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Chapter 0
Discipline, Center of Science: 2 Directions 1. Physics: Atoms and Molecules Chemistry 2. Biology: Life
an antenna-type sword
a short sword
Fig.2. Nature Science Cold weather triggers chemical processes that reduce the amount of the gree chlorophyll in leaves, aoolwing the colors of various other Pigments to show.
Fig.3. When magnsium burns in air, it gives off a lot of heat and light. The gray-white powdery product looks like smoke.
Fig.4.
Fig.5
Mastering Chemistry(Bases)
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. Matter and Energy Elements and Atoms Compounds The Nomenclature of Compounds Moles and Molar Masses Moles and Molar Masses Determination of Chemical Formulas Mixtures and Solutions Chemical Equations Aqueous Solutions and Precipitation Redox Reactions Reaction Stoichiometry Limiting Reactants
Solid phase
Liquid phase
Solution: Homogeneous Mixture Extensive (V, M,) vs. Intensive (T, P) For example: PV=nRT Fig.A.2 Mass is an extensive property, but temperature is intensive. These two samples of iron(II) sulfate solution were taken from the same well-mixed supply; they have different masses but the same temperature.
Fig.A.3 and
A Representation of Measurements that are (a) Precise and Accurate (b) Precise but Inaccurate (c) Imprecise but Accurate (d) Both Imprecise and Inaccurate
=0.48 cm
When a force acts along the direction of travel, the speed (the magnitude of the velocity) changes, but the direction of motion does not. (b) The direction of travel can be changed Without affecting the speed if the force is applied in an appropriate direction. Both changes in velocity correspond to acceleration.
Fig.A.4
-1 2
= 3.0 kJ
Fig.A.9
An electromagnetic field oscillates in time and space. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the electric field . The length of an arrow at any point represents the strength of the field at that point. And it orientation denotes its direction . Both fields are perpendicular in the direction of travel of the radiation.
Fig.A.10
Kinetic energy (represented by the height of the light green bar) are interconvertable, but their sum ( the total height of the bar) is a constant in the absence of external influences, such as air
resistance. A ball through up from ground loses kinetic energy as it slows, but gains potential energy. The reverse happens as it falls back to Earth.
Fig.B.1
Samples of common elements. Clockwise from the Red-brown liquid Mercury and the Solids iodine, Cadmium, Red phosphorus, and copper
B.2 The Nuclear Model will discuss in Chater 1 (Fig.1.1 Joseph John Thomson(1856~1949), With the apparatus that he used
to discover the electron)
P.4 Fig.1.4
Ernest Rutherford (1871~ 1937), who was responsible for many discoveries about the structure of the atom and its nucleus.
P.3 Fig.1.1
Part of the experimental arrangement used by Geiger and Marsden. The particles came from a sample of the radioactive gas radon. They were directed through a hole into a cylindrical chamber with a zinc sulfide coating on the
inside. The particles struck the platinum foil mounted inside the cylinder, and their deflections were measured by observing flashes of light (scintillations) where they struck the screen. About 1 in 20000 particles was deflected through very large angles; most went through the thin foil with almost no deflection.
Fig.B.4
Think of a fly at the center of this stadium: that is the relative size of the Nucleus of an atom if the atom were magnified to the size of the stadium.
2004 :
(David J. Gross (UC,Santa Barbara), Frank
Wilczek(MIT) and H. David Politzer(CIT)) (quirk)
for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
B.3 Isotopes Fig.B.5 A mass spectrometer is used to measure the masses of atoms
As the strength of the magnetic field is changed, the path of the accelerated ions moves from A to C. When the path is at B, the ion Detector sends a signal to the recorder The mass of the ion is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field needed to move the beam into position.
Fig.B.6 The mass spectrum of neon The location of the peaks tell us the relative asses of the atoms, and the te nsties tel us the relative numbers of atoms having each mass.
Fig.B.7 The nuclei o different isotopes of the same element hve the same number of protons but different numbe of neutrons. These three diagrams show the composition of the nuclei of the three isotpes of neon. On this scale, the atom itself would be about 1 km in diameter These diagrams make no attempt to show how the protons and neutrons are arranged inside the nucleus.
Fig.B.9
The alkali metals eact with water, producing gaseous hydrogen and heat. Potassium, as shown here, reacts vigorously, producing so much heat that the hydrogen produced is ignited.
Fig.B.10
The halogens are colored elements. From left to right, chlorine is a yellow-green gas, bromine is a red-brown iquid (its vapor fills the flask), and iodine is a dark purple-black solid (note the smal crystals)
Fig.B.11 All metals can be deformed by hammering into a shet so thin that light can pass through it. Here, it is possible to see the light of a flame through the sheet of gold.
C. Compounds
Chapter 0
C. Compounds
C.1 What are compounds ?
Compounds are combinations of elements in which the atoms of the different elements are present in a characteristic, constant ratio. A compound is classified as molecular if it consists of molecules and as ionic if it consists of ionic if it consists of ions.
(b) ball-and-stick
A molecular formula shows the composition of a molecule in terms of the numbers of atoms of each element present. Different styles of molecular models are used to emphasize different molecular characteristics
Metallic elements typically form cations, and nonmetallic elements typically form anions; the charge of a monatomic ion is related to its group in the periodic table
D.2 Names of Anions: Names of monatomic anions end in ide. Oxoanions are anions that contains oxygen. The suffix ate indicates a greater number of oxygen atoms than the Suffixe ite in the same series of oxoanions.
Ionic compounds are named by starting with the name of the cation (with its oxidation number if more than one charge is possible). Followed by the name of the anion; hydrates are named by adding the word hydrate, preceded by a Greek prefix indicating the number of water molecules in the formula unit.
F Determination of Chemical formula Figure F.1 The research vessel Alpha Helix is used by chemists at the University Of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to search for marine organisms that contain compounds of medicinal value. Compounds found to have antifungal or antiviral properties are then subject to the kinds of analyses described in this section
F.1 F.1 Mass Percentage Composition (%) F.2 Determining Empirical Formulas F.3 Determining Molecular Formulas
Chapter 0
G.1
Classifying Mixture
H. Chemical Equations
H.1. Symbolizing Chemical Equations
I.1 Electrolytes
(a)
(b)
J.3
Neutralization
K. Redox Reaction
L. Reaction Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Example L.2