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Victor Grubsky, Michael Gertsenshteyn, Keith Shoemaker, Igor Mariyenko, and Tomasz Jannson Physical Optics Corporation, Torrance, CA
Study of black hole evolution Investigation of the Cosmic X-ray Background (CXRB) Detection of hard X-rays in stellar flares Observation of nuclear transition lines
Hard to achieve high surface quality Each mirror element has to individually manufactured (expensive!) Requires expensive multilayer coatings to achieve high collection efficiency (Ni is not an efficient hard X-ray reflector)
POC is developing a hard X-ray telescope based on the optical principle of a lobster eye
Lobster eye developed for efficient light detection in dark deep-sea environment
Lobster eye consists of square channels (~30x30x60 m in size) with reflecting walls
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focal surface
M.F. Land & D-E Nilsson, Animal Eyes
corner reflection
Important difference: Spherical mirror Lobster eye produces virtual image produces real image
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Natural lobster eye uses multilayer organic reflective coatings, which are perfectly suited for working in visible light.
To adopt this technology for focusing hard Xrays, we need to make the following modifications: 1) Use very flat mirrors with excellent surface quality; 2) Apply a coating made of a material with high X-ray reflectivity (high-density, high-Z metals).
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6
4
6000
4
2
5000
4000
3000
2000
-2
-2
1000
-4
-4
-6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
One-dimensional ray-tracing for a parallel beam incident on the lens Simulation parameters: E = 40 keV, R = 2 m, channel angle 0= 0.25 mrad, Au mirrors
Two-dimensional view of the focal plane intensity distribution shows a characteristic cross pattern
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RMS roughness ~ 5
Lobster-eye lenses are assembled from pairs of male and female elements
Female element
Male element
Male and female elements are inserted into each other to produce the square channel structure of a lobster-eye lens
Female elements
Partial assembly
Full assembly
Male elements
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Simulation in Pro/E
(c)
-5
Measured image of the X-ray point source produced by this lens for 10-20 keV photons
-10 -5 0 5 10
y, mm
-10
x, mm
10
y, mm
Simulated image
-5
-10 -10 -5 0 5 10
x, mm
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X-ray reflectivity R
0.1
8 6 4 2
0.01
8 6 4 2
R ~ 1 only for
c
, where
~1 . E
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17
Density g/cm3
21.0 22.6 22.4 21.5 19.3 8.9 2.3
Iridium-coated mirrors will provide the best combination of performance, material price, and deposition cost.
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i + 2
Bow and warp of the silicon substrates distorts the directions of X-ray reflections, which can significantly reduce the angular resolution of a Lobster-eye telescope.
6h L
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Bow/warp h 8 m
Bow/warp h 5 m
6h L
6 0.008 mm 100 mm
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D = 1.8 m L = 0.12 m
D = 1.8 m
2 Lz D L
Surface waviness will typically produce a broader line: Wmeasured > Wideal
> 0: de-focusing Wmeasured 1 < 0: focusing Wideal Good mirror will have || << 1
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Wideal D L 2 h
2 Lz D L
2
2
2
6h L
2 ,
2 L2 z 3D L
For example, for D = 1800 mm, L = 120 mm, and z = 3.5 mm, we get:
9.7 m
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Reflections from three wafers: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Ugly Bad Good
~20 mm
~2
< 0.5
~7
Wafer 1
Wafer 2
Wafer 3
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z = -1.7 mm
15 20
z = +1.7 mm
15 20
z = +3.6 mm
15 20
-4
-4
-4
-8
-8
-8
= 1.25
= 2.75
= -0.13
-8
-4
= 0.25
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25
1.8 D 2m m
Lobster-eye lens
10
2 1.8 m D
Lobster-eye lens
Hy
X-ray camera
y, mm
-5
-10 -10 -5 0 5 10
x, mm
Hx
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12
1500 1000
500 0
-4
-8
Horizontal stack, 20 kV
-8 -4 0 4 8
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
-8
-4
Vertical stack, 20 kV
-4 0 4 8
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
-8
-8
-4
8
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
-4
-4
-8
-8
Combined, 20 kV
Combined, 50 kV
-8
-4
Combined, 90 kV 27
2 arcmin
6 0.015 mm 120 mm
2.6 arcmin
(assuming a typical bow/warp of 15 m across a 120-mm mirror) Measured angular resolution is in good agreement with theoretical estimates
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semiconductor silicon wafer bow/warp spec: 30 m across a 300-mm wafer Angular resolution of 2 arcmin Available high-quality silicon polishing: 5 m across a 300-mm wafer Angular resolution of 20 arcsec Further improvements: mirror segmentation, MRF polishing, material selection by inspection Angular resolution of <5 arcsec
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Constellation-X spacecraft
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Future hard X-ray telescope will be an adjustable 8x8 array of Lobster-Eye lenses
Parameters of each lens:
Radius of curvature R = 20 m Number of channels N = 115 115 Channel angle 0 = 3.3 10-5 = 7" Channel spacing = 700 m Mirror length l = 28 cm Mirror thickness d = 100 mm Lens dimensions = 8 cm 8 cm 28 cm Lens weight = 1.1 kg.
64 cm
28 cm
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Size, cm Weight
12
20
28
64
64 70 kg
28 <250 kg
~10 g
~150 g
~1 kg
Lower weight: Lobster-eye telescope will be manufactured out of lightweight silicon wafers, resulting in two- to threefold weight reduction Lower cost: POC technology does not need substantial material R&D because we use standard materials and methods.
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Conclusion
1.
2.
3.
4.
We demonstrated a technology for fabricating lobstereye hard X-ray optics based on assembling the lens from semiconductor-quality silicon wafers coated with gold. A prototype lens demonstrated hard X-ray focusing (~30-40 keV) with angular resolution ~2 arcmin. Further improvements in performance can be achieved by fabricating larger optics using high-quality silicon material with reduced waviness. We designed a hard X-ray telescope (HXT) for NASA Constellation-X mission with expected performance exceeding NASA specs.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NASA SBIR funding.
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