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Cell Theory
• Matthias Schleiden (plant cells) – living things are made of cells
• Theodor Schwann (animal cells) – cells are the basic structure of life
• Rudolph Virchow – cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells
• Most roughly spherical or cubodial
• Ratio b/w surface area and volume limits size
o nutrients and waste have to diffuse through surface
o the larger the cell, the larger the surface area needed to maintain it
o as a cell grows, the volume increases more rapidly than the surface area
1. Outer Boundary
o Cell membrane
o Plasma membrane
o Cell wall [plants]
2. Interior Substance
o Fluid
o Cytoskeleton
o Organelles
3. Control Centre
o Nucleus
o Plasmids (free-floating DNA)
Component Description A or P cells
Ribosome Where protein synthesis takes place A/P
Endoplasmic Membrane system in the cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes; many
A/P
Reticulum ribosomes = rough E.R.; few or no ribosomes = smooth E.R.
Golgi Apparatus Processing, packaging, and secreting organelle A/P
Mitochondrion Site of aerobic respiration; where Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is
A/P
formed; have their own DNA; have 2 membranes
Lyosomes Contain digestive enzymes; small and spherical; surrounded by
single membrane; digest food particles, disease-causing bacteria
A
captured by white blood cells, and worn-out and broken cell parts;
aid in early development
Microtubules & Long, slender protein tubes (microtubules) and fine protein threads
Microfilaments (microfilaments) help to shape and support cells; collectively they
A/P
form the cytoskeleton; specialized microtubules (spindle fibbers)
aid in movement of chromosomes during cell division
Cilia & Flagella Structures that extend out from the surface of the cell and function in
movement; cilia are short, hair-like extensions that occur in large
A
numbers on the surfaces of some cells; flagella are whip-like, longer
than cilia, and occur singly or in pairs
Nucleus Where nucleic acids are synthesized; directs cell activities;
surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane); has ‘nuclear
A/P
pores’ through which substances enter and leave; most contain
nucleolus which synthesizes ribosomes and partially assembles them
Surrounds cell membrane; provides support and protection; primarily
Cell Wall made of cellulose; has pores to allow molecules to pass through; P
secondary wall forms when cell stops growth
Vacuole(P) & Stores fluid and waste; store enzymes in plant cells; takes up most of
A/P
Vesicles(A) the cell’s volume in plant cells
Plastid converts solar energy to chemical energy and then stores it P
Contain green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight;
Chloroplast P
synthesize and store pigments
Leucoplasts Store food such as starches , proteins, and lipids P
Sometimes called plasma membrane; gives shape and flexibility to
the cell; selectively permeable/semipermeable membrane; composed
Cell Membrane of 2 layers of molecules; each layer made up of a sheet of lipids (a A/P
lipid molecule has a carboxyl group as a “head” and a hydrocarbon
chain as a “tail”
Fluid Mosaic Model
Lipid molecules arranged so heads form outside of membrane and tails from inside of membrane
Protein molecules are embedded in the lipid layers
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O2 + 6O 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(glucose) (energy)
Photosynthesis
Occurs in chloroplast
CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H2O6 (starch)
light energy
Multicellular Organization
Colonial Organisms
Group of more or less similar cells that live together in closely connected groups
Cell Transport
Homeostasis: biological balance between cells, tissues, organs, organisms and their environment
Concentration Gradient: the difference in concentration of a substance across space
Equilibrium: state that exists when concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space
Turgor Pressure: water pressure within a cell
Plasmolysis: the shrinking or wilting of a cell from low turgor pressure
Cytolysis: the intake by a cell of so much water that it bursts
Contractile Vacuoles: collect excess water and then contract, squeezing the water out of the cell
Solute: substance present in lesser quantity in a solution
Solvent: substance present in greater quantity in a solution
Passive Transport
B) Hypertonic
-Inside has more H2O than outside
-Cell shrinks – plasmolysis
C) Hypotonic
-Outside has more H2O than inside
-Cell grows until it explodes
-Lysis
-Hemolysis (red blood cells)
-Plants have cell wall that keeps it from expanding
-Turgor pressure
-Keeps plant upright
Facilitated Diffusion
“Assisted diffusion” for molecules that are too large to pass through the membrane (ex. glucose)
1. Binding
3. Release
Active Transport