscillating system is equal to 1 2 kA , where A is the amplitude of oscillation. Since the object starts from rest at displacement A in both cases, it has the same amplitude of oscillation in both cases.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

(d). The expressions for the total energy, maximum speed, and maximum acceleration are 2 E=1 2 kA , vmax = A k m , and amax = A ( k m ) where A is the amplitude. Thus, all are changed by a change in amplitude. The period of oscillation is T = 2 m k and is unchanged by altering the amplitude. (c), (b). An accelerating elevator is equivalent to a gravitational eld. Thus, if the elevator is accelerating upward, this is equivalent to an increased effective gravitational eld magnitude g, and the period will decrease. Similarly, if the elevator is accelerating downward, the effective value of g is reduced and the period increases. If the elevator moves with constant velocity, the period of the pendulum is the same as that in the stationary elevator. (a). The clock will run slow. With a longer length, the period of the pendulum will increase. Thus, it will take longer to execute each swing, so that each second according to the clock will take longer than an actual second. (b). Greater. The value of g on the Moon is about one-sixth the value of g on Earth, so the period of the pendulum on the moon will be greater than the period on Earth.

7.

8.

9.

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ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS


1. The wavelength of a wave is the distance from crest to the following crest. Thus, the distance between a crest and the following trough is a half wavelength, giving = 2 ( 2 m ) = 4 m. The speed of the wave is then v = f = ( 4 m ) ( 2 Hz ) = 8 m s, and (c) is the correct choice. When an object undergoes simple harmonic motion, the position as a function of time may be written as x = A cos t = A cos ( 2 ft ). Comparing this to the given relation, we see that the frequency of vibration is f = 3 Hz, and the period is T = 1 f = 1 3 s, so the correct answer is (c). In this spring-mass system, the total energy equals the elastic potential energy at the moment the mass is temporarily at rest at x = A = 6 cm (i.e., at the extreme ends of the simple harmonic motion) Thus, E = kA 2 2 and we see that as long as the spring constant k and the amplitude A remain unchanged, the total energy is unchanged. Hence, the energy is still 12 J and (a) is the correct choice. The energy given the vibratory system equals the elastic potential energy at the extremes of the motion, x = A. Thus, E = k A 2 2 and this energy will all be in the form of kinetic energy as 2 2 = kA 2 2 , or the body passes through the equilibrium position, giving m vmax vmax = A k 80.0 N m = ( 0.10 m ) = 1.4 m s m 0.40 kg

2.

3.

4.

and (b) is the correct choice. 5. The frequency of vibration is f =

1 = 2 2

k m

Thus, increasing the mass by a factor of 9 will decrease the frequency to 1 3 of its original value, and the correct answer is (b). 6. When the object is at its maximum displacement, the magnitude of the force exerted on it by the spring is Fs = k xmax = (8.0 N m ) ( 0.10 m ) = 0.80 N. This force will give the mass an acceleration of a = Fs m = 0.80 N 0.40 kg = 2.0 m s2 , making (d) the correct choice. The car will continue to compress the spring until all of the cars original kinetic energy has been converted into elastic potential energy within the spring, i.e., until kx 2 2 = m vi2 2, or x = vi 3.0 10 5 kg m = 0.77 m = ( 2.0 m s ) k 2.0 10 6 N m

7.

The correct choice is seen to be (a). 8. The period of a simple pendulum is T = 2 g 1 1 = 2 2 2

g , and its frequency is f = 1 T = (1 2 ) g .


g f = 2

Thus, if the length is doubled so = 2 , the new frequency is f= 1 2 g 1 = 2

and we see that (d) is the correct response.

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Chapter 13

9.

The period of a simple pendulum is T = 2 period will be T = 2

g . If the length is changed to = 4 , the new

4 = 2 = 2 2 = 2T g g g

or the period will be doubled. The correct choice is (e). 10. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion about an equilibrium point x0 , its position as a function of time is given by x x0 = A cos ( t ), and the turning points (i.e., the extremes of the position) are at x = x0 A. That is, the equilibrium position is midway between the turning points, so the correct response is choice (c). The only false statement among the listed choices is choice (d). At the equilibrium position, x = 0, the elastic potential energy ( PEs = kx 2 2 ) is a minimum and the kinetic energy is a maximum. In a vertical mass-spring system, the equilibrium position is the point at which the mass will hang at rest on the lower end of the spring. If the mass is raised distance A above this position and released from rest, it will undergo simple harmonic motion, with amplitude A, about the equilibrium position. The upper turning point of the motion is at the point of release, and the lower turning point is distance A below the equilibrium position or distance 2 A below the release point. Thus, if the release point is 15 cm above the equilibrium position, the mass drops 30 cm before stopping momentarily and reversing direction. The correct answer is choice (c).

11.

12.

ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS


2. Each half-spring will have twice the spring constant of the full spring, as shown by the following argument. The force exerted by a spring is proportional to the separation of the coils as the spring is extended. Imagine that we extend a spring by a given distance and measure the distance between coils. We then cut the spring in half. If one of the half-springs is now extended by the same distance, the coils will be twice as far apart as they were for the complete spring. Thus, it takes twice as much force to stretch the half-spring, from which we conclude that the half-spring has a spring constant which is twice that of the complete spring. Friction. This includes both air resistance and damping within the spring. No. The period of vibration is T = 2 L g and g is smaller at high altitude. Therefore, the period is longer on the mountain top and the clock will run slower. Shorten the pendulum to decrease the period between ticks. The speed of the pulse is v = F , so increasing the tension F in the hose increases the speed of the pulse. Filling the hose with water increases the mass per unit length , and will decrease the speed of the pulse. The speed of a wave on a string is given by v = F . This says the speed is independent of the frequency of the wave. Thus, doubling the frequency leaves the speed unaffected.

4. 6.

8. 10.

12.

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PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
13.1 (a) Taking to the right as positive, the spring force acting on the block at the instant of release is Fs = kxi = (130 N m ) ( +0.13 m ) = 17 N (b) At this instant, the acceleration is a= Fs 17 N = = 28 m s2 m 0.60 kg or a = 28 m s2 to the left or 17 N to the left

13.2

When the object comes to equilibrium (at distance y0 below the unstretched position of the end of the spring), Fy = k ( y0 ) mg = 0 and the force constant is k=
2 mg ( 4.25 kg ) ( 9.80 m s ) = 1.59 10 3 N = 1.59 kN = 2 y0 2.62 10 m

13.3

(a)

Since the collision is perfectly elastic, the ball will rebound to the height of 4.00 m before coming to rest momentarily. It will then repeat this motion over and over again with a regular period.
2 From y = v0 y t + 1 2 a y t , with v0 y = 0 , the time required for the ball to reach the ground is

(b)

t=

2 ( y ) = ay

2 ( 4.00 m ) = 0.904 s 9.80 m s2

This is one-half of the time for a complete cycle of the motion. Thus, the period is T = 1.81 s . (c) No . The net force acting on the object is a constant given by F = mg (except when it is contact with the ground). This is not in the form of Hookes law. The spring contant is k= Fs mg 50 N = = = 1.0 10 3 N m x x 5.0 10 2 m

13.4

(a)

F = Fs = kx = (1.0 10 3 N m ) ( 0.11 m ) = 1.1 10 2 N (b) The graph will be a straight line passing through the origin with a slope equal to k = 1.0 10 3 N m. 13.5 When the system is in equilibrium, the tension in the spring F = k x must equal the weight of the object. Thus, k x = mg , giving m=
2 k x ( 47.5 N ) ( 5.00 10 m ) = = 0.242 kg 2 9.80 m s g

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Chapter 13

13.6

(a)

The free-body diagram of the point in the center of the string is given at the right. From this, we see that Fx = 0 F 2T sin 35.0 = 0 or T= F 375 N = = 327 N 2 sin 35.0 2 sin 35.0

35.0

35.0

(b)

Since the bow requires an applied horizontal force of 375 N to hold the string at 35.0 from the vertical, the tension in the spring must be 375 N when the spring is stretched 30.0 cm. Thus, the spring constant is k= F 375 N = = 1.25 10 3 N m x 0.300 m

13.7

(a)

When the block comes to equilibrium, Fy = ky0 mg = 0, giving y0 =

(10.0 kg) ( 9.80 m s2 ) mg = 0.206 m = 475 N m k

or the equilibrium position is 0.206 m below the unstretched position of the lower end of the spring. (b) When the elevator (and everything in it) has an upward acceleration of a = 2.00 m s2 , applying Newtons second law to the block gives Fy = k ( y0 + y ) mg = may or Fy = ( ky0 mg ) ky = may

where y = 0 at the equilibrium position of the block. Since ky0 mg = 0 [see part (a)], this becomes ky = ma and the new position of the block is y= may k =

(10.0 kg) ( +2.00

475 N m

m s2 )

= 4.21 10 2 m = 4.21 cm

or 4.21 cm below the equilibrium position. (c) When the cable breaks, the elevator and its contents will be in free fall with ay = g. The new equilibrium position of the block is found from Fy = ky0 mg = m ( g ), which = 0. When the cable snapped, the block was at rest relative to the elevator at yields y0 distance y0 + y = 0.206 m + 0.042 1 m = 0.248 m below the new equilibrium position. Thus, while the elevator is in free fall, the block will oscillate with amplitude = 0.248 m about the new equilibrium position, which is the unstretched position of the springs lower end. When the gun is red, the elastic potential energy initially stored in the spring is transformed into kinetic energy of the projectile. Thus, it is necessary to have 1 2 1 2 k x 0 = m v0 2 2 (b) or k=
2 (3.00 103 kg) ( 45.0 m s) = 949 N m m v0 = 2 x0 (8.00 102 m )2 2

13.8

(a)

The magnitude of the force required to compress the spring 8.00 cm and load the gun is Fs = k x = ( 949 N m ) (8.00 10 2 m ) = 75.9 N

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13.9

(a)

Assume the rubber bands obey Hookes law. Then, the force constant of each band is k= Fs 15 N = = 1.5 10 3 N m x 1.0 10 2 m

Thus, when both bands are stretched 0.20 m, the total elastic potential energy is 1 PEs = 2 k x 2 = (1.5 10 3 N m ) ( 0.20 m )2 = 60 J 2 (b) Conservation of mechanical energy gives ( KE + PEs ) f = ( KE + PEs )i , or 1 m v 2 + 0 = 0 + 60 J, so v = 2 13.10 (a) (b) 13.11 k= Fmax 230 N = = 575 N m xmax 0.400 m 1 2 1 k x = ( 575 N m ) ( 0.400 )2 = 46.0 J 2 2 2 ( 60 J ) = 49 m s 50 10 3 kg

work done = PEs =

From conservation of mechanical energy,

( KE + PE
giving k= 13.12

+ PEs

) = ( KE + PE
f

+ PEs

) or 0 + mgh
i

+0= 0+0+

1 2 kxi 2

2 mgh f xi2

2 ( 0.100 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) ( 0.600 m )

( 2.00 10

m)

= 2.94 10 3 N m

Conservation of mechanical energy, (KE + PEg + PEs ) f = (KE + PEg + PEs )i, 2 2 1 gives 1 2 m vi + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 2 k x f , or vi = k xi = m 5.00 10 6 N m (3.16 102 m ) = 2.23 m s 1000 kg

13.13

An unknown quantity of mechanical energy is converted into internal energy during the collision. Thus, we apply conservation of momentum from just before to just after the collision and obtain m vi + M ( 0 ) = ( M + m ) V , or the speed of the block and embedded bullet just after collision is 10.0 10 3 kg m V = vi = ( 300 m s ) = 1.49 m s M + m 2.01 kg Now, we use conservation of mechanical energy from just after collision until the block comes to 2 2 1 rest. This gives 0 + 1 2 k x f = 2 ( M + m ) V , or xf = V M +m 2.01 kg = (1.49 m s ) = 0.477 m k 19.6 N m

13.14

(a)

At either of the turning points, x = A, the constant total energy of the system is momentarily stored as elastic potential energy in the spring. Thus, E = k A 2 2 .

(b)

When the object is distance x from the equilibrium position, the elastic potential energy is PEs = k x 2 2 and the kinetic energy is KE = m v 2 2. At the position where KE = 2 PEs, is it necessary that 1 1 m v 2 = 2 kx 2 2 2 or 1 m v 2 = kx 2 2 continued on next page

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Chapter 13

(c)

When KE = 2 PEs , conservation of energy gives E = KE + PEs = 2 ( PEs ) + PEs = 3PEs, or 1 2 1 kA = 3 kx 2 2 2 x= k A2 2 3k 2 or x= A 3

13.15

(a)

At maximum displacement from equilibrium, all of the energy is in the form of elastic
2 2, and potential energy, giving E = kxmax

k= (b)

2E 2 ( 47.0 J ) = = 1.63 10 3 N m 2 xmax ( 0.240 m )2

At the equilibrium position ( x = 0 ), the spring is momentarily in its relaxed state and PEs = 0, so all of the energy is in the form of kinetic energy. This gives KE x = 0 = 1 2 m vmax = E = 47.0 J 2

(c)

If, at the equilibrium position, v = vmax = 3.45 m s, the mass of the block is m= 2E 2 ( 47.0 J ) = = 7.90 kg 2 vmax ( 3.45 m s )2

(d)

At any position, the constant total energy is, E = KE + PEs = m v 2 2 + k x 2 2, so at x = 0.160 m v= 2 E kx 2 = m 2 ( 47.0 J ) (1.63 10 3 N m ) ( 0.160 m )2 7.90 kg = 2.57 m s

(e)

At x = 0.160 m, where v = 2.57 m s, the kinetic energy is KE = 1 1 2 m v 2 = ( 7.90 kg ) ( 2.57 m s ) = 26.1 J 2 2

(f )

At x = 0.160 m, where KE = 26.1 J, the elastic potential energy is PEs = E KE = 47.0 J 26.1 J = 20.9 J or alternately, PEs = 1 2 1 k x = (1.63 10 3 N m ) ( 0.160 m )2 = 20.9 J 2 2

(g)

At the rst turning point (for which x < 0 since the block started from rest at x = +0.240 m and has passed through the equilibrium at x = 0) all of the remaining energy is in the form of elastic potential energy, so 1 2 k x = E Eloss = 47.0 J 14.0 J = 33.0 J 2 and x= 2 ( 33.0 J ) 2 ( 33.0 J ) = = 0.201 m k 1.63 10 3 N m

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13.16

(a) (b) (c)

F = k x = (83.8 N m ) ( 5.46 10 2 m ) = 4.58 N E = PEs =


2 1 2 1 k x = (83.8 N m ) ( 5.46 10 2 m ) = 0.125 J 2 2

While the block was held stationary at x = 5.46 cm, Fx = Fs + F = 0, or the spring force was equal in magnitude and oppositely directed to the applied force. When the applied force is suddenly removed, there is a net force Fs = 4.58 N directed toward the equilibrium position acting on the block. This gives the block an acceleration having magnitude a = Fs 4.58 N = = 18.3 m s2 m 0.250 kg

(d)

At the equilibrium position, PEs = 0, so the block has kinetic energy KE = E = 0.125 J and speed v= 2E = m 2 ( 0.125 J ) = 1.00 m s 0.250 kg

(e)

If the surface was rough, the block would spend energy overcoming a retarding friction force as it moved toward the equilibrium position, causing it to arrive at that position with a lower speed than that computed above. Computing a number value for this lower speed requires knowledge of the coefficient of friction between the block and surface.

13.17

From conservation of mechanical energy,

( KE + PE
v= (a)

+ PEs

) = ( KE + PE
f

+ PEs

2 2 2 1 1 we have 1 2 m v + 0 + 2 k x = 0 + 0 + 2 k A , or

k 2 ( A x2 ) m

The speed is a maximum at the equilibrium position, x = 0. vmax = k 2 A = m

(19.6 N m ) ( 0.040 m )2 ( 0.40 kg)

= 0.28 m s

(b)

When x = 0.015 m, v=

(19.6 N m ) ( 0.040 m )2 ( 0.015 m )2 = ( 0.40 kg) (19.6 N m ) ( 0.040 m )2 ( + 0.015 m )2 = ( 0.40 kg)
k 2 1 k 2 A x2 ) = A ( m 2 m

0.26 m s

(c)

When x = + 0.015 m, v= 0.26 m s

(d)

If v = 1 2 vmax, then

This gives A 2 x 2 = A 2 4, or x = A 3 2 = ( 4.0 cm ) 3 2 = 3.5 cm .

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Chapter 13

13.18

(a)

2 KE = 0 at x = A, so E = KE + PEs = 0 + 1 2 k A , or the total energy is

E= (b)

1 2 1 k A = ( 250 N m ) ( 0.035 m )2 = 0.15 J 2 2

The maximum speed occurs at the equilibrium position where PEs = 0. Thus, 2 E=1 2 m vmax, or vmax = 2E 250 N m k = 0.78 m s =A = ( 0.035 m ) 0.50 kg m m

(c)

The acceleration is a = F m = kx m. Thus, a = amax at x = xmax = A. amax = 250 N m k ( A) k = A= ( 0.035 m ) = 18 m s2 0.50 kg m m

13.19

The maximum speed occurs at the equilibrium position and is vmax = Thus m= and Fg = mg = ( 4.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) = 39.2 N
2 kA 2 (16.0 N m ) ( 0.200 m ) = = 4.00 kg 2 vmax ( 0.400 m s )2

k A m

13.20

v=

10.0 N m k 2 A x2 ) = ( 0.250 m )2 ( 0.125 m )2 ( 3 = 3.06 m s 50.0 10 kg m

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13.21

(a)

The motion is simple harmonic because the tire is rotating with constant velocity and you are looking at the uniform circular motion of the bump projected on a plane perpendicular to the tire. Note that the tangential speed of a point on the rim of a rolling tire is the same as the translational speed of the axle. Thus, vt = vcar = 3.00 m s and the angular velocity of the tire is

(b)

vt 3.00 m s = = 10.0 rad s r 0.300 m

Therefore, the period of the motion is T= 2 2 = = 0.628 s 10.0 rad s

13.22

(a) (b) (c)

vt = f =

2 r 2 ( 0.200 m ) = 0.628 m s = T 2.00 s 1 1 = = 0.500 Hz T 2.00 s 2 2 = = 3.14 rad s T 2.00 s

13.23

The angle of the crank pin is = t . Its x-coordinate is x = A cos = A cos t , where A is the distance from the center of the wheel to the crank pin. This is of the correct form to describe simple harmonic motion. Hence, one must conclude that the motion is indeed simple harmonic.

wt A

x0 x0 x(t)

x(t)

13.24

The period of vibration for an object-spring system is T = 2 m k . Thus, if T = 0.223 s and m = 35.4 g = 35.4 10 3 kg, the force constant of the spring is k=
2 3 4 2 m 4 ( 35.4 10 kg ) = = 28.1 N m T2 ( 0.223 s )2

13.25

The spring constant is found from


2 Fs mg ( 0.010 kg ) ( 9.80 m s ) = 2 .5 N m = = 3.9 10 2 m x x When the object attached to the spring has mass m = 25 g, the period of oscillation is

k=

T = 2

m = 2 k

0.025 kg = 0.63 s 2.5 N m

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Chapter 13

13.26

The springs compress 0.80 cm when supporting an additional load of m = 320 kg. Thus, the spring constant is
2 mg ( 320 kg ) ( 9.80 m s ) k= = 3.9 10 5 N m = 0.80 10 2 m x

When the empty car, M = 2.0 10 3 kg, oscillates on the springs, the frequency will be f = 13.27 (a) 1 1 = T 2 k 1 = M 2 3.9 10 5 N m = 2.2 Hz 2.0 10 3 kg

The period of oscillation is T = 2 m k where k is the spring constant and m is the mass of the object attached to the end of the spring. Hence, T = 2 0.250 kg = 1.0 s 9.5 N m

(b)

If the cart is released from rest when it is 4.5 cm from the equilibrium position, the amplitude of oscillation will be A = 4.5 cm = 4.5 10 2 m. The maximum speed is then given by vmax = A = A k 9.5 N m = 0.28 m s = ( 4.5 10 2 m ) m 0.250 kg

(c)

When the cart is 14 cm from the left end of the track, it has a displacement of x = 14 cm 12 cm = 2.0 cm from the equilibrium position. The speed of the cart at this distance from equilibrium is v= k 2 ( A x2 ) = m 9.5 N m ( 0.045 m )2 ( 0.020 m )2 = 0.25 m s 0.250 kg

13.28

The general expression for the position as a function of time for an object undergoing simple harmonic motion with x = 0 at t = 0 is x = A sin ( t ) . Thus, if x = ( 5.2 cm ) sin (8.0 t ), we have that the amplitude is A = 5.2 cm and the angular frequency is = 8.0 rad s. (a) The period is T= (b) 2 2 = = 0.25 s 8.0 s1

The frequency of motion is f = 1 1 = = 4.0 s1 = 4.0 Hz T 0.25 s

(c) (d)

As discussed above, the amplitude of the motion is A = 5.2 cm . Note: For this part, your calculator should be set to operate in radians mode. If x = 2.6 cm, then 2.6 cm x t = sin 1 = sin 1 = sin 1 ( 0.50 ) = 0.52 radians A 5.2 cm and t= 0.52 rad 0.52 rad = = 2.1 10 2 s = 21 10 3 s = 21 ms 8.0 rad s

Vibrations and Waves

641

13.29

(a)

At the equilibrium position, the total energy of the system is in the form of kinetic energy 2 2 = E , so the maximum speed is and m vmax vmax = 2E = m 2 ( 5.83 J ) = 5.98 m s 0.326 kg

(b)

The period of an object-spring system is T = 2 m k , so the force constant of the spring is k= 4 2 m 4 2 ( 0.326 kg ) = 206 N m = T2 ( 0.250 s )2

(c)

At the turning points, x = A, the total energy of the system is in the form of elastic potential energy, or E = kA 2 2, giving the amplitude as A= 2E = k 2 ( 5.83 J ) = 0.238 m 206 N m

13.30

For a system executing simple harmonic motion, the total energy may be written as 2 2 1 E = KE + PEs = 1 2 m vmax = 2 kA , where A is the amplitude and vmax is the speed at the 2 = kA 2 m. equilibrium position. Observe from this expression, that we may write vmax (a)
2 2 2 1 1 1 If v = 1 2 vmax, then E = 2 m v + 2 k x = 2 m vmax becomes 2 1 2 1 1 vmax 2 + kx = m vmax m 2 4 2 2

and gives x2 = or x= A 3 2 3 m 2 3 m k 2 3A2 vmax = A = 4 k 4 k 4 m

(b)

If the elastic potential energy is PEs = E 2, we have 1 2 1 1 2 kx = kA 2 22 or x2 = A2 2 and x= A 2

13.31

(a)

At t = 3.50 s, N rad = 11.0 N , F = kx = 5.00 ( 3.00 m ) cos 1.58 ( 3.50 s ) m s or F = 11.0 N directed to the left .

continued on next page

642

Chapter 13

(b)

The angular frequency is

k = m

5.00 N m = 1.58 rad s 2.00 kg

and the period of oscillation is T= 2 2 = = 3.97 s 1.58 rad s t 3.50 s = = 0.881 T 3.97 s

Hence the number of oscillations made in 3.50 s is N= k=

13.32

(a)

7.50 N F = = 250 N m x 3.00 10 2 m k = m 250 N m = 22.4 rad s 0.500 kg

(b)

=
f = T=

22.4 rad s = = 3.56 Hz 2 2 1 1 = = 0.281 s f 3.56 Hz

(c)

At t = 0, v = 0 and x = 5.00 10 2 m, so the total energy of the oscillator is E = KE + PEs = = 0+ 1 1 m v 2 + kx 2 2 2

2 1 ( 250 N m ) ( 5.00 10 2 m ) = 0.313 J 2

(d)

2 When x = A, v = 0 so E = KE + PEs = 0 + 1 2 kA .

Thus, A= 2E = k 2 ( 0.313 J ) = 5.00 10 2 m = 5.00 cm 250 N/m

(e)

2 At x = 0, KE = 1 2 m vmax = E , or

vmax = amax =

2E = m

2 ( 0.313 J ) = 1.12 m s 0.500 kg

2 Fmax k A ( 250 N m ) ( 5.00 10 m ) = 25.0 m s2 = = 0.500 kg m m

continued on next page

Vibrations and Waves

643

Note: To solve parts (f ) and (g), your calculator should be set in radians mode. (f ) At t = 0.500 s, Equation 13.14a gives the displacement as 250 N m x = A cos ( t ) = A cos t k m = ( 5.00 cm ) cos ( 0.500 s ) = 0.919 cm 0.500 kg

(g)

From Equation 13.14b, the velocity at t = 0.500 s is v = A sin ( t ) = A k m sin t k m = ( 5.00 10 2 m )

250 N m 250 N m sin ( 0.500 s ) = + 1.10 m 0.500 kg 0.500 kg

and from Equation 13.14c, the acceleration at this time is a = A 2 cos ( t ) = A ( k m ) cos t k m

)
2 = 4.59 m s

250 N m 250 N m = 5.00 10 2 m cos ( 0.500 s ) 0.500 kg 0.500 kg

13.33

From Equation 13.6, v= Hence, v = A 2 A 2 cos2 ( t ) = A 1 cos2 ( t ) = A sin ( t ) From Equation 13.2, a= k 2 x = 2 A cos ( t ) = A cos ( t ) m k 2 ( A x 2 ) = 2 ( A2 x 2 ) m

13.34

(a)

The height of the tower is almost the same as the length of the pendulum. From T = 2 L g , we obtain L=
2 g T 2 ( 9.80 m s ) (15.5 s ) = = 59.6 m 42 42 2

(b)

On the Moon, where g = 1.67 m s2, the period will be T = 2 L 59.6 m = 2 = 37.5 s 1.67 m s2 g g,

13.35

The period of a pendulum is the time for one complete oscillation and is given by T = 2 where is the length of the pendulum. (a) (b) T=

( 3.00 min ) 60 s = 1.50 s 120 oscillations 1 min

The length of the pendulum is (1.50 s )2 T2 = g 2 = ( 9.80 m s2 ) = 0.559 m 2 4 4

644

Chapter 13

13.36

The period in Tokyo is TT = 2 LT gT and the period in Cambridge is TC = 2 LC gC . We know that TT = TC = 2 .000 s from which, we see that LT LC = , gT gC or gC LC 0.994 2 = = = 1.001 5 gT LT 0.992 7

13.37

(a)

The period of the pendulum is T = 2 L g . Thus, on the Moon where the free-fall acceleration is smaller, the period will be longer and the clock will run slow .

(b)

The ratio of the pendulums period on the Moon to that on Earth is TMoon 2 L gMoon = = TEarth 2 L gEarth gEarth 9.80 = = 2 .45 gMoon 1.63

Hence, the pendulum of the clock on Earth makes 2.45 ticks while the clock on the Moon is making 1.00 tick. After the Earth clock has ticked off 24.0 h and again reads 12:00 midnight, the Moon clock will have ticked off 24.0 h 2.45 = 9.80 h and will read 9 : 48 AM . 13.38 (a) The lower temperature will cause the pendulum to contract. The shorter length will produce a smaller period, so the clock will run faster or gain time . The period of the pendulum is T0 = 2 L0 g at 20C, and at 5.0C it is T = 2 L g . The ratio of these periods is T0 T = L0 L . From Chapter 10, the length at 5.0C is L = L0 + Al L0 ( T ), so L0 1 1 1 = = = = 1.000 6 1 6 . L 1 + Al ( T ) 1 + 0 999 4 ) 24 10 5 0 C . C 2 0 C ( [ ] This gives T0 = T L0 = 1.000 6 = 1.000 3 L

(b)

Thus in one hour (3 600 s), the chilled pendulum will gain (1.000 3 1) ( 3 600 s ) = 1.1 s . 13.39 (a) From T = 2 L g , the length of a pendulum with period T is L = gT 2 4 2. On Earth, with T = 1.0 s, L=

(9.80

m s2 ) (1.0 s )2 4 2

= 0.25 m = 25 cm

If T = 1.0 s on Mars, L= (b)

(3.7 m s ) (1.0 s)
2

4 2

= 0.094 m = 9.4 cm

The period of an object on a spring is T = 2 m k , which is independent of the local free-fall acceleration. Thus, the same mass will work on Earth and on Mars. This mass is m=
2 k T 2 (10 N m ) (1.0 s ) = = 0.25 kg 4 2 4 2

Vibrations and Waves

645

13.40

The apparent free-fall acceleration is the vector sum of the actual free-fall acceleration and the negative of the elevators acceleration. To see this, consider an object that is hanging from a vertical string in the elevator and appears to be at rest to the elevator passengers. These passengers believe the tension in the string is the negative of the objects weight, or T = m g app where g app is the apparent free-fall acceleration in the elevator. An observer located outside the elevator applies Newtons second law to this object by writing F = T + m g = ma e where a e is the acceleration of the elevator and all its contents. Thus, T = m ( a e g ) = m g app , which gives g app = g a e .

(a)

If we choose downward as the positive direction, then a e = 5.00 m s2 in this case and g app = ( 9.80 + 5.00 ) m s2 = +14.8 m s2 (downward). The period of the pendulum is T = 2 L 5.00 m = 2 = 3.65 s 14.8 m s2 gapp

(b)

Again choosing downward as positive, a e = 5.00 m s2 and g app = (9.80 5.00) m s2 = + 4.80 m s2 (downward) in this case. The period is now given by T = 2 L = 2 gapp 5.00 m = 6.41 s 4.80 m s2
ae

(c)

If a e = 5.00 m s2 horizontally, the vector sum g app = g a e is as shown in the sketch at the right. The magnitude is gapp =

(5.00

m s2 ) + ( 9.80 m s2 ) = 11.0 m s2
2 2

gapp

and the period of the pendulum is T = 2 L 5.00 m = 2 = 4.24 s gapp 11.0 m s2

13.41

(a)

The distance from the bottom of a trough to the top of a crest is twice the amplitude of the wave. Thus, 2 A = 8.26 cm and A = 4.13 cm .
8.26 cm

(b)

The horizontal distance from a crest to a trough is a half wavelength. Hence,


5.20 cm

= 5.20 cm 2
(c) The period is T= (d)

and

= 10.4 cm

Figure P13.41

1 1 = = 5.56 10 2 s f 18.0 s1

The wave speed is v = f = (10.4 cm ) (18.0 s1 ) = 187 cm s = 1.87 m s .

646

Chapter 13

13.42

(a)

The amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum displacement from equilibrium ( at x = 0 ). Thus, A = 2.00 cm . The period is the time for one full cycle of the motion. Therefore, T = 4.00 s . The period may be written as T = 2 , so the angular frequency is

x (cm) 2.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00


Figure P13.42

(b)

t (s)

(c)

2 2 = = = rad s T 4.00 s 2
(d)
2 2 1 The total energy may be expressed as E = 1 2 m vmax = 2 kA . Thus, vmax = A k m , and since = k m , this becomes vmax = A and yields

vmax = A = rad s ( 2.00 cm ) = cm s 2


(e) The spring exerts maximum force, F = k x , when the object is at maximum distance from equilibrium, i.e., at x = A = 2.00 cm. Thus, the maximum acceleration of the object is amax = (f)
2 Fmax kA rad s ( 2.00 cm ) = 4.93 cm s2 = = 2A = 2 m m

The general equation for position as a function of time for an object undergoing simple harmonic motion with t = 0 when x = 0 is x = A sin ( t ). For this oscillator, this becomes

x = ( 2.00 cm ) sin t 2
13.43 (a) The period and the frequency are reciprocals of each other. Therefore, T= 1 1 1 = = = 9.81 10 9 s = 9.81 ns f 101.9 MHz 101.9 10 6 s1

(b)

v 3.00 108 m s = = 2.94 m f 101.9 10 6 s1

13.44

(a)

The frequency of a transverse wave is the number of crests that pass a given point each second. Thus, if 5.00 crests pass in 14.0 seconds, the frequency is f = 5.00 = 0.357 s1 = 0.357 Hz 14.0 s

(b)

The wavelength of the wave is the distance between successive maxima or successive minima. Thus, = 2.76 m and the wave speed is v = f = ( 2.76 m ) ( 0.357 s1 ) = 0.985 m s

Vibrations and Waves

647

13.45

The speed of the wave is v= x 425 cm = = 42 .5 cm s t 10.0 s 40.0 vib = 1.33 Hz 30.0 s v 42.5 cm s = = 31.9 cm f 1.33 Hz

and the frequency is f = Thus,

=
13.46

From v = f , the wavelength (and size of smallest detectable insect) is

=
13.47

v 340 m s = = 5.67 10 3 m = 5.67 mm f 60.0 10 3 Hz

The frequency of the wave (that is, the number of crests passing the cork each second) is f = 2.00 s1 and the wavelength (distance between successive crests) is = 8.50 cm. Thus, the wave speed is v = f = (8.50 cm ) ( 2.00 s1 ) = 17.0 cm s = 0.170 m s and the time required for the ripples to travel 10.0 m over the surface of the water is t = x 10.0 m = = 58.8 s v 0.170 m s

13.48

(a)

When the boat is at rest in the water, the speed of the wave relative to the boat is the same as the speed of the wave relative to the water, v = 4.0 m s. The frequency detected in this case is f = v 4.0 m s = = 0.20 Hz 20 m

(b)

Taking eastward as positive, v wave,boat = v wave,water v boat,water (see the discussion of relative velocity in Chapter 3 of the textbook) gives v wave,boat = + 4.0 m s ( 1.0 m s ) = +5.0 m s Thus, f = vboat,wave 5.0 m s = = 0.25 Hz 20 m and v boat,wave = v wave,boat = 5.0 m s

13.49

The down and back distance is 4.00 m + 4.00 m = 8.00 m. The speed is then v= Now, dtotal 4 (8.00 m ) = = 40.0 m s = F t 0.800 s m 0.200 kg = = 5.00 10 2 kg m L 4.00 m
2

=
so

F = v 2 = ( 5.00 10 2 kg m ) ( 40.0 m s ) = 80.0 N

648

Chapter 13

13.50

The speed of the wave is v= x 20.0 m = = 25.0 m s t 0.800 s

and the mass per unit length of the rope is = m L = 0.350 kg m. Thus, from v = F , we obtain F = v 2 = ( 25.0 m s ) ( 0.350 kg m ) = 219 N
2

13.51

(a)

The speed of transverse waves in the cord is v = F , where = m L is the mass per unit length. With the tension in the cord being F = 12.0 N, the wave speed is v= F = F = m L FL (12.0 N ) ( 6.30 m ) = = 22.4 m s 0.150 kg m

(b)

The time to travel the length of the cord is t = L 6.30 m = = 0.281 s v 22.4 m s

13.52

(a)

In making 6 round trips, the pulse travels the length of the line 12 times for a total distance of 144 m. The speed of the pulse is then v= x 12 L 12 (12.0 m ) = = = 48.6 m s t t 2.96 s

(b)

The speed of transverse waves in the line is v = F , so the tension in the line is 0.375 kg m F = v2 = v2 = ( 48.6 m s )2 = 73.8 N L 12.0 m

13.53

(a)

The mass per unit length is

m 0.060 0 kg = = 0.012 0 kg m L 5.00 m

From v = F , the required tension in the string is F = v 2 = ( 50.0 m s ) ( 0.012 0 kg m ) = 30.0 N


2

(b)

v=

F =

8.00 N = 25.8 m s 0.012 0 kg m

Vibrations and Waves

649

13.54

The mass per unit length of the wire is

m 4.00 10 3 kg = = 2 .50 10 3 kg m L 1.60 m

and the speed of the pulse is v= L 1.60 m = = 44.3 m s t 0.036 1 s

Thus, the tension in the wire is F = v 2 = ( 44.3 m s ) ( 2 .50 10 3 kg m ) = 4.91 N


2

But, the tension in the wire is the weight of a 3.00-kg object on the Moon. Hence, the local free-fall acceleration is g= 13.55 F 4.91 N = = 1.64 m s2 m 3.00 kg

The period of the pendulum is T = 2 L g , so the length of the string is L=


2 gT 2 ( 9.80 m s ) ( 2.00 s ) = = 0.993 m 4 2 4 2 2

Then mass per unit length of the string is then

m 0.060 0 kg kg = = 0.060 4 L 0.993 m m

When the pendulum is vertical and stationary, the tension in the string is F = M ball g = ( 5.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) = 49.0 N and the speed of transverse waves in it is v= 13.56 F = 49.0 N = 28.5 m s 0.060 4 kg m

If 1 = m1 L is the mass per unit length for the rst string, then 2 = m2 L = m1 2 L = 1 2 is that of the second string. Thus, with F2 = F1 = F , the speed of waves in the second string is v2 = F = 2 F 2F = 2 = 2 v1 = 2 ( 5.00 m s ) = 7.07 m s 1 1

13.57

(a)

The tension in the string is F = mg = ( 3.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) = 29 N. Then, from v = F , the mass per unit length is

=
(b)

F 29 N = = 0.051 kg m v 2 ( 24 m s )2

When m = 2.00 kg, the tension is F = mg = ( 2 .0 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) = 20 N and the speed of transverse waves in the string is v= F = 20 N = 20 m s 0.051 kg m

650

Chapter 13

13.58

If the tension in the wire is F, the tensile stress is Stress = F A, so the speed of transverse waves in the wire may be written as v= F = A Stress = m L Stress m (A L) Stress .

But, A L = V = volume, so m ( A L ) = = density. Thus, v =

When the stress is at its maximum, the speed of waves in the wire is vmax = 13.59 (a)

( Stress )max

2.70 10 9 Pa = 586 m s 7.86 10 3 kg m 3

The speed of transverse waves in the line is v = F , with = m L being the mass per unit length. Therefore, v= F = F = m L FL (12.5 N ) ( 38.0 m ) = = 13.4 m s 2.65 kg m

(b)

The worker could throw an object, such as a snowball, at one end of the line to set up a pulse, and use a stopwatch to measure the time it takes a pulse to travel the length of the line. From this measurement, the worker would have an estimate of the wave speed, which in turn can be used to estimate the tension. In making n round trips along the length of the line, the total distance traveled by the pulse is x = n ( 2 L ) = 2nL . The wave speed is then v= x 2nL = t t

13.60

(a)

(b)

From v = F as the speed of transverse waves in the line, the tension is M 2nL M 4 n 2 L2 4 n 2 ML2 F = v2 = = 2 = L t L t t2
2

13.61

(a)

Constructive interference produces the maximum amplitude Amax = A1 + A2 = 0.50 m

(b)

Destructive interference produces the minimum amplitude Amin = A1 A2 = 0.10 m

13.62

We are given that x = A cos( t ) = ( 0.25 m ) cos( 0.4 t ) . (a) (b) By inspection, the amplitude is seen to be A = 0.25 m The angular frequency is = 0.4 rad s. But = k m , so the spring constant is k = m 2 = ( 0.30 kg ) ( 0.4 rad s ) = 0.47 N m
2

continued on next page

Vibrations and Waves

651

(c)

Note: Your calculator must be in radians mode for part (c). At t = 0.30 s, x = ( 0.25 m ) cos ( 0.4 rad s ) ( 0.30 s ) = 0.23 m

(d)

From conservation of mechanical energy, the speed at displacement x is given by v = A 2 x 2 . Thus, at t = 0.30 s, when x = 0.23 m, the speed is v = ( 0.4 rad s ) ( 0.25 m )2 ( 0.23 m )2 = 0.12 m s

13.63

(a)

The period of a vibrating object-spring system is T = 2 = 2 m k , so the spring constant is k= 4 2 m 4 2 ( 2.00 kg ) = = 219 N m T2 ( 0.600 s )2

(b)

If T = 1.05 s for mass m2 , this mass is m2 =


2 kT 2 ( 219 N m ) (1.05 s ) = = 6.12 kg 2 2 4 4

13.64

(a)

The period is the reciprocal of the frequency, or T= 1 1 = = 5.10 10 3 s = 5.10 ms f 196 s1

(b) 13.65 (a)

vsound 343 m s = = 1.75 m f 196 s1 g , so the period of the rst system is

The period of a simple pendulum is T = 2 T1 = 2 = 2 0.700 m = 1.68 s 9.80 m s2

(b)

The period of mass-spring system is T = 2 m k , so if the period of the second system is T2 = T1, then 2 m k = 2 k= mg = g and the spring constant is m s2 ) = 16.8 N m

(1.20 kg) ( 9.80


0.700 m

13.66

Since the spring is light, we neglect any small amount of energy lost in the collision with the spring, and apply conservation of mechanical energy from when the block rst starts until it comes to rest again. This gives

( KE + PE
Thus, xmax =

+ PEs

) = ( KE + PE
f

+ PEs , or 0 + 0 + i

1 2 kxmax = 0 + 0 + mghi 2

2 mghi = k

2 ( 0.500 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) ( 2.00 m ) 20.0 N m

= 0.990 m

652

Chapter 13

13.67

Choosing PEg = 0 at the initial height of the block, conservation of mechanical energy gives

( KE + PE

+ PEs

) = ( KE + PE
f

+ PEs , or
i

1 1 m v 2 + mg ( x ) + kx 2 = 0, 2 2 where v is the speed of the block after falling distance x. (a) When v = 0, the non zero solution to the energy equation from above gives 1 2 kxmax = mgxmax 2 (b) or k=
2 2 mg 2 ( 3.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m s ) = = 588 N m xmax 0.100 m

When x = 5.00 cm = 0.050 0 m, the energy equation gives v = 2 gx or v = 2 ( 9.80 m s2 ) ( 0.050 0 m ) kx 2 m

( 588

N m ) ( 0.050 0 m ) = 0.700 m s 3.00 kg


2

13.68

(a)

We apply conservation of mechanical energy from just after the collision until the block comes to rest.

( KE + PEs ) f = ( KE + PEs )i gives 0 + 1 k x 2f = 1 MV 2 + 0


2 2 or the speed of the block just after the collision is V= k x2 f M =

( 900

N m ) ( 0.050 0 m ) = 1.50 m s 1.00 kg


2

Now, we apply conservation of momentum from just before impact to immediately after the collision. This gives m ( vbullet )i + 0 = m ( vbullet ) f + MV or M V ( vbullet ) f = ( vbullet )i m 1.00 kg = 400 m s (1.5 m s ) = 100 m s 5.00 10 3 kg

continued on next page

Vibrations and Waves

653

(b)

The mechanical energy converted into internal energy during the collision is E = KEi KE f = or E = 1 1 2 (1.00 kg ) (1.50 m s ) 5.00 10 3 kg ) ( 400 m s )2 (100 m s )2 ( 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 m ( vbullet )i m ( vbullet ) f MV 2 2 2 2

E = 374 J Choose PEg = 0 when the blocks start from rest. Then, using conservation of mechanical energy from when the blocks are released until the spring returns to its unstretched length gives KE + PEg + PEs

13.69

) = ( KE + PE
f

+ PEs , or i

1 1 ( m1 + m2 ) v 2f + ( m1g x sin 40 m2 g x ) + 0 = 0 + 0 + k x 2 2 2 1 [( 25 + 30 ) kg] v 2f + ( 25 kg) (9.80 m s2 ) [( 0.200 m ) sin 40] 2 1 ( 30 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) ( 0.200 m ) = ( 200 N m ) ( 0.200 m )2 2 yielding v f = 1.1 m s . 13.70 (a) When the gun is red, the energy initially stored as elastic potential energy in the spring is transformed into kinetic energy of the bullet. Assuming no loss of energy, we have 2 2 1 1 2 m v = 2 kxi , or v = xi (b) k 9.80 N m = ( 0.200 m ) = 19.8 m s m 1.00 10 3 kg

2 From y = v0 y t + 1 2 a y t , the time required for the pellet to drop 1.00 m to the oor, starting

with v0 y = 0, is t= 2 ( y ) = ay 2 ( 1.00 m ) = 0.452 s 9.80 m s2

The range (horizontal distance traveled during the ight) is then x = v0 x t = (19.8 m s ) ( 0.452 s ) = 8.94 m

654

Chapter 13

13.71

The free-body diagram at the right shows the forces acting on the balloon when it is displaced distance s = L along the circular arc it follows. The net force tangential to this path is Fnet = Fx = B sin + mg sin = ( B mg ) sin For small angles, sin = s L Also, mg = ( HeV ) g . and the buoyant force is B = ( airV ) g. Thus, the net restoring force acting on the balloon is ( He ) Vg Fnet air s L

Equilibrium position s L L

x mg

Observe that this is in the form of Hookes law, F = k s, with k = ( air He ) Vg L. Thus, the motion will be simple harmonic and the period is given by T= This yields 0.180 ( 3.00 m ) = 1.40 s T = 2 1.29 0.180 ( 9.80 m s2 ) 13.72 (a) When the block is given some small upward displacement, the net restoring force exerted on it by the rubber bands is Fnet = Fy = 2 F sin where tan = y L 1 2 = = 2 f m = 2 k He L HeV = 2 g air He ( air He ) Vg L

y For small displacements, the angle will be very small. Then sin tan = , and the net L restoring force is y 2F Fnet = 2 F = y L L (b) The net restoring force found in part (a) is in the form of Hookes law F = ky , with k = 2 F L. Thus, the motion will be simple harmonic, and the angular frequency is

k = m

2F mL

Vibrations and Waves

655

13.73

Newtons law of gravitation is GMm 4 F = 2 , where M = r 3 r 3


M m

Thus,
r

F RE

4 F = Gm r 3 which is of Hookes law form, F = k r , with k= 13.74 4 Gm 3

The inner tip of the wing is attached to the end of the spring and always moves with the same speed as the end of the vibrating spring. Thus, its maximum speed is vinner,max = vspring,max = A k 4.7 10 4 N m = ( 0.20 cm ) = 0.25 cm s m 0.30 10 3 kg

Treating the wing as a rigid bar, all points in the wing have the same angular velocity at any instant in time. As the wing rocks on the fulcrum, the inner tip and outer tips follow circular paths of different radii. Since the angular velocities of the tips are always equal, we may write

vouter vinner = router rinner

The maximum speed of the outer tip is then r 15.0 mm vouter,max = outer vinner ,max = ( 0.25 cm s ) = 1.3 cm s 3.00 mm rinner 13.75 (a) (b)

k = m

500 N m = 15.8 rad s 2.00 kg

Apply Newtons second law to the block while the elevator is accelerating:

Fy = Fs mg = may
With Fs = kx and ay = g 3, this gives kx = m ( g + g 3), or x=
2 4 mg 4 ( 2.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m s ) = = 5.23 10 2 m = 5.23 cm 3k 3 ( 500 N m )

656

Chapter 13

13.76

(a)

Note that as the spring passes through the vertical position, the object is moving in a circular arc of radius L y f . Also, observe that the y-coordinate of the object at this point must be negative y f < 0 so the spring is stretched and exerting an upward tension force of magnitude greater than the objects weight. This is necessary so the object experiences a net force toward the pivot to supply the needed centripetal acceleration in this position. This is summarized by Newtons second law applied to the object at this point, stating

Fy = (b)

mv2 = ky f mg L yf

Conservation of energy requires that E = KEi + PEg ,i + PEs ,i = KE f + PEg , f + PEs , f , or E = 0 + mgL + 0 = 1 1 , reducing to 2 mg L y f = m v 2 + ky 2 m v 2 + mgy f + ky 2 f f 2 2

(c)

From the result of part (a), observe that m v 2 = ( L y f )( ky f + mg ). Substituting this into the result from part (b) gives 2 mg( L y f ) = ( L y f )( ky f + mg ) + ky 2 f . After expanding and regrouping terms, this becomes (2 k ) y 2 f + ( 3mg kL ) y f + (3mgL ) = 0 , which is a quadratic equation ay 2 f + by f + c = 0 , with a = 2 k = 2 (1 250 N m ) = 2.50 10 3 N m b = 3mg kL = 3 ( 5.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) (1 250 N m ) (1.50 m ) = 1.73 10 3 N and c = 3mgL = 3 ( 5.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) (1.50 m ) = 221 N m Applying the quadratic formula, keeping only the negative solution [see the discussion in part (a)] gives
3 b b 2 4 ac ( 1.73 10 ) yf = = 2a

( 1.73 10 ) 4 ( 2.50 10 ) ( 221) 2 ( 2.50 10 )


3 2 3 3

or y f = 0.110 m . (d) Because the length of this pendulum varies and is longer throughout its motion than a simple pendulum of length L, its period will be longer than that of a simple pendulum.

13.77

The maximum acceleration of the oscillating system is amax = 2 A = ( 2 f ) A


2

The friction force exerted between the two blocks must be capable of accelerating block B at this rate. When block B is on the verge of slipping, fs = ( fs )max = s n = s mg = mamax and we must have amax = ( 2 f ) A = s g
2

B
fs Fg m g

Thus, A=

( 0.600 ) ( 9.80 m s2 ) s g = 6.62 10 2 m = 6.62 cm 2 = (2 f ) [ 2 (1.50 Hz )]2

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