Chapter 11 Outline Personality

I. Analyzing Personality A. Defining personality 1. A relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving B. Personality tests 1. Self-report inventories: Individuals supply a yes-no, agree-disagree response 2. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 3. California Psychological Inventory 4. Limitations of self-report inventories 5. Projective tests: Individuals respond to ambiguous or unstructured stimuli a. Rorschach inkblot technique 6. Limitations of projective tests 7. The Barnum effect: Generalized descriptions are accepted as uniquely true 8. Other measures C. Is behavior consistent? 1. Challenges to the idea of consistency a. Hartshorne and May, Mischel, raise challenges to consistency 2. In defense of consistency b. Bem and Allen, Epstein, argue in favor of consistency 3. Evidence of consistency based on multiple measures a. Situations control behavior in a given instance b. Consistencies become apparent through aggregation D. Trait approaches 1. Describing personality in terms of enduring behavioral tendencies 2. Factors of personality: Raymond Cattell a. Source traits produce surface traits i. 16PF measures source traits 3. Categorization of traits: Hans Eysenck a. Extraversion: Orientation inward or outward b. Neuroticism: Emotional lability c. Psychoticism: Aggressiveness, impulsivity, lack of empathy 4. The Big Five traits a. Extraversion: Assertive, talkative, expressive b. Agreeableness: Easily liked, fundamentally altruistic c. Conscientiousness: Orderly, dependable, responsible d. Neuroticism: Anxious, self-defeating, concerned with adequacy

Chapter 11 Outline Personality

e. Openness to Experience: Preference for the new, untried f. The Big Five and job performance 5. Alternatives to the Big Five II. Biological Factors in Personality A. Early biological approaches 1. Humors and bumps: Hippocrates and Gall based personality on bile and bumps 2. Body types: Sheldon based personality on body build 3. Sensation seeking: Zuckerman based personality on levels of stimulation B. Twin studies 1. Twins reared together or apart illuminate heredity, environmental influences C. Personality and the evolutionary perspective 1. Assortative mating may be an example III. The Psychodynamic Perspective A. Basic concepts 1. Psychic determinism: The past has an influence on the present 2. Instincts: Eros and thanatos drive thought and behavior 3. The unconscious: Levels of consciousness with different degrees of access B. The structure of the mind 1. Id, ego, superego 2. Interaction of id, ego, and superego C. Defense mechanisms 1. Repression is key; denial, displacement, projection, regression, etc. D. Stages of psychosexual development 1. Oral stage: Pleasure focused on the mouth a. Fixation may occur, as in adult cigar-chomping neurologists 2. Anal stage: Pleasure centered on the anus a. Toilet training a major milestone 3. Phallic stage: Pleasure focused on genital organs a. Oedipal and Electra complexes; penis envy; castration anxiety 4. Latency and genital stages a. Low sexual interest turning to other-directed sexuality

Chapter 11 Outline Personality

E. Freud in perspective F. Neo-Freudians: Jung, Adler, Horney 1. Evaluation of Freudian theory: Some milestones, some misconceptions IV. The Social Cognitive Perspective A. Learning and cognitive perspectives 1. Rotters social learning theory a. Expectancy plays a role in behavior b. Internal or external locus of control i. Cultural differences exist 2. Banduras social cognitive theory a. Reciprocal determinism i. Person, environment, behavior mutually interact b. Self-efficacy i. Belief in abilities and skills confers abilities and skills V. The Humanistic Perspective A. Abraham Maslow 1. Humanism as a third force 2. Basic needs: Deficiency needs (physiological through self-esteem) 3. Self-actualization: The warm glow of oneness, unity, and light B. Carl Rogers 1. Basic principles a. Unconditional versus conditional positive regard b. Ideal versus real self

Chapter 11 Outline Personality

Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Define personality and describe the following self-report inventories: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the California Personality Inventory. Describe the important features of projective tests and explain the Barnum Effect. Distinguish between Cattells and Eysencks trait approaches to personality and describe recent research on the "big five" traits. Discuss the controversy regarding the consistency of personality and summarize the present status of this controversy. Describe the historically significant biological approaches to personality, including the theories of Hippocrates, Gall, Sheldon, and Zuckerman (sensation seeking). Explain how the Minnesota Twin Studies have provided an important understanding of the influence of both genetics and environment on personality development. Describe the historical context of Freud's theory and explain the importance of psychic determinism, instincts, and the unconscious to Freuds approach. Distinguish between the id, the ego, and the superego, and describe the interactions between these structures. Identify, describe, and give an example of each of the ego defense mechanisms.

10. Identify and describe each of the Freudian psychosexual stages of development. 11. Discuss the contributions of the Neo-Freudians and describe the strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalytic theory. 12. Distinguish between Rotter's social-learning theory and Bandura's social-cognitive theory. 13. Describe the basic tenets of the humanistic perspective, and explain the ideas of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.