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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably with Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIO Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house elected by popular vote) for 16 years. DE By the of multiparty SOCIOLOGA LAstandards CULTURA coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential LA DECONSTRUCCIN DE LO MAPUCHE* systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of Aldo Mascareo parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. En este artculo sostiene la diferenciacin e individualizacin Any of these forces,se or some que combination of them, could indeed de la sociedad moderna ha we hecho cada vez ms carente de factors rendimienundermine the Concertacin, but do not regard these as to analticoto al the concepto de cultura comofor indicacin de of la unidad y necessarily devastating coalitions survival a number reasons. coherencia de constelaciones simblicas. Las culturas son crecienteIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years mente iterables, interpenetradas inconsistentes. A neighbors, juicio del autor, in far better shape than that of any of itse Southern Cone and los datos de la encuesta mapuche del Centro de Estudios Pblicos employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The en be el ao 2006 permiten de estafor iterabiliConcertacin realizada may well in a position in mostrar 2005 toaspectos claim credit good economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonALDO MASCAREO Antroplogo, Universidad Austral de renowned Chile. Magster en democratic legacy of the .Pinochet era including the
Sociologa, Universidad Catlica de Chile. Doctor en Sociologa, Universidad de Bielefeld, Alemania. Acadmico del Departamento de Sociologa de la Universidad Alberto Hurtado. * Agradezco a Daniel Chernilo sus siempre clarificadoras crticas; tambin a Claudia Mora sus fundamentales observaciones y aportes bibliogrficos. Agradezco igualmente a Lucas Sierra por sus comentarios y al Centro de Estudios Pblicos la oportunidad de analizar los datos de la encuesta mapuche. Mencin especial merece Gabriela Azcar de la Cruz, sociloga de la Universidad de Chile. Este artculo no habra sido posible sin su alta habilidad metodolgica, su visin del anlisis de datos y sus atentos comentarios a mis propias interpenetraciones e inconsistencias. Parte importante de lo bueno de este texto tambin le pertenece. En los errores la responsabilidad es del autor. N. del E.: Se publica tambin en esta edicin el comentario de Jorge Larran al presente artculo. Sobre los resultados de la encuesta mapuche realizada por el CEP (2006), vanse tambin en esta edicin los trabajos de Fernando Ziga, Eduardo Valenzuela, Ignacio Irarrzaval y M. de los ngeles Morand, Rolf Foerster y Sonia Montecino, Juan M. Ossio y la presentacin de Carolina Segovia y Lucas Sierra. Estudios Pblicos, 105 (verano 2007).

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 62 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the early years in dad simblica de lo que comnmente se coalitions denomina cultura mapuche. governmentSe during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially constata tambin que a nivel de las autodescripciones de los galvanized actores, aroundel opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and concepto de cultura cumple una funcin poltica: constru1980s, so as passes, compelling force of that initial ye time una ficcin dethe unidad en un mundo fragmentado que, motivation como un might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, even Es its decir, component mana, es adosable a cualquier reivindicacinand poltica. en trminos sociolgicos, cultura Democrats para poco; en trminos polticos, culparties most notably the Christian are internally divided para such mucho. over social tura issues, as the legal status of divorce and access to birth control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority En in la the Chamber of Deputies (the house teora antropolgica no existe lolegislative que pudiramos llamar elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty un acuerdo absoluto en torno a la definicin del concepto de cultura. coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas (Talcott Parsons, presidential El Sistema Social) systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of I. Cultura para qu? parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so stas pginas buscan sostener la tesis siguiente: como concepto long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. tcnico del anlisis social, la cultura ha perdido buena parte, sino todo, de Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed su poder descriptivo y explicativo de las diferencias y semejanzas en una undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as sociedad moderna cuyas constelaciones problemticas son crecientemente necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. transversales, supraterritoriales y multidependientes. La cultura se vuelve In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years porosa. Por esto mismo, sin embargo, para los que aspiran a autocomprenin far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and derse a travs de ella y para otros que persiguen objetivos estratgicos employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The invocndola, la cultura conserva una alta utilidad como instrumento para la Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good afirmacin de una diferencia local e histrica que viene asociada a posicioeconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonnamientos instrumentales u objetivos polticos. Es decir, en trminos sociodemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned lgicos, cultura para poco; en trminos polticos, cultura para mucho (para demasiado quizs). El anlisis de los datos de la encuesta mapuche realizada por el CEP hace plausible esta tesis desde un punto de vista emprico. La aplicacin del instrumento tanto a mapuches como a no mapuches rurales y urbanos indica dos cosas: en trminos generales, no existe una diferencia significativa en las dimensiones investigadas entre mapuches y no mapuches; sin embargo, cuando ellas existen tienden a asociarse a temas de orientacin poltica. Si esto es as, entonces la cultura no puede ser invocada como categora sociolgica para dar cuenta de la condicin actual de este grupo tnico, aunque cuando se trata de impulsar, construir o exhortar a tal diferencia tnica, el concepto puede adquirir alta relevancia a modo de autodescripcin poltica. Para desarrollar esta argumentacin, se expone primeramente el paulatino adelgazamiento que sufri el concepto de cultura en la historia de la antropologa. Se busca con ello poner en evidencia su labilidad como herra-

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 63 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy hasde slowed the coalitions years inalineamienta anlisissomewhat social (II), since en tanto no permite darearly cuenta de los government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially mientos cada vez ms episdicos y situados de los individuos frente a las galvanized around toun the Pinochet regimey of the 1970s and exigencias deopposition inclusin en mundo estructural simblicamente diferen1980s,ciado so as(III). timeSon passes, compelling force of that motivation estasthe exigencias las que tienden a initial deconstruir los contenimight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component dos culturales fuertes y a transversalizar sus referencias simblicas. Esto es parties lo most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided que se observa en el anlisis comparativo entre mapuches y no mapuover social such as datos the legal status of divorce and access to birth ches, issues, en base a los de la encuesta. Para entrar en ello, se definen control. Finally, by the elections, the Concertacin have held the primeramente los2005 conceptos de interpenetracin e will inconsistencia, centrales presidency a majority in these Chamber oflas Deputies (the legislative house en eland anlisis (IV), luego observan interpenetraciones en la dimensin elected by popular for con 16 years. By the of multiparty econmica, envote) relacin los medios de standards comunicacin y en el espacio coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential familiar (V) y las inconsistencias se analizan en relacin con la preocupacin systems, isla geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous porthe la Concertacin mantencin de cultura (VI). Consecuentemente con la tesis ms corruption charges against members, including stripping ofalguna arriba esbozada, es en la dimensin poltica donde the se puede apreciar parliamentary rights from five of coalitions deputies in 2002, and the distancia en los datos de lathe encuesta entre la poblacin mapuche y la no general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so poltimapuche. Ello constituye una base emprica para observar la funcin ca del concepto de cultura (VII) y cmo l descentramiento long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is provoca simply ready to expire. en la reconstruccin simblica mapuche (VIII). El of texto se cierra un breve Any of these forces, or some combination them, could con indeed relato the etnogrfico (IX). but we do not regard these factors as undermine Concertacin, necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years II. La deconstruccin de la cultura in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Terreno predilecto para la deconstruccin son las constelaciones de Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good significado que se autocomprenden como slidas, unificadas y totales. En economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non1871 sir Edward Burnett Tylor instala el referente conceptual de cultura que democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned comenzara a fragmentarse en los ciento cincuenta aos siguientes: Cultura o civilizacin, tomadas en su sentido etnogrfico amplio, es ese todo complejo que incluye conocimiento, creencia, arte, moral, ley, costumbre, y cualquier otra capacidad y hbitos adquiridos por el hombre como miembro de la sociedad (1871: 1). No intentamos en esta seccin reconstruir la genealoga del concepto de cultura, aunque s identificar determinados hitos en el despliegue de su semntica que dan cuenta de cmo el concepto fue paulatinamente perdiendo el carcter holstico y panexplicativo contenido en la definicin de Tylor y cmo, por tanto, antropolgicamente, hablar de cultura oscurece un campo problemtico que hay que esclarecer por otros medios. A grandes rasgos, estos hitos son los siguientes: la distincin entre civilizacin y cultura que enfrent en el siglo XIX a la tradicin humanista francesa con la alemana, la tecnificacin de la tradicin alemana en el siglo XX a cargo de Franz Boas, el influjo sociolgico liderado por Parsons en el Department of Social Relations de Harvard con un concepto simblico y normativo de cultura, la desnormativizacin del concepto con Geertz y

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 64 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has y, slowed somewhat since de thelacoalitions years Schneider finalmente, la disolucin solidez de laearly cultura en la in antrogovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially pologa postmoderna. galvanized La around opposition to the Pinochet regime the 1970s and distincin civilizacin/cultura enfrenta al of universalismo francs 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation con las formulaciones alemanas de sustrato particularista. Lo que en ltimo might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, even its component caso se contrapona era la realidad externa de la and civilizacin como impulso parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided racional y sobre todo progresivo con el marco espiritual e interior de la overcultura social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth del en el sentido de Cicern, como cultura animi, como cultivo control. Finally, by the elections, the Concertacin will have the espritu humano y 2005 nacional (Reckwitz, 2000). El concepto deheld civilizacin presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house estaba asentado ya a comienzos del siglo XIX en la semntica europea de elected by popular vote) forde 16 By the standards of multiparty filiacin francesa a partir lasyears. numerosas descripciones de culturas exticoalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential cas reunidas en el siglo anterior. La civilizacin se presentaba como estadio systems, the Concertacin is salvajismo geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous de superioridad frente al y la barbarie; progresismo que tambin corruption charges against members, including the stripping of poda encontrarse al interior de los mismos pueblos civilizados y que abarparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the caba tanto el desarrollo social como intelectual de los pueblos (Kuper, general disillusionment that esta goesfe with holding the of progreso, power for so 2001). Guizot expresaba civilizatoria: Lareins idea de de desalong. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. rrollo, me parece la idea fundamental contenida en el palabra civilizacin Any of forces, some combination of them, could indeed (Guizot en these Kuper, 2001: or 44). En trminos nacionales, Inglaterra careca de undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors asconprogreso intelectual, pero mostraba progreso social; Alemania era su necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. tracara, y Francia reuna ambas dimensiones. Lo central de la civilizacin era In the place, the su Chilean economy su has come through last five years defirst todos modos universalidad, absorcin de lasthe fronteras nacionales; in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and la Kultur en tanto era lo que permaneca en el Volksgeist (Elias, 1989). employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Johann Gottfried Herder est en el origen de la tradicin relativista y Concertacin mayde well be in a position 2005 to a claim credit for de good particularista la nocin de cultura.in Su ataque la abstraccin la iluseconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nontracin, a su teleologa histrica eurocntrica que se vierte en estados sedemocratic legacy of the en Pinochet era including the renowned cuenciales de desarrollo, cosmopolitismo y colonialismo, es una de las claves que se transmiten al pensamiento antropolgico de los siglos siguientes (Denby, 2005), como tambin lo es la idea de comunidad familiar de la nacin en tanto opuesta a la antinaturalidad de la unificacin imperialista ilustrada. En palabras de Herder: Un reino consistente de una sola nacin es una familia, una casa bien ordenada: descansa en s misma pues est fundada por naturaleza, y emerge y cae slo por el tiempo. Un imperio formado forzando a cien naciones a juntarse y a ciento cincuenta provincias, no es un cuerpo poltico, es un monstruo (Herder en Denby, 2005: 18). Es paradjico que el desarrollo de la idea culturalista de Herder a travs de la antropologa en los siglos XIX e inicios del XX pudiera ser desplegado en el marco de la colonizacin y las guerras imperialistas. Probablemente haya sido esto lo que llev a Tylor a presentar civilizacin y cultura como conceptos homlogos. De la intelectualidad inglesa preocupada de los dilemas morales victorianos, Matthew Arnold representaba la posicin romntica: la civilizacin

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 65 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since coalitionsinterior early de years in y el era exterior y mecnica, la cultura es the una condicin la mente government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially espritu (Arnold, 1960: 48). Con su asociacin de la civilizacin a la cultura, galvanized opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and Tyloraround introdujo el evolucionismo lineal decimonnico en las formulaciones 1980s,romnticas so as timede passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation cultura como aquellas del historicismo alemn y la propia de might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its Arnold: las culturas progresaban en el formato de Morgan,component del salvajismo a parties la most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided barbarie hasta civilizacin. Con ello, el mensaje al futuro fue paradjico: over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth haba los primitivos tenan cultura, pero ella era subdesarrollada, es decir, control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin have held the unipluralidad cultural pero deba ser observada comowill estadios sucesivos presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house versales. An Alfred Weber en 1935 conservaba esta ambigedad: esos elected by popular vote)tanto for 16 years. By que the constituyan standards of multiparty cuerpos histricos, en el caso de culturas primarias y coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential secundarias superpuestas como tambin en el caso de que sean productos systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing thejunto scarsa of miscellaneous primarios permanentes, que coexistan unos otros, estn todos ellos corruption charges against members, including the stripping of 1968: insertos en un gran movimiento unitario de progreso gradual (Weber, parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the 16). La cultura para Weber forma una unidad inserta en un proceso civilizageneral disillusionment that goesde with holding theyreins of power so una dor creador y modificador objetos fsicos espirituales quefor definen long. One might conclude, then, thatla the coalition is simply extraen ready to su expire. voluntad de cultura desde cual los individuos actitud y su Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Geist (Weber, 1968). No slo el componente evolutivo de la definicin de undermine Concertacin, but we do not regard factors as Tylor the se mantiene en Alfred Weber, sino tambin suthese carcter holstico. necessarily devastating the coalitions survival fordel a number of reasons. Un primertopaso en la deconstruccin concepto de cultura, tal In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years en la como era presentado por Tylor, fue el movimiento que se desarrollaba in far escuela better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and etnolgica de Berln a fines del siglo XIX, cuyo ms prominente employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The representante fue Franz Boas. En conexin con el romanticismo alemn, Concertacin may well be in aantropolgica position in 2005 to claim credithistrico for good Boas formul la escuela del particularismo que reeconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonchazaba la idea universalista de evolucin de la civilizacin y propona la democratic legacy de of cada the cultura Pinochet including the devenir renowned interpretacin en era trminos de su propio histrico (Harris, 2003). Si bien por ello Boas no se inclinaba a formulaciones tericas generalistas, G. Stocking ha afirmado que su modo de usar el trmino cultura, incluso en un sentido plural como culturas, permiti al concepto adquirir la carga de determinismo conductual que es un componente antropolgico particular de su significado antropolgico moderno (Stocking, 1966: 870). Es precisamente esta idea la que se va a perfilar con la claridad y sistematicidad caractersticas de Talcott Parsons en el por l fundado Department of Social Relations en Harvard en 1946 y que an impregna varias formulaciones culturalistas de la actualidad, entre ellas las que hacen referencia a temticas mapuches (vase infra). El proyecto de Parsons nunca pec de falta de ambicin. Ella alcanz para conformar un nuevo paso en la deconstruccin del concepto antropolgico de cultura: cultura ya no era la totalidad tyloriana, sino que ahora supona la autonoma de los componentes valricos y normativos frente al sistema social y la personalidad. Para

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 66 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has somewhat since the early in Parsons el slowed sistema general de la accin es coalitions el orden mayor deyears constitucin government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially de lo social. ste se diferencia en tres aspectos: el sistema social, la persogalvanized opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and nalidad around y la cultura. En este marco, los objetos culturales deben entenderse 1980s, so elementos as time passes, the compelling forcecultural: of that ideas initialo motivation como simblicos de la tradicin creencias, smmight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component bolos expresivos o pautas de valor (Parsons, 1966: 24) que gozan de autoparties most notably the Christian divided noma en tanto sistema respecto Democrats de los otros are dos:internally Cada uno de estos overtres social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to sistemas dice Parsons tiene que ser considerado comobirth un foco control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the independiente de organizacin de los elementos del sistema de accin presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house (Parsons, 1966: 25). Independencia, sin embargo, no significa ausencia de elected by popular vote) for 16 By the standards ofesmultiparty interpenetracin. La cultura es years. transmitida (por tradicin), aprendida (no coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas es gentica) y es compartida (por los individuos): En este presidential sentido, la cultusystems, is geriatric, bearing the de scars of miscellaneous ra es,the de Concertacin una parte, un producto de los sistemas interaccin social humacorruption charges against members, including the stripping of por na, y, de otra, un determinante de esos sistemas (Parsons, 1966: 34), parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the ello funciona slo como componente de un sistema de accin concreto. general disillusionment goes with the reins of deba powerdedicarse for so al La propuestathat de Parsons era holding que la antropologa long. One might then, that coalition ready to expire. sobre estudio de laconclude, cultura. Con ello lethe reconoca a is la simply disciplina la autoridad Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could el concepto, pero a la vez le restringa su campo de accin, puesindeed la psicoloundermine the Concertacin, but do not regard these factors as ga estudiaba la personalidad y we la sociologa integraba todos los conocinecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. mientos. Klyde Kluckhohn, tambin en Harvard, desde los aos treinta iba In the first the distinto, Chilean economy has definiendo come through the last five years por unplace, camino pues segua la cultura en un sentido in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, generalista: Por cultura la antropologa quiere significar la maneraand total de employment and growth(Kluckhohn, figures rebounded in first 2003. The havivir de un pueblo 1957: 27). Conmonths ello, seof podra seguir Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good blando de cultura mapuche y entender con eso algo total y propio de esta economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonetnia. Incluso la pretensin de Kluckhohn de encontrar valores universales democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned a pesar de la diversidad de las culturas del mundo, lo puso en contra de la asociacin parsoniana entre cultura y sistema concreto de la accin (Parsons y Vogt, 1962). Con reticencias, pero algo ms abierta al proyecto parsoniano, fue la posicin de otro miembro del grupo de relaciones sociales, Alfred Kroeber. Kroeber acept la distincin analtica entre estructura social y cultura y junto a Parsons escribi dos importantes pginas para seguir afirmando la deconstruccin de la cultura. En ellas Kroeber y Parsons proponan las formulaciones siguientes: Sugerimos que es til definir el concepto de cultura para la mayora de los usos ms estrechamente de lo que ha sido generalmente el caso de la tradicin antropolgica americana, restringiendo su referencia al contenido transmitido y creado de patrones de valores, ideas y otros sistemas simblicamente significativos como factores en la formacin de la conducta humana y en los artefactos producidos a travs de la conducta. Por otro lado, sugerimos que el trmino sociedad o sistema social sea usado para designar el sistema especficamente relacional de interaccin entre individuos y colectivos (Kroeber y Parsons,

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 67 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the afirmacin coalitions early years in 1958: 583). El prrafo conclua con una (aun ms) programtica: government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially Hablar de un miembro de una cultura debe ser entendido como una elipgalvanized around opposition to de the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and y Parsis que significa miembro una sociedad de cultura X (Kroeber 1980s,sons so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 1958: 583). might naturally weaken. Inoptimismo addition, the Concertacin, and even its component Con ello el en torno a la utilidad tcnica del concepto parties de most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided cultura se apoder de la antropologa. Por fin pareca que el concepto over social issues, as the legal status ofancdotas divorce and access to birth servira para such algo ms que para contar de sobremesa sobre coscontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held tumbres exticas. Pero Harvard criaba cuervos. Clifford Geertzthe y David presidency and a majority the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Schneider eran dos in aventajados alumnos de Parsons que iniciaron sus proelected by popular vote) for years. By the standards multiparty de l, yectos en su mbito de 16 influencia, pero que luego seof distanciaron coalitions much less among Latin Americas presidential como tantoanywhere, en lo referido a la pretensin parsoniana de la antropologa systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scarsnormativa of miscellaneous subdisciplina sociolgica como en la dimensin asignada a la corruption charges against members, including the stripping of ms cultura. Ambos llevaron sus anlisis hasta un punto en que un paso parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the significaba la deconstruccin total: reconocer la ausencia de fundamento de general that de goes with holding antropolgica. the reins of power for se so podra ladisillusionment descripcin cultural toda la tradicin Con ello long. One might that thedel coalition is simply readyhay to expire. afirmar: laconclude, cultura esthen, una ficcin que habla de cultura, cultura mapuAny of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed che cuando se la indica en funcin de un objetivo. undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Schneider consider la cultura, en tanto horizonte de smbolos y necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. significados, como independiente de la conducta (Schneider, 1968), lo que In the first place,tena the Chilean economy has come five years sin duda impronta parsoniana, perothrough cuandothe se last trataba de normas, in far adverta better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and que ellas se codificaban en un valor positivo y uno negativo. Lo employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The que se mostraba conductualmente era la oscilacin de ambos valores. Si la Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good cultura contuviera normas que regulen la conducta, entonces ella sera paraeconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nondjica. Schneider prefiri hablar entonces de discurso hegemnico para el democratic legacy of thenormativamente: Pinochet era including the sea, renowned valor que se afirmaba Por la razn que a menudo sin razn, algunas personas no se compran el discurso hegemnico. Pero ellos no salen chillando en cualquier direccin. Chillan siempre orientados hacia el discurso cultural hegemnico o alejndose de l, muy a menudo en una direccin opuesta []. Porque la norma siempre implica su opuesto, algunas veces norma es no norma, algunas veces subir es bajar (Schneider, 1997: 273). La norma es hegemona y la cultura es un sistema simblico de posibilidades, incluso el actor no era ms que una constelacin de significado condensada en la frmula persona, como tambin lo era aquel punto cero del estructuralismo levistraussiano, la diferencia entre cultura y naturaleza (Kuper, 2001). La cultura quedaba as entendida como cultura del que describe con cultura; es decir, la cultura de los otros es reflejo de la propia describiendo a otros cuya otredad es inaccesible. Pero Schneider no avanz en esa direccin. La forma de entender la cultura en Geertz siempre mantuvo la referencia a lo simblico, a las telaraas de significado tejidas por el hombre, aun-

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 68 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed the coalitions early years que tambin podan somewhat encontrarse since referencias al control conductual por in medio government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially de dispositivos simblicos (Geertz, 2005). En pasajes evaluativos de su galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s slo and me obra, sin embargo, este aspecto quedaba explcitamente excluido: 1980s, so un as time compelling ofde that initial llev poco passes, ms dethe tiempo darme force cuenta que una motivation concepcin de might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component cultura como fuerza causal masiva que modela la creencia y el comporparties most notably the Christian are internally divided tamiento [] no era muy til ni Democrats para investigar tales cuestiones ni para overtransmitir social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth lo que uno pretenda descubrir a partir de haberlas investigado control. Finally, by53). the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have helden the (Geertz, 1996: Si la cultura es articulacin simblica, entonces ejempresidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house plos momentneos de conducta compartida, hay que construir una lectura elected by popular 16pleno years. the standards of multipartycuya de lo que podra vote) ser unfor texto de By desviaciones y desplazamientos coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas unidad es inaccesible al observador, por muy participante presidential que se entienda. systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous Geertz deriva la conclusin radical: describir una cultura es seleccionar corruption charges against members, including the stripping of 69), fragmentos arreglados y cortados a propsito para que encajen (1996: parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the pero no la desarrolla. Hacerlo significaba indicar que la cultura de los otros general disillusionment that goes with holding the of del power for so o en nunca fue de los otros, sino que nace y muere en reins el texto etngrafo, long. One mightdel conclude, then, that the coalition is simply to expire. el discurso activista que la emplea para afirmar una ready distincin. Any El oftexto these forces, or some combination of them, could del etngrafo de todos modos ya haba sido indeed sometido a undermine the Concertacin, but we do not these factors as la la deconstruccin de la escritura a fines de regard los aos sesenta. Derrida necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. acometi con Lvi-Strauss en mltiples niveles: en el eurocentrismo de la In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last etnogrfica, five years en distincin cultura y naturaleza, en la violencia de la irrupcin in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and la supuesta ausencia de escritura de los pueblos sin escritura (Derrida, employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The 2003). Pero ha sido James Clifford quien ha llevado las cosas ms lejos. Concertacin well in a position in 2005 claim Clifford credit for Instalado may sobre los be hombros de Schneider y to Geertz, hagood buscado economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonborrar la autoridad de la descripcin cultural. Un poeta, el clsico informandemocratic legacy of theetngrafos, Pinochet yera including the es renowned te nativo, son tambin describir una cultura un modo de estar en la cultura mientras se mira la cultura, una forma de autoconformacin personal y colectiva (Clifford, 1995: 24). El privilegio de las culturas naturales se disuelve finalmente en un mundo multimodal en el que la cultura es ms bien una ficcin lograda, una ficcin seria contingentemente construida: En un mundo con demasiadas voces hablando todas a un tiempo, un mundo donde el sincretismo y la invencin pardica se estn volviendo la regla [] se vuelve cada vez ms difcil atribuir identidad humana y significado a una cultura o a un lenguaje coherente (Clifford, 1995: 122). Lo que era cultura, son ahora impulsos de sentido en continuo desplazamiento que fragmentan las unidades culturales hasta lo inidentificable. De ello se lamentaba Lvi-Strauss en Tristes Trpicos seala Clifford, de la prdida de las diferencias culturales por efecto de las mercancas que transforman la cultura verdadera en folklore, en arte, en turismo. Pero esta posicin eurocntrica se deconstruye en la transversalizacin de los significantes en un multimodal mundo moderno, pues esos significantes

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 69 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years voltiles, contingentes, espaciantes, no requieren enraizarse en elin pasado, government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially viven por polinizacin (Clifford, 1995: 30). Con ello el ltimo paso en la galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s deconstruccin del concepto haba sido dado. Quedaba claro queand ni para el 1980s,anlisis so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation sociolgico ni para el antropolgico, la pretensin totalizante y mulmight naturally weaken. addition, theser Concertacin, and even component simtiabarcativa de la In cultura poda til para enfrentar laits promiscuidad parties blica most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided en la sociedad contempornea. over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Con todo esto, una pregunta: qu nos quieren decir los antropcontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the logos, socilogos, polticos, ministros, asesores, abogados, economistas, presidency and a majority in the Chamber ofmapuches Deputies (the legislative house activistas, periodistas y los propios cuando hablan de cultura elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty mapuche? Ser la cultura de Herder, Arnold, Tylor, Weber, Boas, Parcoalitions lessSchneider, among Latin Americas presidential sons,anywhere, Kluchhohn,much Kroeber, Geertz, Clifford, o la de tantos otros systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous no nombrados? Un antroplogo clsicamente formado dira: vaya y pregncorruption against members, including the stripping of tele al charges native speaker . parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, III. thatIterabilidad the coalition is simply ready to expire. simblica Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Si el concepto de cultura presupuso demasiado desde sus inicios, y necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. si las concepciones ms actuales le arrancan su pretensin totalizante e In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through theacciones, last five years integradora y enfatizan la iterabilidad simblica de las entonces ya in far no better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and se puede hablar de cultura como si nada hubiera sucedido. No se puede employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The hablar de cultura mapuche o chilena o latinoamericana y dar por entendido Concertacin may well coherentes be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good distintos mundos de significado, pues esos mundos estn conseconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the tantemente cruzados por aquello que tradicionalmente se ha nonobservado democratic legacyPueden of theestarlo Pinochet including renowned como ajeno. ms era o menos, pero lo the estn y ello invita a abandonar la cultura como expresin de unidad e integracin para observar sus interpenetraciones e inconsistencias, esto es, la iterabilidad simblica de cada constelacin de significado. Cuando se hace as, hablar de cultura es hablar de un vaco. Mantener su pretensin analtica es esforzarse hoy por hacer que el concepto indique precisamente lo contrario de aquello que en su origen destacaba: antes se trataba de la totalidad y coherencia de los mundos de sentido, ahora es la fragmentacin e inconsistencia de los mismos. Es difcil ver la razn por la cual a dos situaciones opuestas habra que seguir llamndolas del mismo modo. El concepto original de cultura recoge un componente de tradicin y de estructura normativa que es sin duda relevante para la descripcin de sociedades segmentarias y estratificadas de fundamento religioso, pero que pierde su prestancia cuando se trata de sociedades funcionalmente diferenciadas modernas, precisamente porque ellas licuan los contenidos tradicionales y deconstruyen las estructuras normativas. Se-

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 70 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years inen la guir hablando de cultura en ellas, sera como seguir hablando del ter government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially fsica para referir a los campos electromagnticos. Cultura, en un sentido galvanized around to de thelas Pinochet of the 1970s and analtico, es unaopposition forma de ter ciencias regime sociales. 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation Una forma sociolgica moderna de enfrentar la iterabilidad de las might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component constelaciones simblicas sin recurrir al equvoco concepto de cultura es parties most entre notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided distinguir sociedad e individuo. Por la presin de la diferenciacin oversistmica social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth que constituye esferas de funcionamiento cada vez ms autnocontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the mas, la sociedad moderna libera a los individuos de tener que cargar sobre presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house sus hombros la responsabilidad por la integracin social. De ello se deriva elected by popular vote) for 16 del years. By the standards of Giddens, multiparty la creciente individualizacin individuo (Willke, 1993; 1992; coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential Luhmann, 1997; Lechner, 1991) y la creciente iterabilidad simblica de las systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, the scars of miscellaneous constelaciones de significado. Esta bearing tendencia por cierto no es un acontecicorruption charges against members, including the stripping miento de las ltimas dcadas. Ya Durkheim lo visualizaba como una of conseparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, the a la cuencia de la emergencia de la divisin social del trabajo and frente general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so integracin mecnica y estable de las sociedades segmentarias: a medida long. Onelas might conclude, then, that the coalition is los simply ready to expire. que lneas de demarcacin que separan diferentes segmentos se Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed desvanecen, es inevitable el rompimiento de este equilibrio. Como ya no se undermine thelos Concertacin, we do de not regard these factors as que mantienen individuos en but sus lugares origen, y los espacios libres necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. ante ellos se abren los atraen, no pueden dejar de dispersarse a travs de In the first place,(Durkheim, the Chilean1985: economy come through the five years el los mismos 344).has Georg Simmel, por su last parte, observaba in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, origen del individualismo en dos fuentes: en la doctrina de la libre and compeemployment and growth rebounded in first a months of 2003. tencia ilimitada de losfigures individuos que conducira la armona por laThe aspiraConcertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to(Simmel claim credit good cin sin consideraciones a la ventaja individual 2003:for 138) y en las economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonconsecuencias de la divisin social del trabajo como dispersin de personademocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned lidades diferenciadas hasta la incomparabilidad del carcter y del esfuerzo al que uno se siente llamado (Simmel 2003: 138). La autonoma de la divisin social del trabajo, o autonoma sistmica como ms modernamente se entiende a partir de la ampliacin del principio de diferenciacin no slo a la esfera econmica sino a la descripcin de la sociedad general, es a la vez condicin de la diferenciacin y autonoma individual y tambin condicin del desacople entre conciencia individual y cultura como todo coherente y unificado de significaciones y normas. Para lograr inclusin social en esas esferas, las estrategias de los individuos pueden ser y son altamente diversificadas, recurren a frmulas simblicas diferenciadas. Por su individualizacin, la generacin de esas estrategias por parte de los individuos no viene invariablemente determinada por la necesidad de reproduccin del orden social, como acontece en sociedades segmentarias, donde cada accin individual constituye un modo de operacin que a la vez est incrustado en la reproduccin de la unidad simblica de la sociedad como un todo (Habermas, 1992).

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 71 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in Componente central de la relacin entre individuos y sociedad en government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially condiciones de alta diferenciacin sistmica es la regulacin por mecanisgalvanized around opposition to the regime of rendimientos the 1970s and mos de inclusin y exclusin dePinochet las personas en los sistmi1980s,cos so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation (Luhmann, 1998). A diferencia de las sociedades segmentarias y might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component estratificadas donde la inclusin slo es posible en un espacio (en una parties comunidad most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided en un o en un rol, en el caso de las sociedades segmentarias; over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth rango o estatus, en el caso de las sociedades estratificadas), en las sociedacontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the des modernas ya no hay una inclusin sistmica exclusiva, se participa de presidency and a majority Chamber ofde Deputies (the legislative house modos distintos en in losthe rendimientos distintas esferas (salud, educacin, elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty poltica, economa, etc.), como tambin se puede quedar excluido de ellas coalitions anywhere, much de less among Latin por razones diversas: la economa, por Americas ejemplo, nopresidential slo por falta de systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous dinero, sino tambin por transacciones ilegales, por falta de informacin, corruption charges against members, including the stripping of por inestabilidades polticas, por carencia de calificaciones, por prdida de parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the la salud o por decisin individual. general disillusionment that goesde with holding the reins power for Las prescripciones la estratificacin, sin of embargo, no so dejan de long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. existir en las sociedades modernas. Por ello se producen desigualdades de Any of these or some combination indeed opoinclusin en losforces, rendimientos sistmicos. Peroof la them, propia could diferenciacin undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors ne resistencia a esas desigualdades y motiva a la inclusin de los as desiguanecessarily to the coalitions survival for a number of sistemas reasons. tienen les, ydevastating mientras ms inclusin genere la diferenciacin, los In the first place, the Chilean economy has come last five y years mayores probabilidades de reproducir sus through propios the elementos, al hacerlo in far refuerzan better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and as las condiciones que permiten su existencia. An ms, no slo employment and growth de figures in first months of 2003. The las prescripciones rangorebounded son combatidas por la diferenciacin, sino que Concertacin well be in a position como in 2005 to claim credit ms for good tambinmay a mayor diferenciacin, indica Habermas, desligada economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonqueda la accin comunicativa de patrones normativos de comportamiento democratic legacy of the (Habermas, Pinochet era including the renowned concretos y recibidos 1992: 255) producto del desacople entre sistema y mundo de vida. La generalizacin de motivos y valores es tambin una consecuencia de la diferenciacin: ellos deben ser ms abstractos, ms desprovistos de contenido para posibilitar la inclusin en espacios estructural y semnticamente diferenciados. Por eso las estrategias de inclusin tienden a diferenciarse de modo perpendicular a las fundamentaciones culturales que exigen unidad para todos los casos. Las estrategias se localizan, se temporalizan, se fragmentan, se individualizan; son situadas y episdicas, no extendidas ni constantes, es decir, no operan para todos los casos del mismo modo ni se replican siempre igual. Esto las hace tambin altamente variadas y mueve a interpenetraciones e inconsistencias en las formas culturales tradicionales. Ello explica que un mapuche venda o arriende las tierras que el estado le ha entregado para su reproduccin cultural o que ante una encuesta como la que motiva estas pginas no sea la cultura la que conteste, sino individuos que expresan opiniones y pretensiones de inclusin que no vienen determinadas por la tradicin.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 72 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has somewhat since the coalitions early years in no Sin slowed embargo, que las cosas puedan ser descritas de este modo government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially obsta para que los actores sigan empleando el concepto de cultura inclugalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of thede 1970s and so en su acepcin ms tradicional como autodescripcin lo que juzgan 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation identitario o propio. Como ha sido dicho, la tesis de este texto es que analtimight naturally In addition, Concertacin, even its component camente el weaken. concepto de cultura the rinde poco, pero and polticamente puede entreparties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided gar mucho como herramienta gua de reivindicacin poltica para los actores overque social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth y lo emplean, es decir, de lucha por inclusin social. Para articular control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin have heldsistemas the probabilizar sus condiciones de inclusin frente a will los distintos presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house funcionales, los individuos se autodescriben culturalmente con el fin de dar elected by popular un vote) for 16 years. By the standards multiparty a sus demandas sentido particular, trascendente y unaof proyeccin histcoalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential rica que aumente su potencial de reconocimiento. systems, the geriatric, en bearing the scars reciente, of miscellaneous ElConcertacin concepto de is identidad, su desarrollo ha intentado corruption charges against members, including the stripping of recoger esta problemtica. Pero como lo ha mostrado el debate latinoameriparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the cano en torno a l, la identidad tambin puede ser entendida como un rasgo general disillusionment that goes with holding reins of power for so permanente de colectivos determinados quethe se instala en discursos pblilong. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. cos y lleva a formular una idea unitaria de comunidad (Larran, 2000). Jorge Any of forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Larran ha these intentado salvar el concepto de identidad con un movimiento undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors asconterico similar a lo que la antropologa postmoderna ha hecho con el necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. cepto de cultura, es decir, ha dotado al concepto de un contenido radicalIn the first place, the Chilean economy come through the last five years mente distinto del de su origen. Lahas identidad para Larran tiene una dimenin far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and sin temporal en tanto produccin histrica sobre categoras sociales employment and muestra growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003.que The compartidas, asimismo una dimensin objetual o material desaConcertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good rrolla formas simblicas que invitan a la accin y una dimensin social de economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non- no relacin con un otro. Lo pretendidamente fijo es slo versin pblica; democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned hay carcter nacional, como la escuela antropolgica de cultura y personalidad (Benedict, Mead, Linton) pretenda; no hay tampoco identidades esenciales, como la tradicin culturalista latinoamericana lo formul: No hay nada esttico acerca de las identidades culturales [] Las identidades culturales, a su vez, se pueden traslapar y no son mutuamente excluyentes indica Larran (2000: 53). Puesto en nuestros trminos, la identidad es interpenetrada e inconsistente. La pregunta es si algo as puede seguir siendo llamado identidad. Stuart Hall se ha mostrado algo ms incmodo con el concepto de identidad y ha propuesto la idea ms procesualista de identificacin aunque el mismo autor reconoce que este cambio no es garanta contra las dificultades lgicas del concepto (Hall, 2003). En la formulacin de Hall, sin embargo, aparece una idea de alto valor para nuestra argumentacin: el uso estratgico y posicional de los modos de identificacin: [Las identidades] emergen de la narrativizacin del s mismo, pero la naturaleza necesariamente ficcional de este proceso, de ninguna manera socava su

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 73 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions in identiefectividad discursiva, material o poltica (Hall, 2003:early 4). Esyears decir, la government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially dad tanto como la cultura tienen un rol de autodescripcin poltica, como galvanized around opposition to versin the Pinochet regime the 1970s and tambin lo tiene la idea de pblica de la of identidad de Larran. Es 1980s,esta so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation autodescripcin poltica la que aqu hemos relacionado con las pretenmight naturally Inde addition, the Concertacin, and even itsde component siones deweaken. inclusin los individuos en los rendimientos esferas funcioparties nales most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided diferenciadas. Ir ms all de la idea de cultura e identidad supondr over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth entonces identificar las constelaciones donde las pretensiones de inclusin control. by the 2005 elections, thegeneraciones, Concertacinsexualidad, will have held the seFinally, alzan. Nacin, gnero, etnicidad, religiosidad y presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house sus interpenetraciones son campos donde la iterabilidad simblica de la elected by popular vote) for 16 years. expresin By the standards of multiparty sociedad moderna puede encontrar en construcciones ficcionales coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas autodescriptivas bajo la forma de identidad o cultura. En presidential tales casos, ambos systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars miscellaneous trminos continan indicando para los actores un of nivel de inviolabilidad corruption charges against members, including the stripping que no se puede trascender sin perder la identidad o la cultura of y que se parliamentary rights fromfuerte five of the ejercer coalitions deputiesoin 2002, and the Pero afirma de manera para hegemona para combatirla. general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins oof power foresos so nivecuando el uso en la autodescripcin es estratgico posicional, long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition simply to expire. de nueles de inviolabilidad se pueden violar para is aspirar a ready la consecucin Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed vos fines: la machi puede ser una negociadora poltica, el territorio sagrado undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors una fuerza ideolgica, los rituales pueden ser vistos como folklore, as el ropaje necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. cotidiano como artesana. In the first place, the parte Chilean has come through the last five Buena deeconomy los problemas con los conceptos de years identidad y in far cultura better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and como estriba en que en sus formas ms modernas se los emplea employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The designacin de un objeto de anlisis y a la vez como indicacin de una Concertacin may well in a position in 2005 toel claim credit for autodescripcin o be discurso de los actores. En primer caso, la good cultura y la economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonidentidad son iterables e histricamente formadas; en el segundo se constidemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned tuyen fuertemente para alcanzar objetivos polticos, como en la afirmacin de lo local frente a condiciones de sociedad mundial (Larran, 2005). En relacin con el tema mapuche, el debate americano sobre etnicidad y racializacin puede abrir mltiples puertas en este sentido, al identificar la naturaleza transaccional y situacional de lo tnico como relacin entre autocomprensin y categorizacin externa (Jenkins, 2003), y lo racial como una cuestin fundamentalmente ideolgica, que permite aprender una combinacin de reglas de clasificacin que se convierten en un sentido comn para comprender y explicar el carcter de la propia situacin y actuar en consecuencia (Omi y Winant, 2002). Formulado en nuestros trminos, las constelaciones de significado son iterables, contingentes e histricamente formadas; las autodescripciones en cambio pueden seguir recurriendo a una idea de inviolabilidad cultural o identitaria si las circunstancias polticas as lo exigen. La cultura, en este sentido, as como la identidad, son estrategias de los actores para probabilizar sus condiciones de inclusin.

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 74 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed since thede coalitions early xito, yearspor in ello Sin duda, no somewhat todas las estrategias inclusin tienen government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially hay tambin exclusin. Su xito se probabiliza mientras la pretensin partigalvanized around opposition to modalidades the Pinochetde regime of the sistmica 1970s and cular sea presentada bajo las observacin y esto 1980s, so as time no passes, the con compelling force initial culturales. motivation Hoy generalmente sintoniza la pesadez de of las that exigencias might naturally In addition, the Concertacin, even its component parece ms weaken. difcil permitir el trabajo infantil, el and infanticidio femenino o la parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided poligamia, aun cuando su mantencin sea fundamental para la otra vez overreproduccin social issues, cultural such as the legal status of divorce and access to de una determinada sociedad. El sistemabirth jurdico control. Finally, the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will haveobjeciones held the al tanto a nivelby nacional como supranacional presentara claras presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative respecto (Mereminskaya y Mascareo, 2005). Del mismo modo, elhouse trueque o elected by popular parecen vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty el intercambio tener hoy mucho menos probabilidades de xito coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential como mecanismo econmico generalizado que la compra y venta de bienes systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the de scars of miscellaneous y servicios. Pero, a la vez, la alta variabilidad estrategias de inclusin, corruption charges otras against members, the stripping of las algunas exitosas no, hace tambinincluding que los rangos aceptados por distintas esferas sean variables, se muevan continuamente en funcin parliamentary rights from five of theque coalitions deputies in 2002, and the de las pretensiones de inclusin individuales o colectivas. Al respecto general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so cabra preguntarse si una incursin meditica de los mapuches denunciando long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. por cadena nacional el despojo histrico de tierras habracould tenido el mismo Any of these forces, or some combination of them, indeed efecto para poltica restitutiva estatal estrategia radical de toma undermine the la Concertacin, but we do que notlaregard these factors as de fundos devastating implementada desde los aossurvival noventa. Laa idea del reconocimiento necessarily to the coalitions for number of reasons. constitucional comenz a economy discutirsehas en la esfera pblica chilena precisamenIn the first place, the Chilean come through the last five years te despus de esto. Bien por la reflexividad de los sistemas poltico jurdiin far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, y and co de cualquier modo. Bien tambin por la reflexividad del sistema de salud employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The cuando permite un machitn junto con antibiticos; por la reflexividad Concertacin may well be in a position inlos 2005 to claim o credit for good del sistema educativo que con las mejores intenciones pone en marcha economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non- un programa de educacin bilinge. Ms all the de los problemas o democratic legacy of theintercultural Pinochet era including renowned soluciones que cada uno de estos programas presenta, ms all de su xito o fracaso, nadie podra afirmar que se trata de indolentes y petrificadas jaulas de hierro. Los individuos generan esas formas de inclusin; se mueven, las construyen pragmticamente, innovan y cuando ellas dan resultado se amplifican a otros individuos y se sostienen hasta nuevo aviso. Como seala Rosaldo: La gente puede planear improvisar diciendo que tomarn las cosas como vengan, que irn paso a paso o que tocarn de odo. Sin intentar hacerlo anticipadamente as, pueden responder a contingencias imprevistas procediendo mientras van en camino. Sus improvisaciones pueden ser serias, ldicas o ambas; sus inesperados eventos de vida pueden ser alegres, neutrales o catastrficos (Rosaldo, 1993: 102). Distintas articulaciones simblicas contribuyen y otorgan sentido a su mantencin, pero son permeables, porosas, contingentes, mviles. No estn inextricablemente atadas a las historias nacionales, a las tradiciones orales tnicas, a las composiciones locales, ni menos a las historias oficiales ni discursos polticos o medi-

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 75 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed the coalitions early years poiticas in ticos. Las formas somewhat simblicas since son poticas en un sentido general, government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially en un sentido preciso. Por medio de ellas se inventan y se tratan como galvanized around opposition the Pinochet regime 1995: of the 57). 1970s significativos los objetosto culturales (Clifford, Es and esa varia1980s,bilidad so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation la que posibilita una amplia variedad de inclusiones y exclusiones might naturally weaken. In hace addition, andpara evenbien its component funcionales, la que que the lasConcertacin, cosas cambien, o para mal, departies pendiendo most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided de quin observe. over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to Como lo vimos en la seccin anterior, slo los desarrollosbirth antropolcontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the gicos ms recientes logran llegar a estos tejidos de iterabilidad que adelgapresidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house zan la nocin de cultura hasta hacerla perder todo rendimiento analtico. Por elected by se popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of cultura multiparty ello, hace hoy cada vez ms difcil confundir nuestra local con coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential naturaleza humana universal (Rosaldo, 1993: 38). Margaret Archer ha llesystems, thea Concertacin is de geriatric, bearingcultural the scars of miscellaneous gado hablar del mito la integracin creado por la antropologa corruption charges against members, including the stripping of (Arcuya propiedad principal era establecer un patrn altamente unificado parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the cher, 1997). El mito entendi la cultura como un sistema perfectamente general disillusionment that cada goes uno with holding the reins ofinterdependiente power for so con integrado, en el cual de los elementos era long. One might conclude, thatltimo the coalition simply readycompacta to expire. y cohetodos los dems: el then, ejemplo de unaisorganizacin Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed rente (ibd.: 28). Sus rendimientos fueron ofrecer una idea de unidad subundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as yacente, de accin uniforme, de consistencia lgica y consenso causal de necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. su transmisin de un grupo de individuos a otro. Todo cabo suelto deba In the first place, the como Chilean economy has come through thecultural last five ser entendido anomala o como desintegracin y years todo futuro in far como better recreacin shape thandel that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and vivir pasado: los individuos podan en gran medida employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The inductivamente desde contextos pasados hasta contextos futuros porque Concertacin well been in actividades a position inmutables in 2005 to claim credit for39). good estaban may embarcados (Archer, 1997: Cultura, economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonen este sentido, es eliminacin de la contingencia. democratic legacy ofesto, the otra Pinochet era renowned Con todo pregunta: enincluding un mundo de the compleja iterabilidad simblica, es posible seguir entendiendo a los mapuches del modo siguiente?: El sistema socio-cultural del pueblo Mapuche ostenta un conjunto de caractersticas propias que le son nicas, al igual que cualquier cultura o sub-cultura, sea sta indgena o no-indgena (Durston y Duhart, 2005: 1; cursivas, maysculas y guiones de los autores).

IV. Deconstruccin de la cultura mapuche I: Definiciones Si el contenido de la referencia anterior fuese acertado, es decir, si la cultura mapuche fuese un todo articulado, nico e irrepetible, entonces habra que esperar una notable diferencia en sus respuestas en relacin con la poblacin no mapuche. Ms aun, si toda cultura es total, irrepetible y nica, casi no cabra esperar similitud alguna, no slo entre mapuches y no mapuches, sino entre todas las as entendidas culturas de la sociedad mundial.

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 76 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since coalitions early years in Lo que muestran los datos de lathe encuesta CEP1 permite plausibilizar government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially las siguientes ideas fundamentales: galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and (a)time Que passes, no existe talcompelling unidad cultural mapuche, que la motivation idea de cultura 1980s, so as the force of that initial mapuche como totalidad unificada se deconstruye interpenetraciones might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, anden even its component e inconsistencias. Porthe interpenetraciones apuntamos a la porosidad y perparties most notably Christian Democrats are internally divided de las formulaciones expresadas por mapuches overmeabilidad social issues, such as the legal simblicas status of divorce and access to birthy no mapuches, su the uso2005 discrecional y no por pertenencias tnicas control. Finally,aby elections, thedeterminado Concertacin will have held the ni histricas. Esto se debiese constatar respuestas entre los presidency and a majority in the Chamber ofen Deputies (thehomogneas legislative house mapuches y los no mapuches diversas Con se descarta elected by popular vote) for 16 en years. By dimensiones. the standards of ello multiparty la idea anywhere, de unidadmuch de la cultura. Mediante concepto de inconsistencia, coalitions less among LatinelAmericas presidential en tanto, apuntamos a orientaciones diferenciadas y contradictorias systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous en quienes se autodefinen como mapuches, es decir, orientaciones queof apuncorruption charges against members, including the stripping tan en una direccin en entredicho por otras que and apuntan parliamentary rights from son five puestas of the coalitions deputies in 2002, the en una disillusionment direccin distinta o contraria. ello se desecha la power idea defor coherengeneral that goes withCon holding the reins of so cia de la cultura. long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. laforces, cultura or se some deconstruya de este of modo y que por indeed ello pierda Any (b) of Que these combination them, could rendimiento analtico no implica que do los actores no puedan empleanundermine the Concertacin, but we not regard these seguir factors as do el concepto, ms l parece rendir altos frutos expresar necessarily devastating toan the cuando coalitions survival for a number ofpara reasons. semnticamente sentido de unidad relevante para obtener In the first place, the un Chilean economy has altamente come through the last five years objetivos de carcter poltico. precisamente en esta dimensin donde aparein far better shape than that ofEs any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and ce un mayor la poblacin mapuche la 2003. chilena, lo que employment and distanciamiento growth figures entre rebounded in first months y of The permite plantear la tesis dea laposition cultura como concepto poltico. Concertacin may well be in in 2005 to claim credit for good (c) Finalmente, es destacable tambin que para todas las economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the dimensiononnes la diferencia rural/urbano constituye una fuente de variacin, lo que democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned nuevamente muestra la permeabilidad de la semntica mapuche al contexto especfico en que sus individuos acten. Del punto a, las interpenetraciones e inconsistencias, nos ocupamos respectivamente en las dos siguientes secciones; del b la cultura como concepto poltico en la seccin VII, y el c las diferencias rural/urbano se introduce como factor transversal en las dos anteriores. Sin duda, cualquier anlisis de la iterabilidad simblica de una constelacin de significado requiere de enfoques empricos de distinta naturaleza: anlisis histricos, de discurso, semnticos, entrevistas en profundidad y etnometo1 La encuesta fue aplicada entre el 29 de abril y el 31 de mayo de 2006 a 1.487 personas que se autodefinen como mapuches y un nmero similar de no mapuches. Universo del estudio es la poblacin de 18 aos y ms (urbana y rural) de la regin del Bo Bo, de la Araucana, de los Lagos y Metropolitana, donde segn el Censo 2002 vive el 90% de la poblacin mapuche de Chile. La muestra es probabilstica por conglomerados y multietpica. El margen de error es 2,7% con un nivel de confianza de 95%.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 77 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has Probablemente slowed somewhat since the coalitions years in para dologa. una encuesta sea el mtodo early menos indicado government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially constatar tal estado de cosas. Pero si a travs de estos datos es posible al galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet e regime of the 1970s and menos plausibilizar las interpenetraciones inconsistencias de las constela1980s,ciones so as de time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation significado mapuche, entonces anlisis posteriores con otros mmight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even component todos podrn especificar y profundizar lo dicho: que its esas constelaciones parties son most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided iterables y que la autodescripcin cultural tiene un objetivo poltico. over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency V. and a deconstruccin majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house La de la cultura mapuche II: Interpenetraciones elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among LatinAlejandro Americas presidential En un estudio sociolgico reciente, Saavedra ha formulasystems, Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous do the la siguiente apreciacin: La mayor parte de la cultura de los mapuche de corruption against ms members, including the stripping of tienen hoy, y charges sus componentes significativos, es la misma cultura que parliamentary rights from fivede ofseres the coalitions deputies 2002, and the los chilenos y millones humanos que, en el in mundo actual, compargeneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so ten importantes aspectos de una misma cultura (Saavedra, 2002: 209). Los long. One might conclude, then, y that themapuche coalition se is vuelven simply ready to expire. lmites entre lo mapuche lo no difusos e interpenetraAnyen ofmuchos these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed dos aspectos. undermine the Concertacin, but we do cultural not regard these factors La frmula de interpenetracin indica, en un sentidoas abstracnecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. to, que las constelaciones simblicas no conocen lmites geogrficos, terriIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come the last five years toriales o comunitarios; concretamente en through este caso indica que, se trate de in far los better shape than that any of its Cone neighbors, and mapuches o los no of mapuches, lasSouthern respuestas no son significativamente employment and Especialmente growth figuresla rebounded first months of 2003. Thede mediferentes. dimensinin econmica, la del consumo Concertacin may well be in muestran a positionesta in 2005 to claimque credit for dios y la esfera familiar caracterstica pone engood entredicho economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonla idea de unidad cultural de la sociedad mapuche. democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned Interpenetracin en el espacio econmico Los problemas econmicos a los que el gobierno debiese dedicar un mayor esfuerzo en resolver son la pobreza y el empleo, tanto para los mapuches como para los no mapuches. No hay mayores distinciones entre ellos, como se aprecia en el Grfico N 1. Los datos de la encuesta Casen 2003 indican una situacin clara en trminos de pobreza en Chile: hay ms poblacin bajo la lnea de pobreza en las zonas rurales y, dentro de ellas, los indgenas son ms pobres. Cerca del 30% de los hogares indgenas estn bajo la lnea de pobreza, en tanto esta cifra alcanza al 18% en la poblacin no indgena (Mideplan, 2005). Si las condiciones concretas de existencia se representaran de modo directo en las constelaciones simblicas, cabra esperar una diferencia significativa entre ambas. Lo que se observa en los datos de la encuesta CEP es ms bien interpenetracin. En el espacio rural, la diferencia entre los mapuches y los

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 78 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since A the coalitions early ZONA years GRFICO N 1: ATENCIN DEL GOBIERNO PROBLEMAS PAS SEGN DE in government during RESIDENCIA the 1990s.(%) Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so 60as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component 51 50 parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided 46 48 divorce and access to birth over social issues, such as the 40 legal status of 45 40 control. Finally, 40 by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the 38 Pobreza 37 presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Sueldos 30 30 26 standards of multiparty Empleo elected by popular vote) for 1625years. By the 28 Inflacin coalitions 20 anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 10 charges 7 against members, 7 corruption including the8 stripping of 4 parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so Mapuche urbano No mapuche urbano Mapuche rural No mapuche rural long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as no mapuches no es significativa (51% y 45% respectivamente). Se advierte necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. incluso que la mayor distancia se da al interior de los mapuches segn su In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years lugar de residencia: urbano (37%) o rural (51%). En el empleo, las tendencias in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and son similares a la apreciacin de la pobreza. En los sueldos y las alzas de employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The precio o inflacin, las respuestas prcticamente no establecen diferencias Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good entre los mapuches y los no mapuches, sean urbanos o rurales. Podra economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonpensarse que las escasas diferencias entre ambas poblaciones su interpedemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned netracin se deben a que el tema de referencia son los problemas del pas, sin embargo la tendencia se mantiene cuando se trata de los problemas de los mapuches. El Grfico N 2 muestra esta interpenetracin de visiones. La pobreza se mantiene en primer lugar sin variaciones significativas, lo mismo acontece con el empleo y con el acceso al crdito y la asistencia tcnica. Es en los ltimos dos casos donde nuevamente la distincin urbano/rural introduce diferencias: la poblacin rural valora en mayor proporcin que la urbana el empleo y el acceso al crdito como los problemas de los mapuches a los que el gobierno debe prestar atencin. En un estudio del ao 2003, el PNUD ha constatado altas inequidades entre la poblacin mapuche y no mapuche especialmente en la regin de la Araucana, la de menor desarrollo relativo en el pas (PNUD, 2003). Las diferencias que entrega el ndice de desarrollo humano para ambas poblaciones son altas en las dimensiones de salud, educacin e ingresos. En esta ltima dimensin hay 13% ms de pobreza y 60% menos de ingreso per cpita. La propia encuesta CEP indica que slo un 25% de los mapuches

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 79 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in GRFICO N 2: ATENCIN DEL GOBIERNO A PROBLEMAS MAPUCHES SEGN ZONA DE government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially RESIDENCIA (%) galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 40 might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are 35 37internally divided 37 over social issues, such as the 34 legal status of divorce and access to birth 30 33 control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the 31 Concertacin 30will have held the presidency25 and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house 26 Pobreza 25 elected by Empleo 20popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty Acceso a crdito coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential 15 systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 10 charges against members, 13 corruption including the stripping of 10 parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the 5 7 5 general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might Mapuche conclude, thaturbano the coalition is simply ready urbano then, No mapuche Mapuche rural No mapuche rural to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as rurales trabaja a tiempo completo (los urbanos lo hacen en un 44%). Como necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. en el caso anterior, estas condiciones concretas de existencia, sin embargo, In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years no se traducen directamente en expresiones simblicas diferenciadas para in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and ambos grupos. En relacin con nuestro problema, ello indica dos cuestioemployment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The nes: la autonoma de las representaciones simblicas en relacin con las Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good prcticas y la interpenetracin entre los mapuches y los no mapuches en economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the noncuanto a sus visiones de pas y tnicas en aspectos econmicos. democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned La confianza en empresas tambin muestra la interpenetracin en temas relacionados con lo econmico: mapuches y no mapuches urbanos confan menos que los rurales en las grandes empresas (22% y 23% para los primeros; 34% y 36% para los segundos, respectivamente). En cuanto a la confianza en pequeas y medianas empresas sta se mantiene prcticamente constante en el espacio urbano (45% y 47% respectivamente en el mismo orden de los grficos). Una mayor diferencia entre poblaciones se da en el mbito rural. Ah los mapuches alcanzan un 43% de confianza, mientras que los no mapuches un 52%. De cualquier modo, las diferencias no logran altos niveles como para poner en duda la interpenetracin simblica en este campo. Es en el anlisis de las causas de la pobreza mapuche donde pueden apreciarse con claridad las zonas de mayor o menor interpenetracin en las formulaciones simblicas de las respectivas poblaciones. El Grfico N 3 muestra un panorama general a este respecto.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 80 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has somewhat since the coalitions early years in GRFICO N 3:slowed CAUSAS DE LA POBREZA MAPUCHE (%) government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and Falta de educacin 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 50 Poco empleo might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component Padres pobres parties most notably the Christian 40 Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth 30 Falta ayuda gobierno Mala suerte control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, 20the Concertacin will have held the 10 of Deputies (the legislative house presidency and a majority in the Chamber elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty 0 Malaspresidential polticas coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas Falta de generosidad systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in economa 2002, and the Abusos Vicios general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so Flojera long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Discriminacin Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed No mapuche rural No mapuche urbano Mapuche rural Mapuche urbano undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. Tres grandes reas pueden has apreciarse aqu: la asociada a years temas de In the first place, the Chilean economy come through the last five discriminacin (discriminacin, flojera, vicios y alcoholismo, in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, falta and de generosidad de los que tienen ms), la vinculada a temas de poltica pbliemployment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The ca (falta de educacin, pocas oportunidades de empleo, falta de ayuda Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good econmica del gobierno, malas polticas econmicas de gobierno), y la economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonrelacionada a los individuos (padres pobres, mala suerte). En el rea de democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned discriminacin, los no mapuches rurales tienden a pensar que la pobreza mapuche no se debe a la discriminacin (16%); son sin embargo tambin quienes en mayor proporcin opinan que aquella se produce por la flojera, los vicios y alcoholismo que tendra este grupo tnico (respectivamente 36% y 28%). Es decir, los no mapuches rurales son los ms discriminatorios, pero no se perciben como tal. Se trata de lo que en nuestros trminos podra ser calificado como una inconsistencia en las expresiones simblicas de los no mapuches rurales. En un estudio clsico sobre los mapuches, Milan Stuchlik ya haba llamado la atencin sobre este estereotipo. Lo denomin el perodo de los indios flojos y borrachos (Stuchlik, 1974), cuyo inicio sita el autor a fines del siglo XIX luego de la llegada de la inmigracin europea. La evaluacin de Stuchlik, de hace ms de treinta aos, sigue teniendo vigencia: en ciertas condiciones histricas la sociedad chilena misma empez a adscribir importancia a estos dos rasgos, porque a travs de ellos poda lograr una explicacin simple y fcil del porqu de la situacin econmica postergada en que se encuentran los mapuche y que en realidad la culpa no est en la

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 81 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since theproducciones, coalitions early years in sociedad mayor, en el rgimen de las sino en los mapuche government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially mismos (Stuchlik, 1974: 44). Con su idea de estereotipo, Stuchlik buscaba galvanized around opposition to culturales the Pinochet regime of these1970s and demostrar que los cambios en los mapuches deban menos a 1980s,cambios so as time passes, compelling force that initiallamotivation reales que a the las evaluaciones de lo of que llamaba sociedad mayor. might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component El problema con ello es que treinta aos despus, por efecto de la interpeneparties tracin most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided simblica, no son pocos los mapuches que tambin lo observan de over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to este modo: 14% de los que viven en zonas urbanas y 21% debirth los que lo control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the 16% hacen en zonas rurales as lo indican para los vicios y el alcoholismo; presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the respecto legislative de mapuches urbanos y 15% de rurales lo afirman dehouse la flojera y elected by de popular vote) Para for 16 By the la standards falta iniciativa. los years. no mapuches situacinof es multiparty similar para los coalitions anywhere, less among Latin Americas urbanos y mayor much en los rurales: 16% de los no mapuchespresidential urbanos y 28% de systems, Concertacin is geriatric, the scars son of miscellaneous losthe rurales piensan que los vicios bearing y el alcoholismo causa de la pobreza mapuche, mientras que un 21% de los urbanos y the un 36% de los rurales la corruption charges against members, including stripping of atribuyen a la flojera y falta iniciativa. parliamentary rights from five of de the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the En lo referido las cuestiones de poltica pblica, la falta general disillusionment thatagoes with holding the reins of power for de soeducacin como causa de la pobreza no introduce distinciones mayores, long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. como tampoco lo hace la evaluacin general de las polticas de gobierno. La escaAny of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed sez dethe empleo y la falta debut ayuda muestran menoras interpeundermine Concertacin, wedel dogobierno not regard theseuna factors netracin en el espacio rural entresurvival los mapuches y los no mapuches. En necessarily devastating to the coalitions for a number of reasons. ambos casos primeros escapan a la tendencia general, cualquier In the first place, the los Chilean economy has come through the last fivede years modo, por bajos porcentajes de diferencia. Finalmente, en causas ms de in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and tipo individual o familiar, las diferencias no alcanzan a ser sustantivas. employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Ello muestramay que en este de cuestiones la interpenetracin simblica Concertacin well betipo in a position in 2005 to claim credit for goodes alta, es decir, la situacin se evala ms individualmente y menos culturalmente. economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonEn conexin con este ltimo punto, aparecen tambin las expectatidemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned vas familiares respecto del trabajo futuro de los hijos. Los cuatro grupos aspiran indistintamente a que sus hijos o hijas tengan una profesin (alrededor del 80% por sobre otras alternativas que en general no pasan del 10% oficio, oficinista, comerciante, apatronado, obrero, temporero). La Tabla N 1 muestra los porcentajes respectivos.

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TABLA N 1:

ACTIVIDAD DESEADA PARA HIJOS E HIJAS SEGN GRUPO Y ZONA DE RESIDENCIA (%)

Mapuche urbano Hija Profesin Oficinista/secretaria Hijo Profesin Oficio

No mapuche urbano

Mapuche rural

No mapuche rural

85 7 85 5

86 6 84 4

71 11 69 13

77 8 76 13

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 82 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early Como claramente se aprecia, la diferencia no viene dadayears por la in distingovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially cin mapuche/no mapuche, sino fundamentalmente por la distincin urbagalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and no/rural. En ambos espacios la interpenetracin simblica de los grupos, su 1980s, so as time the compelling forcediferencia of that initial indistincin, espasses, alta. La poco significativa entre motivation mapuche y no might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component mapuche en el medio rural se desplaza hacia una segunda alternativa en parties most notably the Christian Democrats cada caso: que los hijos tengan un oficio y queare las internally hijas sean divided secretarias. overDel social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to carcter de todos modos tcnico de esta segunda alternativa birth se puede control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin have heldel the inferir que tambin esperaran una profesin para suswill hijos e hijas; oficio presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house en estos casos aparecera como la opcin ante la dificultad de lo primero. elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential Interpenetracin en relacin con los medios de comunicacin systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of Lo que ms all de los crculos acadmicos se sabe en Chile de los parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the mapuches, se sabe por los medios de comunicacin de masas. Desde los general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so aos noventa en adelante, la imagen construida ha estado especialmente long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. asociada a las protestas por la propiedad de la tierra (Garca, 2004). ResultaAny of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed do de esto es la vinculacin entre hechos de fuerza y lo mapuche a travs undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as de la categora meditica de conflicto mapuche (Amolef, 2004). La incipiente necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. produccin meditica filomapuche, fundamentalmente expuesta a travs de In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years internet, rechaza la configuracin pblica del tema (en Chile y Argentina) en in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and dos sentidos: que sea un problema slo de los ltimos aos y que est employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The manejado por agentes externos, sea que se trate de otros movimientos indConcertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good genas en Amrica Latina o de infiltrados polticos (Maniqueo, 2003). Eneconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nontiende, por tanto, esta idea de conflicto como una forma de oscurecer el democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned carcter endgeno e histrico de los problemas de tierras. No es materia de anlisis aqu determinar si hay o no conspiracin meditica tras la idea de conflicto mapuche o si los medios pueden dejar de informar sobre determinados hechos que les parezcan noticiosos. Informan tambin sistemticamente sobre hechos de corrupcin o pedofilia y pocos derivaran de ello una conspiracin contra corruptos o pedfilos. El foco de la observacin meditica filomapuche es ms bien poltico y se centra en las consecuencias de entender las cosas de este modo: la solucin del as llamado conflicto mapuche pasa por [revertir] el despojo de sus tierras ancestrales, adems de estar indirectamente instigando a las autoridades de gobierno sobre la necesidad de establecer mecanismos legales acordes que faciliten el despojo territorial de los mapuches (Maniqueo, 2003). En la seccin VII observamos que de este tipo de aproximaciones se deriva el alto rendimiento poltico del concepto de cultura. De todos modos, si para el comn de los mapuches las cosas se representaran de ese modo, su confianza o desconfianza en los medios de comunicacin debiese ser sensible-

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 83 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed sinceno the coalitions early years inmbito mente distinta a lasomewhat de la poblacin mapuche, especialmente en el government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially rural que es donde se escenifica el problema entre agentes de ambos grugalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of theque 1970s and con pos. La Tabla N 2 muestra algunos datos al respecto sostienen 1980s,claridad so as time passes, the compelling of that initial motivation la interpenetracin simblica force en este tema. might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided TABLA N 2: CONFIANZA EN MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIN GRUPO Y ZONA DE over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and SEGN access to birth RESIDENCIA (%) control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house No mapuche Mapuche No mapuche elected by popular vote) forMapuche 16 years. By the standards of rural multiparty urbano urbano Americas presidential rural coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous Confianza en prensa Confa 21 24 8 39 corruption charges against members, including the 3stripping of No confa 78 76 7 58 parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 52002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so Confianza en tv Confa 2 3 the coalition 2 5 is simply ready 4 4 to expire. 4 7 long. One might conclude, then, that No confa 75 75 51 Any of these forces, or some combination of them,5 4 could indeed undermine theenConcertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Confianza radio Confa 50 5 3 for a number 6 6 of reasons. 67 necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival No confa 48 46 32 31 In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and employment and figures reboundedde inla first months of 2003. The Paragrowth una mejor visualizacin interpenetracin en los sectores Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good urbanos y rurales entre mapuches y no mapuches, puede observarse el economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonGrfico N 4. democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
GRFICO N 4: CONFIANZA EN MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIN SEGN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA (%)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Mapuche urbano No mapuche urbano Mapuche rural No mapuche rural

Confa en prensa No confa en prensa Confa en TV No confa en TV Confa en radio No confa en radio

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 84 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed en somewhat since the tanto coalitions early years Se advierte primer lugar que, los mapuches como in los no government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially mapuches, rurales y urbanos, desconfan mayormente de la prensa y la TV y galvanized opposition to the regime ofesta the desconfianza 1970s and es tienden around a confiar en la radio. En Pinochet el espacio urbano 1980s, so as time mayor, passes,al the compelling of that con initial motivation notoriamente contrario de loforce que sucede la confianza en la might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its radio, cuyos porcentajes alcanzan al 66% (mapuche) y 67%component (no mapuche) parties most the Christian Democrats are internally divided en el sector notably rural. Tanto la confianza como la desconfianza en la prensa y la overTV social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth en el espacio urbano se comportan prcticamente del mismo modo entre control. Finally, byythe elections, las thecurvas Concertacin will have los mapuches los2005 no mapuches: no se separan porheld msthe de dos presidency a majorityEn in the Chamber ofla Deputies (the legislative house de puntos and porcentuales. el sector rural, separacin es mnima respecto elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty la desconfianza (1% en relacin con la prensa; 3% en relacin con la TV; 1% coalitions anywhere, much yless among Latin Americas en relacin con la radio) sucede algo similar en relacin presidential con la confianza systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous en los tres medios. corruptionNotoria charges members, including the stripping of es against nuevamente la diferencia en el comportamiento de los parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies and de thecondatos entre lo rural y lo urbano. En ambos espacios in la 2002, gradiente general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins ofnotoriamente power for so fianza es: radio-TV-prensa, pero los porcentajes suben en el long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready toen expire. espacio rural, es decir, se confa en los medios ms ah que la ciudad; Any of these combination of them,Al could indeed inversamente los forces, niveles or de some desconfianza son menores. focalizar la obundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors servacin en el sector rural, la interpenetracin de las opiniones llama as ms la necessarily devastating to the survival for a number of reasons. atencin si se considera la coalitions idea meditica de conflicto mapuche, que justaIn the first place, the Chilean economy has through the rurales. last fiveEllo years mente tiene lugar entre los mapuches y come los no mapuches puede in far betterdos shape than that of grupo any ofatiende its Southern Cone neighbors, and su indicar cosas: que cada a los medios que representan employment growth figures first months The para posicin and o que la misma idea rebounded de conflictoin mapuche no es of tan2003. relevante Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good el comn de los mapuches y que los medios se valoran por otro tipo de economic stewardship. Next, entregar. many of La the issues alternativa surrounding the noninformaciones que puedan primera es ms difcil de democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned sostener dada la cobertura ms o menos hegemnica de determinados medios. La existencia de medios regionales tampoco pareciera entregar sustento a esta posibilidad, precisamente por la concentracin de la propiedad (Marn y Cordero, 2005). La segunda alternativa (que la idea de conflicto no es relevante en la evaluacin de los medios y que ellos se valoran por otras informaciones) parece ms plausible y es concordante con la alta confianza que muestra la radio en medios rurales, cuya entrega de informacin incluso alcanza a mensajes personalizados de alta utilidad para zonas apartadas. Una forma de visualizar esta hiptesis a partir de los datos de la encuesta es la siguiente. Si el carcter instrumental de los medios, orientado a debilitar el movimiento mapuche contenido en la categora meditica de conflicto mapuche, fuese claro para la poblacin mapuche rural, entonces se puede esperar que aquellos mapuches que justifican el uso de la fuerza para reclamar tierras (presumiblemente los ms favorables a la recuperacin de ellas) debieran mostrar mayor desconfianza en los medios que los no mapuches que no la justifican. La Tabla N 3 muestra esta relacin.

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 85 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since theSEGN coalitions early years inPOR TABLA N 3: CONFIANZA EN LOS MEDIOS JUSTIFICA USO DE FUERZA government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially GRUPO Y ZONA DE RESIDENCIA (%) galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial Mapuche rural No motivation mapuche rural might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its Justifica No justifica Justificacomponent No justifica parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Confianza en prensa control. Finally, the Concertacin will4 have held the3 7 Confa by the 2005 elections, 43 35 3 No and confa 57 65 57 presidency a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house6 3 en TV electedConfianza by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty Confa 46 43 48 48 coalitions much less No anywhere, confa 5 4 among Latin 5 7 Americas 5 2 presidential 52 Confianza en radio systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous Confa 67 65 67 69 corruption charges against members, including the 3stripping of3 1 No confa 33 35 3 parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Sithese se observa slo primera columna of para el caso de la prensa y la Any of forces, or la some combination them, could indeed TV, se podra afirmar que los mapuches rurales en general perciben un undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as carcter antagnico en los medios y por ello mayormente desconfan. Pero necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. luego se aprecia que los no mapuches se comportan prcticamente del misIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years modo. Ms an, para el caso deSouthern la prensa, los mapuches in far mo better shape than that of any of its Cone neighbors,rurales and que justifican el uso de la fuerza (primera columna), desconfan de ella en menor employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The proporcin (57%) que los no mapuches rurales que estn en desacuerdo Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good con su uso (63%, ltima columna). Es decir los mapuches ms a economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the favorables nonla recuperacin de the tierras confan era en la prensa ms the que los no mapuches democratic legacy of Pinochet including renowned que desaprueban el uso de la fuerza. La categora meditica de conflicto mapuche no opera como factor relevante en la evaluacin de los medios para la generalidad de los mapuches. Tampoco lo hace en relacin con la TV y menos en la radio, donde la interpenetracin es casi absoluta. Que el conflicto mapuche como descripcin meditica no haga diferencia en la evaluacin de los medios no significa que el conflicto mismo sea irrelevante. Ello est a la base del empleo de la cultura como concepto poltico. Pero s permite indicar que los mapuches no observan los medios slo bajo este registro y que su evaluacin de ellos no difiere de la que hace la poblacin no mapuche. En nuestros trminos, la interpenetracin en esta dimensin es alta e incluso puede aumentar con el acceso a internet. Segn indicadores de la encuesta CASEN 2003, un 70,2% de hombres mapuches de 12 a 19 aos accede a computador y un 67% tiene conexin a internet; en las mujeres estas cifras son similares: 69,6% y 63,1% respectivamente (Mideplan, 2005). Poco se puede predecir de su uso, salvo que ste se asocia estrechamente a los niveles educativos, y entre los pueblos indgenas de

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 86 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy hasmapuches slowed somewhat coalitions early years in Sin Chile los son los con since menos the aos de escolaridad (INE , 2005). government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially embargo, los efectos interpenetracionistas de esta tecnologa, la vinculagalvanized to the Pinochet de regime of the 1970s and que cin a around diversasopposition constelaciones simblicas carcter supranacional 1980s, so as time compelling force of cultural that initial motivation posibilita, slo passes, pueden the aumentar la iterabilidad de lo que se juzga might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component como propio e inconmovible. parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Interpenetracin en la familia y la the mantencin de pautas control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house concepto la antropologa, ademsof del concepto de elected by Otro popular vote) clave for 16de years. By the standards multiparty cultura,anywhere, es el de parentesco. estudios de Americas Claude Lvi-Strauss son los coalitions much lessLos among Latin presidential que pusieron el tema en el centro de inters antropolgico. La centralidad systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous del parentesco para Lvi-Strauss estriba en que permite poner un of lmite corruption charges against members, including the stripping entre cultura y naturaleza: lo que confieredeputies al parentesco su and carcter parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions in 2002, the de hecho social no es lo quegoes debe with conservar de la naturaleza: es el movimiento general disillusionment that holding the reins of power for so esencial por el cual el parentesco se separa de sta (Lvi-Strauss, 1968: 49). long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. El Any punto cero es la prohibicin universal del incesto: un hombre nicamenof these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed te puede obtener una mujer but de manos denot otroregard hombre, el cual la cede undermine the Concertacin, we do these factors as bajo forma de hija o de hermana (Lvi-Strauss, 1968: 45). Fue David Schneider necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. quien el tab, no economy por casarse con la hermana, sino por su years crtica de In the first rompi place, the Chilean has come through the last five la better distincin cultura/naturaleza. Schneider la Cone misma distincin and cultura/ in far shape than that of anyPara of its Southern neighbors, naturaleza es growth cultural,figures por lo que ella no puede ser aplicada sociedades employment and rebounded in first months of a2003. The no occidentales y well derivar ah la estructuracin del credit parentesco. ste es Concertacin may be desde in a position in 2005 to claim for good slo un modelo simblico que se expresa en cdigos de comportamiento, economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonsea para legacy parientes no consanguneos (Schneider, 1968). democratic ofconsanguneos the Pinocheto era including the renowned Esto por cierto cuenta para los parientes polticos, como tambin podra contar especialmente en espacios populares latinoamericanos para amigos familiarizados (ver Valenzuela y Cousio, 2000). Algo de esto puede apreciarse en los datos de la encuesta, como tambin puede apreciarse que las variaciones no son mayores entre mapuches y no mapuches. El Grfico N 5 muestra estos porcentajes. Ante la pregunta a quin considera usted sus parientes ms cercanos?, la gradiente es, tanto para mapuches urbanos y rurales: todos-familia de la madre-familia del padre-familia esposo(a). Esto indica que la relacin de consanguinidad no es determinante en la percepcin de la cercana familiar, pues en todos se incluye tambin a la familia del esposo o esposa, es decir, a los parientes polticos. Probablemente por ello es la de menor valor en las respuestas. En los mapuches rurales esta diferencia es ms notoria: 47% indica la opcin todos, seguido de la familia de la madre con un 23%. Mapuches urbanos y rurales muestran la misma tendencia, sus apreciacio-

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 87 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has N slowed somewhat the SEGN coalitions years in GRFICO 5: PARIENTES MS since CERCANOS GRUPOSearly Y ZONA DE RESIDENCIA (%)1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially government during the galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 50 time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 1980s, so as might naturally and even its component 45 weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, 47 40 parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided 38 40 35 status of divorce and access to birth over social 35 issues, such as the legal control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have heldFamilia the padre 30 32 in the Chamber 32 presidency and a majority of Deputies (the legislative house Familia madre 23 Familia esposo/a 23 of multiparty elected by 25 popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards Todos 20 No sabe coalitions anywhere, 17much less 16among Latin 17 Americas presidential 16 systems, the 15Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 11 12 stripping of corruption 10 charges against members, including the 8 8 parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the 5 2 3 2 2 the reins of general disillusionment that goes with holding power for so No mapuche rural Mapuche rural long. One mightMapuche conclude, thaturbano the coalition is simply ready to expire. No mapuche urbano then, Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as nes se observan interpenetradas. Los no mapuches urbanos en tanto, otornecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. gan una mnima mayor relevancia a la familia de la madre, mientras que los In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years rurales sitan a la familia del esposo o esposa en tercer lugar y en in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, andltimo lugar aand la del padre. En larebounded comparacin entre mapuches y no The mapuches employment growth figures in first months of 2003. urbanosmay hay well algo menos variacin que en mbito rural. Sin embargo, Concertacin be in ade position in 2005 toel claim credit for good las diferencias no son nunca de alto rango. La interpenetracin simblica economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonaparecelegacy tambinof en the la dimensin familiar. democratic Pinochet era including the renowned Por cierto no es posible evaluar la existencia de amigos familiarizados en base a los datos de la encuesta. No obstante, una posibilidad de explorar esta vertiente es por medio de la pregunta a quin pedira ayuda para un mingako, construccin o reparacin de casa?, entendiendo que en una empresa de tal naturaleza es difcil la participacin de gente con la que no se tiene una estrecha cercana, tanto o ms que con la familia directa. Frente a tal pregunta, en porcentajes altamente similares mapuches y no mapuches, urbanos y rurales, indican la opcin otras personas como la ms nombrada (en el mismo orden de los grficos para los cuatro grupos: 33%, 36%, 36% y 43%). Las otras alternativas son: familia del padre, de la madre o ambas. Puede ser que el tipo de personas difiera en cada caso. Los residentes en zonas urbanas pueden estar imaginando arquitectos y constructores, sin embargo la alta homogeneidad de la serie de datos no invita a pensar en esta alternativa y ms bien promueve la idea de un grupo de personas cercanas con las que no hay vnculos de parentesco, pero que, sin embargo, son tanto o ms cercanas que la familia.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 88 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has somewhat the coalitions early a years in Otroslowed dato relevante en el since espacio familiar es el relativo las opciones government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially matrimoniales. Nuevamente aqu se evidencia la alta interpenetracin entre galvanized around tolothe Pinochet regime thela 1970s and mapuches y no opposition mapuches, a que se agrega en esteof caso prcticamente 1980s, so as time passes,por thezonas compelling force of initial motivation inexistente diferencia de residencia (al that menos no estadsticamente might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its significativa). La Tabla N 4 da cuenta de esta informacin. component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the TABLA N 4: CASAMIENTO POR EL CIVIL Y LA IGLESIA SEGN GRUPO Y ZONA DE presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house RESIDENCIA (%) elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential Mapuche urbano No mapuche Mapuche rural No mapuche rural systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous urbano corruption charges against members, including the stripping of Se cas por el civil from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the parliamentary rights S 98 98 98 96 generalNo disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so 2 2 2 4 long. One conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Se casmight por la iglesia S 5 8some combination 61 5 7 could indeed 59 Any of these forces, or of them, No 42 39 43 41 undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years in far better shape thanen that of any of itsmantencin Southern Cone neighbors, and Finalmente, lo relativo a la de pautas, es claro que a employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The los mapuches les preocupa ms (89% urbanos, 87% rurales) que a los no Concertacin well be in69% a position in to claim credit mapuche. for good Sin mapuchesmay (74% urbanos, rurales) la2005 prdida de la cultura economic stewardship. Next, grupos many of the issues surrounding the non- ms embargo, cuando ambos son interrogados por las prcticas democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned importantes para mantener la cultura mapuche, las valoraciones de las alternativas son prcticamente idnticas. Dada la experiencia, los conocimientos, la socializacin en el espacio simblico mapuche, se debiese esperar que en lo relativo a la mantencin de pautas se apreciara una diferencia alta entre ambos grupos. El Grfico N 6 muestra, por el contrario, una interpenetracin casi perfecta entre ellos. Notable es que slo en tres de las trece opciones exista una diferencia, en cualquier caso no significativa, entre 3 y 5 puntos porcentuales entre los mapuches y los no mapuches. La opcin que no se discrimine a los mapuches arroja 32% para mapuches y 35% para no mapuches; el reconocimiento constitucional indica 32% y 27% respectivamente, y casarse o formar familia entre mapuches muestra un 14% para los primeros y un 17% para los segundos. En todas las otras opciones, la diferencia es de un punto o inexistente, la interpenetracin se hace evidente. Sobre la base de estos ltimos datos ha sido construido un ndice para determinar, en relacin con la variable edad, dnde se encuentran las

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 89 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in GRFICO N 6: ELEMENTOS PARA MANTENER CULTURA MAPUCHE SEGN GRUPO (%) government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 60time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 1980s, so as might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component 50 parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social 40 issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Mapuche control. Finally, the 30 by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held No mapuche presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house 20 elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty 10 coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential systems, the0Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. 2. El Grfizonas de mayor interpenetracin entre mapuches y no In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through themapuches last five years N 7 muestra lathat interpenetracin los mapuches y los no and mapuches in far co better shape than of any of itsentre Southern Cone neighbors, segn tramos de edad para las tres dimensiones construidas. employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The primera constatacin es in que la interpenetracin para los Concertacin La may well be in a position 2005 to claim credit es foralta good tres tramos de edad, pertenecer o no a la etnia mapuche no constituye un economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonelemento decisivo imagen que se including construye parathe las tres dimensiones, democratic legacy of en thela Pinochet era renowned como por lo dems ya se haba mostrado en el Grfico N 6. Analizadas por separado, ellas expresan algunas diferencias mnimas. La territorialidad es menos relevante entre los ms jvenes, la interpenetracin en ellos en este aspecto es plena. Para esta dimensin, los datos muestran una separacin entre los de 55 aos y ms: los mapuches mayores consideran la territorialidad ms relevante que los no mapuches de su misma edad. La interpenetracin ah es algo menor que en los ms jvenes. Los componentes de la
2 El ndice, realizado de manera simple sobre la base de suma de porcentajes, agrupa las alternativas de respuesta en tres dimensiones: territorialidad (compuesta por: vivir del trabajo de la tierra, vivir en una comunidad mapuche, casarse o formar familia entre mapuches, que los mapuches no se vayan a vivir a la ciudad), esfera poltica (compuesta por: que el estado entregue tierras a los mapuches, que en las oficinas pblicas los trmites se puedan hacer en lengua mapuche, que la Constitucin reconozca a los mapuches, que no se discrimine a los mapuches, que los conflictos entre mapuche se puedan resolver de acuerdo a sus costumbres) y esfera simblica (compuesta por: hablar la lengua mapuche, conocer la historia del pueblo mapuche, participar en ceremonias o ritos mapuches, tener acceso a lugares para la celebracin de ceremonias y ritos).

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ab la Co r ma p n Q ue oce uch no r h e Re co se isto no Vi disc ria ci vi m r d rim ie n e l ine Es to ta con a tie do s r en titu ra Vi treg cion ue al Ca vir tie e s rra Re Part ars n c e o i s so ci m e pa ntr un lv er r e m id co en a nf rit apu d os li c A ctos ma hes cc p es or puc o co he a s s Tr luga tum m re br ite s d e se er N ito n o vi ma s pu vi re ch n ci e ud ad

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 90 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the SEGN coalitions early years in GRFICO N 7: NDICE DE INTERPENETRACIN EDAD Y GRUPOS (%) government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 100 might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided 93 92 91 92 over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth 91 90 91 90 88 2005 elections, the Concertacin will control. Finally, by the have held the 87 presidency and a majority85 in the Chamber86 of Deputies (the legislative house 85 elected by popular vote) for 16 years. 80 By the standards of multiparty 83 83 80 coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential 79 systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 74 corruption charges against members, including the stripping of 73 70 rights from parliamentary five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. 60 these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Any of 30-54 55 y ms 18-29 undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as necessarily devastating Territorialidad to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. mapuche Territorialidad no mapuche In the first place, the Chilean has come Poltica through the last five years no mapuche Poltica economy mapuche Simblica no mapuche mapuche in far better shape thanSimblica that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good dimensin simblica operan de modo contrario: la interpenetracin es menor economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonen los jvenes de 18 a 29; entre los de 30 y ms las variables contenidas en democratic legacy of theentre Pinochet era yincluding renowned ella no hacen diferencia mapuches no mapuches.the Es decir, lo simblico adquiere mayor relevancia en los ms jvenes. Finalmente, en lo referido a lo poltico se mantiene una distancia para los tres tramos de edad, la que incluso se abre algo ms en el tercer tramo. La edad permite hacer algunas diferencias menores en los niveles de interpenetracin, pero tampoco se constituye en una variable que opere sistemticamente en las tres dimensiones. Para algunas situaciones ser joven predice menor interpenetracin, para otras, mayor interpenetracin, y viceversa. Ello da algunos indicios de la inconsistencia en las construcciones simblicas (seccin VI), as como tambin la mayor distancia observada en la dimensin poltica permite vislumbrar el empleo de la cultura como concepto poltico (seccin VII). Desde sus formulaciones clsicas la antropologa ha recurrido al concepto de aculturacin para indicar la prdida de lo propio y la creciente homogeneidad entre grupos de distinta trayectoria histrica o tnica (Herskovits, 1958). Su rendimiento principal es indicar que una cultura dominante

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 91 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early in sus introduce sus rasgos en una cultura minoritaria, la que por years ello pierde government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially elementos caractersticos y tiende a igualarse a la primera. Subyace siempre galvanized around opposition to todo the Pinochet of y the 1970s and la idea de cultura como un unificado,regime coherente total que se impone 1980s,oso as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation se desintegra. might naturally In addition, the Concertacin, simblicas, and even its component Laweaken. interpenetracin de formulaciones en cambio, tiene parties como most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided horizonte la iterabilidad de las observaciones individuales y el moviover social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth somiento siempre desplazante e inaprensible de diferentes constelaciones control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, no these Concertacin will cambia. have held the ciales emergentes. Lo mapuche acaba, sino que Mediante el presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house concepto de aculturacin el problema se pospone indefinidamente. Con l elected by popular vote) que for los 16 mapuches years. Byen the standards of multiparty habra que concluir Chile se chilenizan, como si en lo coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential chileno tambin existiera algo propio, unificado y coherente que no fuese a systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the oriental scars ofymiscellaneous la vez latinoamericano, occidental, tambin en ltima instancia corruption charges against members, including the stripping of universal. Habra que concluir tambin que los mapuches en Argentina se parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the argentinizan y preguntarse si eso los hace mapuche diferentes. Si se tratara general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of ltimos power for so referide aculturacin, habra igualmente que pensar que los datos long. One conclude, then, the coalition is(Grfico simply ready to expire. que son dos might a la mantencin de lathat cultura mapuche N 6) indican Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed stos los que han aculturado de tan buen modo a los chilenos que hoy ya undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as en las no pueden apreciarse diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. valoraciones de las prcticas centrales para la preservacin de lo que se In the first place, theLa Chilean economy has come through the last five yearsacultujuzga propio. hiptesis sera revolucionaria: un grupo minoritario in far ra better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and estos al dominante. La interpenetracin simblica, en cambio, observa employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The desplazamientos sin dramas conceptuales, como parte de los movimientos Concertacin mayen well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good de sentido una sociedad mundial compleja y diferenciada, e invita a economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonentender las diversas constelaciones simblicas heterrquica y contingendemocratic legacy of the Pinochet el era including thesus renowned temente, es decir, reconociendo hecho de que por constantes encuentros y desencuentros estn siendo permanentemente de otro modo.

VI. La deconstruccin de la cultura mapuche III: Inconsistencias Mientras el concepto de interpenetracin se orienta a perfilar la relacin entre constelaciones simblicas, la idea de inconsistencia indica las zonas de iterabilidad dentro de ellas. Nuevamente ha sido Milan Stuchlik quien ha formulado, en relacin a los mapuches, por primera vez esta idea con claridad: Tomando en cuenta que los mapuche hoy no constituyen un sistema funcionante, sino ms bien una categora amplia de individuos, delimitada por ciertos rasgos de identidad, y considerando el funcionamiento de los dos factores ya mencionados [permanencia de estructuras tradicionales y apertura hacia la sociedad global], es muy difcil formular hoy cualquier regla estructural o norma de comportamiento con validez general,

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 92 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since othe coalitions early years in porque todas son objeto de cambio de cierta reformulacin (Stuchlik, government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially 1974: 61-62). Cuando las cosas son as, las constelaciones simblicas cohegalvanized opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and rentes yaround holsticas se deconstruyen y descentran. 1980s, so as time passes, the force of thatde initial motivation Jacques Derrida ha compelling propuesto el concepto diffrance para dar might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its cuenta de esta iterabilidad simblica: Todo concepto est component por derecho y parties most notably theen Christian Democrats are internally divided esencialmente inscrito una cadena o en un sistema en el interior del cual overremite social al issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to otro, a los otros conceptos, por un juego sistemtico birth de difecontrol. Finally, by thetal, 2005 elections, ,the will have held un theconrencias. Un juego la diffrance ya Concertacin no es entonces simplemente presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house cepto, sino la posibilidad de la conceptualidad, del proceso y del sistema elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty conceptuales en general [] Podremos pues llamar diffrance a esta discorcoalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential dia activa, en movimiento, de fuerzas diferentes y de diferencias de fuersystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous zas (Derrida, 1989: 46, 53). Ningn signo es en s, sino que se constituye en corruption charges against including the stripping significante (posibilidad de members, la conceptualidad) por su diferencia conof otros, parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the por su desplazamiento y espaciamiento en relacin con otros. La significageneral that goes with holding the en reins of power for quedarso cindisillusionment nace de la praxis simblica y muere tambin ella. Le es difcil long. One might conclude, then, that coalition is simply ready to expire. se, le es difcil perdurar, pues enthe el juego sistemtico de diferencias siempre Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed de aparecen nuevas posibilidades en los envos y reenvos significantes undermine the Concertacin, but we not regard these factors cada encuentro y desencuentro. Por do ello, como lo formulaba ms as arriba necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. Schneider (1997), norma es a veces no-norma, como subir es a veces bajar. In the first place, the Chilean economy has son come the five years Las inconsistencias simblicas el through efecto de la last diffrance , son su in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and que expresin, y no pueden entenderse como vaciamiento cultural. Puesto employment andlugar growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The ellas tienen acntricamente, es posible entrar a su observacin desde Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good es mltiples rincones. La preocupacin por la prdida de la cultura mapuche economic stewardship. of tanto the issues the nonuno de ellos. ComoNext, es demany esperar, a los surrounding mapuches como a los no democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned mapuches el tema les preocupa en alto grado (88% a los primeros; 71% a los segundos). Dado que las inconsistencias se orientan ms hacia las zonas de iterabilidad interna, la comparacin con los no mapuches se hace innecesaria. Siendo esto as, se debiese esperar que en relacin con variables importantes para lo que se entiende como mantencin de la cultura mapuche, quienes expresan una mayor preocupacin por su prdida respondieran afirmativamente a aquellos elementos que permitiran su mantencin, como son la enseanza de la lengua o que los mapuches tengan mayor autonoma. Frente a la enseanza de la lengua, por ejemplo, se muestra una alta consistencia entre la mantencin de la cultura y la enseanza obligatoria de la lengua mapuche. En tanto a quienes no preocupa la mantencin de la cultura les parece que aqulla puede ser voluntaria. El Grfico N 8 muestra esta relacin. En ste y los siguientes grficos, el nivel de consistencia de las formulaciones se puede apreciar en los porcentajes de respuesta como tambin, visualmente, en la representacin grfica: si sta adquiere forma de equis o tal forma se insina, hay tendencia a la consistencia; si las lneas se observan paralelamente, se trata de inconsistencia.

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 93 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has N slowed somewhat theSEGN coalitions early POR years in (%) GRFICO 8: ENSEANZA DELsince LENGUAJE PREOCUPACIN CULTURA government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so 80 as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 69 might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component 70 60 parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided 60 over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth 50 control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the Obligatoria presidency40 and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Voluntaria 40 31 elected by 30popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential 20 systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 10 charges against members, including the stripping of corruption parliamentary 0 rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the preocupa general disillusionment Preocupa that goes with holdingNo the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do N not6,regard these factors entienden as Como se observ en el Grfico lo que los mapuches necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. como ms relevante para la mantencin de su cultura es hablar la lengua. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come y through the last years que el Investigaciones en los mapuches en Chile Argentina han five mostrado in far castellano better shape than that que of any of its en Southern and es una es la lengua aprenden primer Cone lugar; neighbors, el mapuzugun employment and growth figures rebounded inemplea, first months of 2003. The que segunda lengua que ocupa, cuando se dominios restringidos Concertacin well be adems in a position in 2005 to claim credit for pueden may identificarse, del marco religioso tradicional, en good la familia o economic many of the issues surrounding the nonen elstewardship. mejor de los Next, casos en grupos de amigos (Canuti, Gianelli y Vallega, democratic legacy of tanto the Pinochet era including the renowned 2004: 73). Es por coherente suponer que si constelaciones simblicas tradicionales son significadas en la lengua nativa, exista preocupacin por mantenerlas mediante la obligatoriedad de la enseanza de la lengua mapuche. El Grfico N 8 constata esta apreciacin. Algo menos importante para aquellos preocupados por la mantencin de la cultura, y donde ya se muestra una relativa inconsistencia, es en la participacin en ceremonias tpicamente mapuche, como el nguillatun y el machitn. Los Grficos N 9 y N 10 muestran esta relacin. En ambos casos, aquellos a quienes no preocupa la mantencin de la cultura mapuche son consistentes en sus respuestas: en altos porcentajes nunca han participado de tales rituales. Entre los que se declaran preocupados por la preservacin cultural hay un porcentaje no menor (40%) que ha participado del nguillatun, el que se reduce cuando se trata del machitn (29%). Aun cuando las lneas no se cruzan, tienden a la convergencia. Esto indica que si bien hay inconsistencia, ella es menor en lo referido a la primera ceremonia y algo mayor en la segunda. Todas las otras ceremonias o

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 94 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early in (%) GRFICO N 9: PARTICIPA EN NGUILLATUN SEGN PREOCUPACIN PORyears CULTURA government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so 80 as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 73 might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component 70 parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided 60 over social issues, such as58 the legal status of divorce and access to birth 50 control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the Ha participado presidency40 and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Nunca 40 elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty 30 coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential 26 20 systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption 10 charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the Preocupa No preocupa general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as GRFICOdevastating N 10: PARTICIPA MACHITN survival SEGN PREOCUPACIN POR CULTURA (%) necessarily to theEN coalitions for a number of reasons. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years in far better 90 shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and employment and growth figures rebounded in first81 months of 2003. The 80 Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good 70 economic stewardship. Next, 70 many of the issues surrounding the non60 legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned democratic
50 40 30 20 10 Preocupa No preocupa 29 18 Ha participado Nunca

actividades tpicamente mapuche consultadas en la encuesta (palin, wetripantu, mingako, acudir a la machi o al lonko), menos conocidas que el nguillatun y el machitn, se comportan como este ltimo: los interesados en la mantencin cultural no las consideran, muestran menos inters por participar en ellas. La inconsistencia comienza a aumentar cuando se trata de preguntas ms especficas, por ejemplo en lo relativo a la incorporacin de la bandera chilena en el nguillatun.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 95 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in GRFICO N 11: BANDERA CHILENA EN NGUILLATUN SEGN PREOCUPACIN POR government during the 1990s.(%) Moreover, the coalition itself was initially CULTURA galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 80 weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component might naturally 76 parties most Christian Democrats are internally divided 70 notably the 75 over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth 60 control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency 50 and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Parece bien elected by 40 popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty No parece bien coalitions 30 anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 20 corruption charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the 10 rights from 14 8 general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so Preocupa No preocupa long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as necessarily devastating to the for a number of reasons. En este caso, la coalitions tendencia asurvival la convergencia es mucho menor: hay In the first place, the Chilean economy the last five una alta inconsistencia simblicahas en come que a through los preocupados poryears la mantenin far cin better shape than that of any its Southern and de la cultura mapuche unof smbolo fuerte Cone de lo neighbors, que la interpretacin employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The clsica llamara cultura dominante, aparezca en una ceremonia orientada a la Concertacin maysocial, well be a position in 2005 claim operan credit for good integracin es in decir, donde accin y to smbolo conjuntamente economic stewardship. Next, many of the de issues surrounding the nony sirven a la recreacin de la unidad la sociedad. No se debe olvidar, democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned adems, que un 88% de los mapuches se interesa por la preservacin de la cultura, y slo un 8,5% no lo hace; es decir, la mayor parte de la poblacin se concentra en los preocupados. Es a ellos a los que mayoritariamente les parece bien la presencia de un smbolo que desde el modelo tradicional se juzgara externo. Requiere investigacin semitica, o ms bien gramatolgica, determinar el juego sistemtico de diferencias, la diffrance, en que la bandera adquiere significacin en el nguillatun y no slo la bandera, sino tambin la imagen de la Virgen Mara, la lectura de pasajes bblicos, la cueca (Foerster, 1985). Pero a juzgar por la valoracin positiva hacia ella, lo chileno juega un rol ritual en lo mapuche. Como probablemente lo formulara David Schneider, a veces lo externo es interno, en ocasiones lo ajeno es propio. Se podra hablar aqu tambin de interpenetracin. Pero no slo en una temtica especfica como es la bandera en el nguillatun se muestra la inconsistencia e iterabilidad de las formulaciones simblicas. Tambin emergen ellas en una dimensin de resonancia poltica mayor como es la relativa a la integracin o autonoma de lo mapuche frente

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 96 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early GRFICO N 12: AUTONOMA SEGN PREOCUPACIN POR CULTURA (%) years in government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 90 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 80 might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component 75 parties most notably 78 the Christian Democrats are internally divided 70 over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth 60 control. 50 Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the Integrarse presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative housems Ms autonoma 40 elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty 30 anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential coalitions systems,20 the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 17 20 corruption 10 charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the Preocupa No preocupa general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed a la sociedad chilena. Frentebut a la we interrogante de si las comunidades mapuundermine the Concertacin, do not regard these factors as ches deberan integrarse ms al resto de Chile for o deberan tener ms autononecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival a number of reasons. ma, las respuestas, segn la preocupacin por la mantencin de la cultura, In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years se better ordenan del modo siguiente. in far shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and Como se aprecia, ambos trazos sein disponen paralelamente, no conemployment and growth figures rebounded first months of 2003. The vergen. Comparado ste el primer la obligatoriedad Concertacin may well be incon a position in caso 2005observado to claim credit for good de la enseanza de la lengua, inconsistencia es mxima: aquellos economic stewardship. Next, manylaof the issues surrounding the non-a los que preocupa la mantencin de la cultura esperan una mayor integracin a democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned la sociedad chilena aun cuando sea esa integracin la que con mayor probabilidad pueda debilitar su cultura. Para la contrastacin de los niveles de inconsistencia con variables sociodemogrficas, se construy un ndice que diferencia en inconsistencia baja, media y alta3. Las Tablas N 5 y N 6 muestran los resultados por sexo, zona de residencia, tramos de edad y escolaridad. En relacin a la Tabla N 5, destaca una mayor proporcin de mujeres con alta inconsistencia simblica, como as tambin es notable la diferencia
3 Para la construccin de este ndice se emplearon los cuatro cruces de variables dicotmicas analizados en esta seccin que mostraban algn nivel de inconsistencia (grficos N 9 a N 12). A cada uno de los cuatro valores del cruce se le asign un puntaje de 1 a 2, donde 1 es inconsistencia baja y 2 inconsistencia alta. stos constituyen los indicadores del ndice. Los puntajes de los cuatro indicadores se sumaron en todos los cruces, lo que arroj un ndice general cuyo valor mnimo es 4 y de valor mximo 8. Estos valores se recodificaron segn el siguiente criterio: 4-5, inconsistencia baja / 6, inconsistencia media / 7-8, inconsistencia alta.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 97 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since theSEGN coalitions early years in Y TABLA N 5: NDICE DE INCONSISTENCIA SEXO, ZONA DE RESIDENCIA TRAMOS DEMoreover, EDAD (%) government during the 1990s. the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation Sexo Zona de residencia Tramos de edad might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component Hombre Mujer Urbano Rural 18-29 30-54 55 y ms parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social and to Baja issues, 1 6 such as 1 0 the legal 9status of1divorce 9 1 3 access 1 5 birth 9 control. Finally, will Media 2 5by the 2005 2 1 elections, 1 7 the Concertacin 32 2 1 have held 2 1 the 3 1 Alta and5a 9 majority6in 9 the Chamber 74 48 66 6 5house 6 0 presidency of Deputies (the legislative elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous TABLA N 6: NDICE DE INCONSISTENCIA SEGN AOS DE ESCOLARIDAD (%) corruption charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the de escolaridad general disillusionment that goes with Aos holding the reins of power for so 0-3 4-8 9-12 13 y ms No contesta long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Baja 13 16 9 18 0 undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Media 28 24 21 18 35 necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. Alta 60 60 70 64 65 In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and employment growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. They ruraen las and proporciones de inconsistencia entre los mapuches urbanos Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good les, y el aumento de la inconsistencia baja y media entre los ltimos algo economic Next, of todo the issues surrounding the Por nonque stewardship. se ha apreciado a lomany largo de el anlisis de datos. edad no democratic legacy of the salvo Pinochet including the renowned hay mayor diferencia, por laera disminucin de los niveles de inconsistencia simblica baja en el tramo 55 y ms y el aumento en ellos de la inconsistencia media. La Tabla N 6, por su parte, muestra una proporcin ms alta de inconsistencia entre 9 y 12 aos de escolaridad, es decir, entre aquellos que accedieron o terminaron la educacin media. Asimismo, la tabla muestra una persistente tendencia a la baja del nivel medio de inconsistencia a medida que aumentan los aos de escolaridad. No se pueden extraer conclusiones simples y unilaterales de todos estos datos. Cuando se observa la importancia atribuida a la lengua en el Grfico N 8, apresuradamente se puede leer una frrea defensa de la cultura; cuando se observa el Grfico N 12, otra vez apresuradamente, se puede leer casi un deseo por olvidarla. Ambos extremos existen, como tambin distintas situaciones intermedias ejemplificadas aqu por la participacin en ceremonias religiosas. Y si todo ello es posible con los mismos individuos, entonces esos individuos levitan por espacios simblicos mviles que no ordenan el mundo coherente ni unificadamente. Ellos ms bien se enfrentan

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 98 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed since the early in a significantes que somewhat adquieren sentido slo coalitions en el choque con years otros signifigovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially cantes en esa discordia activa en movimiento (Derrida, 2003) de smbolos galvanized to regionales the Pinochet of the 1970s and En que no around conocenopposition de fronteras o deregime necesariedades histricas. 1980s, so palabras, as time passes, the compelling force of son that inconsistentes, initial motivation otras las constelaciones simblicas porque might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component algunas veces no lo son y otras s. parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth VII. Cultura como poltico control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the concepto Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house las conclusiones del years. Congreso Mapuche de 1997, en su elected by En popular vote) for 16 By Nacional the standards of multiparty primer anywhere, punto, puede leerseless la siguiente El derecho a la cultura coalitions much among declaracin: Latin Americas presidential es el derecho a la existencia y a la identidad de un grupo tnico o pueblo, systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous por tantocharges la primera medida es definir una poltica cultural del pueblo of mapucorruption against members, including the stripping che. Las medidas econmicas y polticas son fundamentales desaparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002,para and el the rrollo de nuestra identidad tnica y cultural (Congreso Nacional Mapuche, general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so en Peyser, 69). then, La crtica a la culturaiscomo concepto long. One might2003: conclude, that the coalition simply ready totcnico expire. de la sociologa y la antropologa no puede entenderse crtica al emAny of these forces, or some combination of como them, una could indeed pleo semntico del conceptobut de cultura lasregard formulaciones de quienes undermine the Concertacin, we do en not these factors as se autodescriben culturalmente, menos survival an cuando mediante concepto necessarily devastating to the coalitions for a number ofese reasons. los individuos logran construir una imagen unitaria una ficcin lograda In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years (Clifford) de than aquello une y que lesneighbors, permite afirmar in far better shape thatque of entienden any of its los Southern Cone and su posicin and frente a otros que son sealadosin como a lo decir, employment growth figures rebounded firstajenos months ofpropio, 2003. es The como otros quewell se autodescriben por medio deto otra cultura. Concertacin may be in a position in 2005 claim credit for good Especialmente en una sociedad mundial creciente diferenciacin economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues de surrounding the nonestructural y semntica, mundo deera alta including iterabilidad simblica e individuademocratic legacy of theun Pinochet the renowned lizacin, la afirmacin de un sentido de unidad grupal, histrica o poltica se entiende como necesaria por los actores para contrarrestar las tendencias a la fragmentacin (Larran, 2000, 2005; Mascareo, 2006). En este sentido, la semntica cultural opera de modo contrafctico invisibilizando las diferencias, interpenetraciones e inconsistencias para resaltar la continuidad y coherencia de los mundos de vida. Entendida de esta forma, la cultura es simblica, tiende a unir lo que est diferenciado, pero a la vez es tambin diablica, separa esa unidad de otras, que por efecto de la separacin aparecen distintas. Slo entonces se puede hablar de lo autntico, de lo original, de lo invariable, de lo perdurable que une a un grupo determinado, incluso contra la vivencia psquica de que lo que ayer era, hoy ya no es. Quien emplea la cultura en tal sentido se resiste estratgicamente al aprendizaje, suspende la dimensin cognitiva de su observacin y se predispone a la accin aun a pesar de la decepcin de constatar que el mundo se aparta de las expectativas.

www.cepchile.cl

www.cepchile.cl

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 99 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years opera in En este sentido, el empleo poltico del concepto de cultura de government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially modo similar a la constitucin histrica en el siglo XIX de la semntica de la galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the que 1970s and implnacin, en tanto condensa referencias polticas mltiples pueden 1980s,citamente so as time passes, the compelling of that initial intereses motivation abstraerse en esta idea, noforce obstante supongan distintos might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its e incluso contradictorios: la nacin es el pueblo para el component pueblo, la nueva parties burguesa most notably Christian arelos internally divided para losthe burgueses, la Democrats aristocracia para aristcratas (Chernilo, over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to 2006, 2007). La naciente historiografa mapuche ha comenzado abirth insistir socontrol. Finally, by the elections, the have held theCaniubre la frmula de2005 nacin mapuche enConcertacin el Wallmapu will (Marimn, 2006; presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house queo, 2006; Levil, 2006). Con esto condensa la variabilidad tnica del origen elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By adaptaciones the standards of multiparty mapuche que ella misma observa como regionales de distintos coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential sociogrupos indgenas en cuestiones de religiosidad, lengua, organizacin systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars de of su miscellaneous poltica (Millaln, 2006), y tambin la variabilidad presente principalcorruption charges against members, including the of mente cruzado por la urbanizacin (Levil, 2006). Perostripping aun a pesar de esas parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the constataciones, se contina recurriendo al sentido de unidad poltica que general disillusionment goes with holding the al reins of power so aporta el conceptothat de cultura, ahora asociado de nacin: sifor el winka no long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. quiere reconocer a los indgenas en sus ciudades [] seguramente no se va Any of these forces, or some combination of desconocer them, couldque indeed a encontrar con los indgenas, pero no podr a su lado undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as existen sujetos que pertenecen a un colectivo cultural y poltico identificado necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. con la idea, mucho ms real que utpica, de Nacin Mapuche (Levil, 2006: In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years 248). La nacin se transforma en una misin cultural; en palabras de Max in far Weber: better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and La superioridad o aun la insustituibilidad de los bienes culturales employment and growth figures rebounded in firstslo months ofmantenimiento 2003. The cuyo fomento y conservacin resulta posible por el de Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good tales rasgos peculiares constituye, pues, el cimiento en que suele basarse la economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding nonimportancia de la nacin (Weber, 1992: 682). La cultura the como concepto democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned poltico tiene rendimientos de alta relevancia para la accin en tanto permite anular la propia observacin de la diferencia: los mapuches siempre han sido simblicamente diversos, pero cuando se los quiere observar como cuerpo comn son culturalmente unitarios e indicados como una nacin distinta de otra, precisamente, por efecto de su cultura. Al distinguir lo propio y lo ajeno, la semntica de la cultura permite la comparacin (Luhmann, 1999; Baecker, 2001; Faras, 2006; Dockendorff, 2006), y mediante ella se constatan los obstculos y posibilidades para la continuacin de esa idea de unidad. Lo ajeno se puede convertir en un obstculo para la posibilidad de lo propio, lo que transforma la observacin cultural en un problema de inclusin y exclusin. Se advierten amenazas, inequidades, injusticias que se despersonalizan en la comunicacin y son generalizadas bajo la frmula de la discriminacin cultural. Ello permite fundamentar la accin poltica afirmativamente como mantencin de la cultura y negativamente como oposicin a la disolucin y a la fuente a la cual ella es atribuida. En el primer caso, en nombre de la cultura, se lucha por derechos

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 100 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy hastnicos, slowed somewhat since en the coalitions early years in grupales, nacionales como el caso del reclamo mapuche por el government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially reconocimiento constitucional (Sierra, 2003) y se llama la atencin sobre galvanized around de opposition the colectivos Pinochet como regime of 1970s and las diferencias inclusin to entre en the el caso de la decla1980s, so as passes, the compelling of that initial motivation racin deltime Congreso Mapuche. En el force segundo, en nombre de la preservamight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even cin cultural nacional se limita la inmigracin extranjera, its encomponent nombre de los parties most notablyde the internally divided en valores culturales la Christian familia seDemocrats excluyen las are uniones homosexuales, overnombre social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth en de la cultura de los acuerdos se sospecha de los disensos, control. Finally, bycomunidad the 2005 elections, thecensura Concertacin willindividual. have held the nombre de la cultural se la accin De esa presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house forma se puede moralizar, criticar e incluso atacar, sin necesidad de arelected by popular vote) como for 16 years. By the standards multiparty gumentar. La cultura concepto poltico posibilita of una renuncia a la coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas fundamentacin argumentativa porque se construye sobre presidential umbrales de insystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous violabilidad que no pueden ser puestos en duda en la reflexin ni en la corruption charges the stripping of a accin. La unidadagainst cultural members, se indica y including desde ah se arranca. Funciona parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the condicin de eliminar la contingencia de su propio ncleo, o al menos de general disillusionment that goes with holding reins of power y for so hacer su transformacin inaccesible para losthe que lo comparten especiallong. One might conclude, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. mente para los que no then, lo hacen. Any La of frmula these forces, or some combination them, could indeed puede plantearse del modo of siguiente: Desde que teundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as se nemos cultura, tenemos tradicin y puesto que las tradiciones necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. pueden observar, uno puede entusiasmarse con ellas o irritarse contra In the first (Luhmann, place, the Chilean economy has come through last five years a ellas 1999: 53). La construccin culturalthe remite a la historia, in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, una historia articulada como elipsis de lo que la contradice (Moralesand y Silva, employment and growth rebounded months of 2003. The es 2006). La historia porfigures tanto es reduccinin defirst la contingencia del pasado, Concertacin may well be in permite a position in 2005ato claim foresos good un singular colectivo que adscribir un podercredit interior aconeconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nontecimientos y sufrimientos humanos que son impulsados y articulados sedemocratic legacy of o the Pinochet era including gn un plan secreto revelado, un poder frente al cual the uno renowned se puede saber responsable o en cuyo nombre se puede creer actuar (Koselleck, 1992: 54). La cultura como concepto poltico condensa la historia en forma de tradicin y la proyecta al futuro como reproduccin cultural, conlleva una expectativa de races, de una existencia estable y territorial (Clifford, 1995: 395), por ello puede cumplir una funcin moral o poltica frente a un mundo estabilizado en la variacin, un mundo de recurrentes interpenetraciones e inconsistencias simblicas a pesar de que los individuos en ese mundo se autodescriban por medio de la referencia a su cultura o a una cultura. Se puede advertir entonces que la cultura, como concepto poltico, se vuelve imprescindible para esos individuos mientras ms ellos constaten que la cultura se deconstruye. La declaracin del Congreso Nacional Mapuche referido ms arriba expresa esta idea: Estamos empeados igual que todos en el desarrollo del pas, pero ste no debe ser a costa del territorio y la cultura mapuche, porque la marginalidad, la postergacin econmica, la discriminacin que

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 101 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat sincedirectamente the coalitions early years in estigmatiza, la inequidad, atentan contra nuestra supervivengovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially cia e identidad [] Aun cuando la mitad de la poblacin est en zonas galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime ofy the 1970s and urbanas, la referencia ideolgica cultural es la tierra el territorio mapuche 1980s,ancestral so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation (Congreso Nacional Mapuche en Peyser 2003: 69). Varios rendimight naturally weaken. In the Concertacin, and even its component mientos polticos se addition, advierten en la declaracin cuando se la observa bajo parties el most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided prisma de la cultura como concepto poltico: se visibilizan condiciones de over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth exclusin referidas al colectivo, al bonum commune mapuche, se identifica control. Finally, the 2005 elections, the Concertacin have held the una fuenteby de atribucin (el desarrollo del pas) ywill se indica un umbral de presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house inviolabilidad (la cultura y el territorio) que funciona para todos, aun cuanelected by for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty do se popular constata vote) que la mitad de la poblacin est en zonas urbanas. As se coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential habla en nombre de todos y se puede ejercer la funcin poltica de represensystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous tacin. Sin este empleo del concepto de cultura, los actores slo podran corruption charges against members, including the stripping of fuerza reflejarse como individuos; la colectividad de la cultura entrega una parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the poltica adicional, un mana, adherible a cualquier reivindicacin. general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power forse so Si la cultura como concepto poltico opera de este modo, debera long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. esperar que en los contextos donde hay una afirmacin cultural ms fuerte Any of thesereferidas forces, or some combination of aparezcan them, could indeed las variables a dimensiones polticas con un nivel de undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors asde aminterpenetracin e inconsistencia menor. No cabe esperar ausencia necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. bas, pues ellas existen con independencia de las autodescripciones. El punIn the first the Chilean economy come through the last five years to esplace, observar en qu medida la has cultura como concepto poltico se expresa in far en better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and las opiniones generalizadas de los mapuches. employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The El Grfico N 13 muestra una alta interpenetracin entre mapuche y Concertacin may cuando well be se inobservan a position 2005 to claim credit for good Ello no mapuche lasin zonas urbana y rural por separado. economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues mapuche, surrounding the nonindica que la cultura como concepto poltico en lo que a la condemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
GRFICO N 13: CONFIANZA EN GOBIERNO Y PARTIDOS SEGN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA (%)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -

94 59

93 60

86 66

89 64

41 6
Mapuche urbano

40 7
No mapuche urbano Confa en gobierno Confa en partidos

34

36 11
No mapuche rural

14
Mapuche rural

No confa en gobierno No confa en partidos

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 102 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy somewhat since the coalitions early years in fianza has en elslowed gobierno y los partidos polticos se refiere, no sera un elemento government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially de diferenciacin respecto de lo no mapuche. La distincin viene dada galvanized around por opposition to residencia, the Pinochet of the 1970s and nuevamente zonas de lo regime que es bastante notorio en lo 1980s, so asa time passes, en theel compelling force of that initial motivation relativo la confianza gobierno, significativamente ms alta en zonas might naturally In addition, the Concertacin, and even mapuche its component rurales. Es weaken. cierto, sin embargo, que en la desconfianza frente a parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided partidos y gobierno puede operar de todos modos un componente tnico. overEsto social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth es lo que comienza a aparecer cuando las temticas se vinculan ms a control. Finally, the 2005 elections, Concertacin will en have held thea las la idea de la by cultura como concepto the poltico, por ejemplo lo referido presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house las reparaciones frente a los mapuches y el uso de la fuerza para reclamar elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty tierras. coalitions Frente anywhere, much less de among Latin Americas presidential a la interrogante si el pas debe reparar a los mapuches y si systems, the is geriatric, bearing thelas scars of miscellaneous el uso deConcertacin la fuerza se justifica para reclamar tierras, el Grfico N 14 corruption chargesdiferencias against members, including the stripping La of culpermite apreciar significativas entre ambas poblaciones. parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the tura como concepto poltico tiene consecuencias cuando est en juego lo general that goes with holding the reins of power for so que disillusionment ms arriba definimos como el umbral de inviolabilidad: la tierra como long. One might conclude, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. sustento de la cultura then, entendida como unidad. De todos modos, la proporAny forces, orresponde some combination of them, could indeed no cin de of no these mapuches que afirmativamente a ambas preguntas undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as es menor. Ello indica que fuera de la cultura tambin se aprecia la relevannecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. cia del problema, sin embargo, la diferencia en las proporciones entre los In the first place, theno Chilean economy has come through theah last five years mapuches y los mapuches es lo que importa, pues de se deriva que la in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and de autodescripcin como unidad cultural penetra en la opinin generalizada employment and growth figures los mapuches ante este tema. rebounded in first months of 2003. The Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nondemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
GRFICO N 14: REPARAR A MAPUCHES Y JUSTIFICA USO FUERZA SEGN MAPUCHE/NO MAPUCHE (%)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Mapuche No mapuche 61 52 95 83

Reparar a mapuches Justifica uso fuerza

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 103 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed since the coalitions early years la inconsisCuando la somewhat cultura opera como concepto poltico, tambin government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially tencia en las respuestas se incrementa. Para la poblacin mapuche, el Grfigalvanized opposition Pinochet regime of the 1970s and co Naround 15 muestra el cruceto dethe la reparacin a los mapuches y la justificacin 1980s,del so uso as time passes,para the reclamar compelling force of that initial motivation de la fuerza las tierras. might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component Si se piensa que se debe reparar a los mapuches, se justifica en alta parties proporcin most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided el uso de la fuerza en relacin al reclamo de tierras. Los porcenover social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth ambas tajes muestran adems un nivel de consistencia cuasi simtrico entre control. Finally, Sin by the 2005 the Concertacin have heldpero the cuanmedidas. duda estoelections, puede variar frente a otras will dimensiones, presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house do se trata de los umbrales inviolables de la cultura como concepto poltico elected by popular vote) for 16parece years.legitimarse. By the standards of multiparty cualquier forma de protesta coalitions anywhere, much less among LatinTodas Americas presidential Como lo ha afirmado Edward Said: las culturas son hbridas; systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous ninguna es pura; ninguna es idntica a un pueblo racialmente puro; ningucorruption charges members, (Said, including the Cuando stripping na conforma un against tejido homogneo 2005: 55). las of cosas se parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and observan as, las posibilidades del anlisis social se expandenthe a la ingeneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of simblicas power for so dagacin de las interpenetraciones e inconsistencias en tanto long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition isde simply ready tode expire. expresiones de la iterabilidad significativa los mundos sentido conAny of these forces, or some combination of them, could temporneos, como lo hemos intentado en estas pginas. Pero indeed lo que puede undermine the el Concertacin, but no we do por not qu regard these factors satisfacer inters analtico tiene ser adoptado comoas premisa necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. de conducta por actores que se sienten discriminados, postergados, excluiIn the first the Chilean economy has come through the last years poltidos. place, Para ellos, un concepto de cultura como orientacin defive la accin in far ca better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and reivindicativa dispuesta a cierta hibridacin, pero no a la disolucin de employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The los umbrales de inviolabilidad, parece ser ms til. El anlisis puede retratar Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nondemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned GRFICO N 15: REPARAR A MAPUCHES Y JUSTIFICA USO DE FUERZA (POBLACIN
MAPUCHE )

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Reparar a mapuche No reparar a mapuche 36 31 Justifica uso fuerza No justifica uso fuerza 64 69

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 104 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy hasde slowed somewhat since coalitions y early years in su modo operacin, sus efectos dethe generalizacin sus consecuencias government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was en la accin, sin embargo no puede pretender ser acogido comoinitially descripcin galvanized aroundsiempre opposition totrata the de Pinochet regime of the 1970s nativa. Como que se hegemonas, primacas, bienesand y opor1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation tunidades, el antagonismo de lo poltico (Mouffe, 2003) es el que resuelve el might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component problema. parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth VIII. Reconstrucciones simblicas descentradas control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Deconstruir es descomponer, deshacer, desedimentar estructuras elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty que en ese proceso muestran iterabilidad contingencia de sus fundacoalitions anywhere, much less la among Latin yAmericas presidential mentos. Pero ello es una parte de la tarea. En Carta a un Amigo Japons, systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous Jacques Derrida muestra su otra cara: Ms que destruir era preciso asimiscorruption charges against members, including the stripping of mo comprender cmo se haba construido un conjunto y, para ello, era parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the preciso reconstruirlo (Derrida, 1997: 25). Deconstruccin es la unidad de general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so una diferencia. No es slo un gesto filosfico o un ejercicio acadmico. La long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. incontestable variabilidad del mundo que hace a actores moverse hacia Any of these forces, or some combination oflos them, could indeed nuevos terrenos, los motiva tambin a sostenerlo por mecanismos de evitaundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as cin, resistencia, conquista o por la definicin de umbrales de inviolabilinecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. dad. Aceptan la deconstruccin para reconstruir de otro modo una consIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years truccin que nuevamente puede deconstruirse. Para entender esto, una idea in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and de cultura como todo unificado y coherente no es til; como semntica employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The empleada con fines reconstructivos, en ltima instancia polticos, es impresConcertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good cindible. economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonPero las autodescripciones polticas formuladas contrafcticamente democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned no pueden esperar encontrar poca o ninguna resistencia. Ms bien resistencia es lo que deben esperar precisamente por ser contrafcticas. Y no slo provocan resistencia externa de la fuente de atribucin, sino que tambin generan interpenetraciones e inconsistencias internas en lo que se observa como unidad cultural. Como se pudo apreciar en el Grfico N 6, para la poblacin mapuche (en ms del 50%) el elemento principal para mantener su cultura es hablar la lengua mapuche; vivir de la tierra y que el estado les entregue tierras aparecen respectivamente en el cuarto y sexto lugar de preferencias (con alrededor del 30%). Cuando la cultura se formula como concepto poltico en la Declaracin de 1997, la tierra, no la lengua, se presenta como el umbral de inviolabilidad. La Ley 19.253 (Ley indgena) recoge esta idea en su artculo 1: indgenas son quienes conservan manifestaciones tnicas y culturales propias siendo para ellos la tierra el fundamento de su existencia y cultura (art. 1). Como lo vimos en la seccin anterior, la Declaracin de 1997 no est semnticamente lejos de esta formulacin. (Se

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 105 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat sincePara the ella coalitions early de years in podra hablar de interpenetracin.) el fundamento la reconstrucgovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially cin simblica no es lo que la mayora de la poblacin mapuche expresa, no galvanized the Pinochet regime ofEn thela1970s and es la around lengua. opposition (Se podra to hablar de inconsistencia.) Ley indgena la 1980s,lengua so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation tiene un lugar marginal, la preocupacin por ella es asignada a la might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component Conadi (Corporacin Nacional de Desarrollo Indgena) y slo en referencia parties amost notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided los indgenas de los canales australes: la Corporacin procurar conserover social as the legal status of divorce and como accessconcepto to birth poltivar suissues, lenguasuch e identidad (art. 74). Cuando la cultura control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin willdel have held the co define un centro, ese centro tiene la potencialidad descentramiento, presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house de dislocar las propias articulaciones simblicas que se busca defender, de elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty situar un elemento en lugar de otro. coalitions anywhere, much less among Latinpara Americas presidential El escenario es por tanto paradojal: reconstruir hay que deconssystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous truir. Es tambin lo que sucede con la incorporacin de la machi en los corruption charges members, the stripping of es la movimientos de against resistencia mapuche. including En su rol tradicional la machi parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the figura shamnica de mediacin entre inmanencia y trascendencia; en tanto, general disillusionment that goes with holding the reinses of power for intercamso bajo el enfoque folklorizante del discurso pblico un smbolo long. One might then, that the coalition is simply to expire. biable por conclude, el de alma nacional (Bacigalupo, 2004); ready constituye un cono del Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed modo en que la nacin chilena observ a los mapuches durante los siglos undermine the Concertacin, we do not regard these factors as pasaXIX y XX, esto es, comobut remanentes exticos de los modos de vida necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. dos que deben permanecer inmodificados para ser autnticos (Bacigalupo, In the first place, Chilean economy has come through the last five es years 2004: 509).the Para el empleo de la cultura como concepto poltico necesario in far reconstruir better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, la autenticidad. Autntico es lo que est ms all del and umbral de employment and growth figures rebounded in first indica months of 2003. The inviolabilidad, es lo que la autodescripcin como aquello que no Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good puede ser transformado: el vnculo sagrado a la tierra en la Declaracin de economic stewardship. Next, de many of the requiere issues surrounding the non- es1997. Todo movimiento resistencia de un umbral y requiere democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned cenificarlo de algn modo. En el caso del movimiento mapuche, la machi ha comenzado a cumplir ese rol: Las imgenes de la machi femenina de los movimientos de resistencia mapuche como madres de la tierra y guardianas del territorio, las que se corresponden con las imgenes folklricas nacionales de la machi, son estratgicamente elegidas y situacionalmente empleadas para comprometer a los mapuche de diferentes comunidades y para legitimar una nacin mapuche autnoma con una base territorial rural fija (Bacigalupo, 2004: 517). Esta condensacin de imgenes de lo autntico permite la permanencia de la machi en una simblica tradicional apoltica y a la vez le posibilita vincularse a las autoridades polticas por vas no ideolgicas. Bacigalupo llama a esto poltica de la espiritualidad (Bacigalupo, 2004: 525). Lo particular de esta situacin es el descentramiento generado por el umbral de inviolabilidad de la cultura como concepto poltico: la machi opera simblicamente y de modo simultneo en tres constelaciones: la tradicional de vinculacin con lo sacro, la folklrica de smbolo de lo autntico y la

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 106 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the con coalitions early yearslos in moconstelacin poltica de relacionamiento el estado. Cuando government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially vimientos de resistencia la invocan como smbolo de lo que se debe pregalvanized opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and a la servar, around como telos de la reivindicacin poltica, la dislocan, la llevan 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation tradicin, al folklore y la poltica al mismo tiempo. Si la machi es la represenmight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component tacin de lo autntico, al indicarla como tal se desautentifica en su sentido parties most the Democrats are internally divided es original; senotably disgrega enChristian lo que va siendo en cada espacio simblico, overautnticamente social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth otra cosa en cada uno de ellos. El resultado es una paradoja: control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, Concertacin will have held mostrar the intentar reconstruir la cultura comothe unidad la deconstruye an ms, presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house a la machi como lo originario la desliga de la tradicin en la que su originalielected popular exponer vote) for 16 years. By exponerlo. the standards of multiparty dad by se asienta, el original es no A veces subir es bajar, coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential deca Schneider. systems, the is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous A Concertacin paradojas, inconsistencias, interpenetraciones, dislocaciones, corruption charges against members, including the of descentramientos es a lo que deben acostumbrarse lasstripping reconstrucciones parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the simblicas en el mundo contemporneo. La formulacin de umbrales de general disillusionment that goes with dicho holding til the para reinsla of power for poltica so inviolabilidad es como lo hemos orientacin long. One might conclude, then, that theno coalition is simplypues ready expire. deja de la accin, pero su autenticidad es vivenciable, alto indicarse Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could de ser autntica. Es til para resistir a la presin por aprender indeed a hacer las undermine Concertacin, but por we renunciar do not regard these factors cosas dethe otro modo, a la presin a la tierra o a la lenguaas como necessarily devastating to pero the coalitions survival for a y number of smbolos identitarios, tampoco logra totalizar unificar elreasons. universo de In the first place, Chilean economy the last five negocianyears sentido sobrethe la base de ese centro.has La come machithrough no es menos machi in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, andalma do con las autoridades polticas, no es menos machi como smbolo del employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The de la nacin en el folklore, no es menos machi sin trance shamnico; est Concertacin may well be in a en position in 2005 en to claim credit for tambin en esos espacios otro registro, otro sistema de good reenvos economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonsignificativos, en otra diffrance. democraticEllegacy of mujeres the Pinochet era including the renowned trabajo de mapuches pro derechos humanos es otro ejemplo: adoptan uno de los elementos ms abstractos y universales del mundo occidental moderno (la idea de derechos de la humanidad) y lo contextualizan en su activismo como mujeres dentro del movimiento mapuche (Richards, 2004). El caso de funcionarios mapuche en el estado es similar: se integran en la poltica indgena manteniendo la idea de ganar algo tanto personalmente como para las comunidades mapuches, una forma de subjetividad hbrida (Park y Richards, 2000). De igual modo, la transformacin de las estructuras de liderazgo en el Alto Bo Bo desde lonkos tradicionales hacia lderes que, en nombre de la comunidad, muestren mayor capacidad de negociacin con las instituciones pblicas, es un movimiento en esta direccin (Gonzlez-Parra, Simon y Villegas, 2005). Puede ser incluso posible interpretar la historia del movimiento poltico mapuche en este sentido, desde la Sociedad Caupolicn a inicios del siglo XX, la Federacin Araucana, el Frente nico Araucano, la Asociacin Nacional Indgena, Ad Mapu, hasta el Consejo de Todas las Tierras, entre otros (Caniuqueo, 2006; Levil, 2006).

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 107 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has ser slowed somewhat since the coalitions years in nacioParecen ahora los propios indgenas y ya no early slo el estado government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially nal los que construyen sus propias instituciones mediadoras (Vergara del galvanized to the Pinochet regime the 1970s and Solar,around 2005). opposition En todos esos casos, la defensa de laof cultura es su descentra1980s,miento. so as time thehay compelling force of that initial motivation Para passes, reforzarla que movilizarse ms all de ella, reflexivizarla, might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component hacerla iterar, arrojar sus smbolos contra otros para ver cmo se acomodan, parties violar most the Democrats are internally susnotably umbrales deChristian inviolabilidad para mantener la ficcin divided de su carcter over social issues, such as the legal status of divorcepone and en access to birth mltiperdurable e inmodificable. Toda reconstruccin movimiento control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin the ltima ples deconstrucciones, toda unidad es diferencia,will as have comoheld por presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house vez subir es a veces bajar. elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential IX. Mashpee systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of En las ltimas cien pginas de Dilemas de la Cultura, James Clifford parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the entrega uno de los ms interesantes relatos etnogrficos de la antropologeneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so ga contempornea, el del juicio que en 1976 el Consejo Tribal Wampanoag long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. de Mashpee, entabl contra la Corporation Any of theseMassachusetts, forces, or some combination of New them,Seabury could indeed (empresa de desarrollo de condominios lujosos), por el traspaso undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors de as los terrenos abiertos de Cape Cod a manos privadas que se haba venido ejernecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. ciendo desde fines de los aos sesenta, cuando el gobierno local pas a In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years manos de una mayora blanca (Clifford, 1995). in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and El reclamo colectivo de la tribu mashpee (los demandantes) se cenemployment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The traba en la propiedad colectiva de la tierra que desde el siglo XIX haba sido Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good problemtica y que ahora la New Seabury Corporation (la the defensa) economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding non- haba adquirido. El juicio se centr en la calidad de tribu que los mashpee podan democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned demostrar desde su origen hasta la actualidad. La defensa arguy que hacia 1620 la regin haba sido diezmada por enfermedades tradas por los marineros ingleses; slo la reunin de nativos de diversa procedencia en torno a la proteccin de un granjero de la zona les haba permitido la rearticulacin. El origen de la tribu era artificial. Los demandantes, por su parte, indicaron que la conformacin de la tribu era una cuestin poltica y que ella slo poda verificarse en los siglos XVIII o XIX. Respecto de su cristianizacin, aceptada por los demandantes, ella no poda entenderse como conversin (versin de la defensa), aunque s como forma religiosa sincrtica de existencia. La creacin de plantacin de Cape Cod era otro punto de controversia: para la defensa expresaba el deseo de los mashpee por integrarse a Massachusetts, para los demandantes se trataba slo de un modo instrumental de tener un estatus legal para seguir manteniendo la identidad. Asimismo, la participacin de indios en la guerra contra la corona inglesa no poda entenderse como abandono de la lucha identitaria, aun cuando la defensa indicara el patriotismo americano que haba mostrado la tribu

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 108 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed since theblancos, coalitions years in Mashpee, tampoco somewhat el mestizaje con los pues early para los demandangovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially tes se trataba de una estrategia para mantener a la tribu. Finalmente, la galvanized around de opposition to the Pinochet regime of mitad the 1970s andXIX transformacin los mashpee en pueblo en la segunda del siglo 1980s, so asla time passes, de theenajenacin compellingde force of that Para initial implic posibilidad sus tierras. la motivation defensa la idea might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its de tribu se dilua con ello; los demandantes arguyeron component que aunque el parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided cambio haba significado el traspaso de muchas tierras a manos no indias, la overmantencin social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth del gobierno local en manos de los mashpee haba contrarrestacontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the do esa tendencia y conservado la unidad tribal. presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Los antroplogos llamados a declarar en favor de la demanda fueron elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty constantemente interrogados por las ideas de tribu y cultura. Nunca pudiecoalitions anywhere, less among Latin es, Americas presidential ron responder con much claridad. De alto inters por ejemplo, el siguiente systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous dilogo entre el juez y Jack Campisi, antroplogo citado por la demanda: corruption charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary rights fromson five of the coalitions deputies 2002, and the Juez: Cules esos sistemas de valores que in usted identifigeneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so ca como caractersticamente indios, los cuales dice perduran entre conclude, aquellos mashpee son bautistas? long. One might then, thatque the coalition is simply ready to expire. respecto aof la them, reverencia por la Any Campisi: of these Bueno, forces, la oractitud some con combination could indeed tierra [] que usted no es puesto sobre la tierra para manteundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as nerse de ella, sino que tiene la obligacin de mantener la tierra necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. en la cual fue puesto In the first place, Chilean economy has come the last fiveque years Juez: the Usted ve diferencias entre unthrough bautista mashpee in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and cree en estas cosas y, digamos, un bautista del Club Sierra employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The que siente de la misma manera? Campisi: Porbe lo in que s del Club Sierra, probablemente Concertacin may well a position in 2005 to claim credit forson good muy similares economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonNo es democraticJuez: legacy of nico? the Pinochet era including the renowned
Campisi: Pudo haber habido un prstamo de los indios al Club Sierra Juez: O viceversa Campisi: Bueno, dado que estn aqu antes que el Club Sierra (Clifford, 1995: 375).

El concepto de cultura tampoco resisti los interrogatorios: Ni la lengua, ni la religin, ni la tierra, ni la economa, ni ninguna otra institucin o costumbre clave eran su condicin sine qua non (Clifford, 1995: 378). El juicio concluy con un fallo a favor de la defensa: era imposible determinar la continuidad y autenticidad de la tribu y cultura mashpee desde su origen hasta la actualidad; a lo largo de su historia una serie de interpenetraciones e inconsistencias la haban cruzado. Puede concluirse de ello que los mashpee nunca existieron?, puede derivarse de las interpenetraciones, inconsistencias, dislocaciones, descentramientos de las constelaciones simblicas mapuches que los mapuches

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 109 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years y inmenos no existen o nunca existieron? Antropolgicamente, tnicamente government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially desde la observacin de los actores, seguramente no. Por lo dems, un galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and juicio establece una decisin jurdica, no constituye una medida evaluativa 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation de la historia. Lo que s parece establecerse es que las constelaciones simmight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component blicas son iterables. Que las enfermedades tradas por los huincas, la evanparties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided gelizacin de los mapuches, el rgimen de reducciones, su participacin en over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth iniciativas de alcance nacional (desde la colaboracin con la pacificacin control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the hasta la Conadi), su mestizaje, su proletarizacin, su urbanizacin, tienen presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house consecuencias simblicas que hacen imposible hablar de cultura mapuelected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of la multiparty che, porque ella se deconstruye en cada una de sus reconstrucciones, en coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential cada de sus/nuestros los activistas, sin embargo, systems, theencuentro Concertacin is geriatric, signos. bearing Para the scars of miscellaneous stas son precisamente las razones para seguir invocando su unidad, corruption charges against members, including the stripping of autenticidad y originalidad deof la the cultura mapuche. Bien las and contrafcticas parliamentary rights from five coalitions deputies inpor 2002, the luchas por reconocimiento. antropologa podr arrebatarles general disillusionment that goes Ninguna with holding the reins of power for soeso. long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. Amolef, Andrea: La Alteridad en el Discurso Meditico: Mapuches y la Prensa In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years Chilena. En Boletn IFP, 2 (6), 2004, pp. 7-9. in far Archer, better shape than that of any its Southern Cone neighbors, and Nueva Margaret S.: El Lugar de laof Cultura en la Teora Social . Buenos Aires: Visin, 1997. figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The employment and growth Arnold, Matthew: Culture and Anarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good Bacigalupo, Ana: Shamans Pragmatic Gendered Negotiations with Mapuche economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonResistance Movements and Chilean Political Authorities. En Identities: democratic legacy of the Pinochet era ,including the renowned Global Studies in Culture and Power 11, 2004, pp. 501-541.
Baecker, Dirk: Wozu Kultur? Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos, 2001. Caniuqueo, Sergio: Siglo XX en Gulumapu: de la Fragmentacin del Wallmapu a la Unidad Nacional Mapuche . 1880 a 1978. En Pablo Marimn et al., Escucha, Winka! Cuatro Ensayos de Historia Nacional Mapuche y un Eplogo Sobre el Futuro. Santiago: Lom Ediciones, 2006, pp. 129-217. Canuti, Massimiliano, Luciano Gianelli y Alex Vallega: Un Ensayo de Investigacin entre los Mapuches de la Argentina. En Anclajes, VIII (8), 2004, pp. 21-80. Centro de Estudios Pblicos (CEP): Estudio de Opinin Pblica: Los Mapuche Rurales y Urbanos Hoy. Mayo 2006. Santiago: CEP, 2006. Chernilo, Daniel: Social Theorys Methodological Nationalism: Myth and Reality. En European Journal of Social Theory, 9 (1), 2006, pp. 5-22. A Social Theory of the Nation State. London: Routledge, 2007. Clifford, James: Dilemas de la Cultura. Antropologa, Literatura y Arte en la Perspectiva Postmoderna. Barcelona: Gedisa, 1995. Denby, David: Herder: Culture, Anthropolgy and the Enlightenment. En History of the Human Sciences, 18 (1), 2005, pp. 55-76. Derrida, Jacques: La Diffrance. En Jacques Derrida, Mrgenes de la Filosofa. Madrid: Ctedra, 1989, pp. 37-62.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 110 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy hasElslowed since the coalitions early years in Tiempo somewhat de una Tesis. Deconstruccin e Implicaciones Conceptuales . governmentBarcelona: during the 1990s. Moreover, coalition itself was initially Proyecto a Ediciones, pp.the 1997. De la Gramatologa F.: Siglo regime XXI, 2003. galvanized around opposition. Mxico to the D. Pinochet of the 1970s and Dockendorff, Cecilia: Evolucin de la Cultura: la Deriva Semntica del Cambio 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation Estructural. En Persona y Sociedad, XX (1), 2006, pp. 45-74. might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component Durkheim, Emile: La Divisin del Trabajo Social. Barcelona: Planeta-Agostini, 1985. parties most notably Christian Democrats are de internally divided Durston, John y Danielthe Duhart: Recursos Socio-Culturales los Jvenes Mapuches: over social Un issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Potencial para el Fortalecimiento de los Programas de Capacitacin?, 2005. by En www.cinterfor.org.uy 2006). will have held the control. Finally, the 2005 elections, (noviembre the Concertacin Elias, Norbert: El Proceso de Civilizacin . Mxico D. F.: Fondo de Cultura house Econmica, presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative 1989. elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty Faras, Ignacio: Cultura: la Distincin de Unidades Societales. En Ignacio Faras y Jos coalitions Ossandn anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential (eds.), Observando Sistemas. Santiago: Ril-Soles, 2006, pp. 323-364. systems, the Rolf: Concertacin is geriatric, bearing de the scars ofde miscellaneous Foerster, Vida Religiosa de los Huilliches San Juan la Costa. Santiago: corruptionEdiciones charges against Rehue, 1985. members, including the stripping of Garca, Fernando Encuesta Nacional de Opinin. Las in Chilenas los Chilenos parliamentary rights(coord.): from five of the coalitions deputies 2002, y and the frente a la Modernizacin: Seguridad Ciudadana, Gnero general disillusionment that goes with holding the reinsRelaciones of power de for so y Relaciones tnicas. Santiago: Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. 2004. Any Clifford: of these forces, or some combination of Dcadas them, could indeed Geertz, Tras los Hechos. Dos Pases, Cuatro y un Antroplogo . undermine Barcelona: the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Paids, 1996. La Interpretacin decoalitions las Culturas. Barcelona: Gedisa, 2005. of reasons. necessarily devastating to the survival for a number Giddens, Anthony: Las Transformaciones de la Intimidad . Madrid: Ctedra, 1992. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years Gonzlez-Parra, Claudio, Jeanne Simon, Kevin Villegas: Responding to a Globalized in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and World: Changes in Pehuenche-Mapuche Leadership Structure in the Biobio employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Highlands, Chile. En Conference Papers. American Sociological Association. Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good Philadelphia (Ebsco Database), 2005. economic Next, many de of la the issues surrounding the nonGuizot, stewardship. Franois: Histoire Gnrale Civilisation en Europe. Paris: Pichon et 1828. democraticDidier, legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
Habermas, Jrgen: Teora de la Accin Comunicativa, Vol. 1. Madrid: Taurus, 1992. Hall, Stuart: Introduction: Who Needs Identity?. En Stuart Hall y Paul du Gay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage, 2003, pp. 1-17. Harris, Marvin: El Desarrollo de la Teora Antropolgica. Una Historia de las Teoras de la Cultura. Madrid: Siglo XXI, 2003. Herskovits, Melville: Acculturation: The Study of Culture Contact. Gloucester, Massachusetts: P. Smith, 1958. Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas: Estadsticas Sociales de los Pueblos Indgenas en Chile. Censo 2002. Santiago: INE, 2005. Jenkins, Richard: Rethinking Ethnicity: Identity, Categorization, and Power. En John Stone y Routledge Dennis (eds.), Race and Ethnicity. Comparative and Theoretical Approaches. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. Kluckhohn, Klyde: Antropologa. Mxico D. F.: Fondo de Cultura Econmica, 1957. Koselleck, Reinhart: Vergangene Zukunft. Zur semantik geschichtlicher Zeiten. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1992. Kroeber, Alfred y Talcott Parsons: The Concepts of Culture and of Social System. En American Sociological Review, 23 (5), 1958, pp. 582-590. Kuper, Adam: Cultura. La Versin de los Antroplogos. Barcelona: Paids, 2001.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ALDO MASCAREO 111 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy hasJorge: slowed somewhat since en theAmrica coalitions years inOcano, Larran, Identidad y Modernidad Latina.early Mxico D. F.: government during 2000. the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially Amrica Latina to Moderna?: Globalizacin Identidad . Santiago: galvanized around opposition the Pinochet regime eof the 1970s and Lom Ediciones, 2005. 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation Lechner, Norbert: El Estado en el Contexto de la Modernidad. En Norbert Lechner, might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component Ren Milln y Francisco Valds (coords.), Reforma del Estado y Coordinacin parties most notably theD. Christian are internally divided Social . Mxico F.: Plaza yDemocrats Valds, 1991, pp. 39-54. over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to Universitaria, birth Lvi-Strauss, Claude: Antropologa Estructural. Buenos Aires: Editorial 1968. control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the Levil,and Rodrigo: Sociedad En Pablo Marimn presidency a majority in theMapuche ChamberContempornea. of Deputies (the legislative house et al., Escucha, Winka! Cuatro Ensayos de Historia Nacional Mapuche y un elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty Eplogo sobre el Futuro. Santiago: Lom Ediciones, 2006, pp. 219-252. coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential Luhmann, Niklas: Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1997. systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scarsComplejidad of miscellaneous Inclusin y Exclusin. En Niklas Luhmann. y Modernidad. corruption charges against Madrid: Trotta, 1998,members, pp. 167-195. including the stripping of rights Kultur als historischer Begriff. En Niklas Luhmann, Gesellschaftsstruktur parliamentary from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the und Semantik. Studien Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft general disillusionment that goeszur with holding the reins of power for so , Vol. 4. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1999, pp. 31-54. long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Maniqueo, Reynaldo: Los Mapuche y los Medios de Comunicacin, 2003. En Enlace Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could 2006). indeed Internacional Mapuche , www.mapuche-nation.org (noviembre undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Marimn, Pablo: Los Mapuche antes de la Conquista Militar Chileno-Argentina. En Pablo Marimn et coalitions al., Escucha, Winka! Cuatro Ensayos de Historia necessarily devastating to the survival for a number of reasons. Nacional Mapuche y un Eplogo sobre el Futuro. Santiago: Lom Ediciones, In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years 2006, pp. 53-127. in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and Marn, Cristbal y Rodrigo Cordero: Los Medios Masivos y las Transformaciones de la employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Esfera Pblica en Chile. En Persona y Sociedad, XIX (3), 2005, pp. 233-258. Concertacin may wellSociologa be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good Mascareo, Aldo: de la Solidaridad. La Diferenciacin de un Sistema economic stewardship. Next, manyEn ofMarcelo the issues surrounding the nonGlobal de Cooperacin. Arnold y Daniela Thumala, Cultura, Colaboracin y Desarrollo . Santiago: Ediciones Universidad de Chile, 2006. democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
Mereminskaya, Elina y Aldo Mascareo: La Desnacionalizacin del Derecho y la Formacin de Regmenes Globales de Gobierno. En Mara Dora Martinic y Mauricio Tapia (eds.), Sesquicentenario del Cdigo Civil de Andrs Bello: Pasado, Presente y Futuro de la Codificacin, Tomo II. Santiago: Lexis-Nexis, 2005, pp. 1391-1427. Mideplan: Gnero y Poblacin Indgena. Anlisis Diferenciado de Indicadores de la Encuesta Casen 2003. Santiago: Mideplan, 2005. Millaln, Jos: La Sociedad Mapuche Prehispnica: Kimn , Arqueologa y Etnohistoria. En Pablo Marimn et al., Escucha, Winka! Cuatro Ensayos de Historia Nacional Mapuche y un Eplogo sobre el Futuro. Santiago: Lom Ediciones, 2006, pp. 17-52. Morales, Rommy y Andrea Silva: Narracin Histrica Meditica y Democracia Radical. Una Lectura Postestructuralista del Espacio Pblico Moderno. Tesis Lic. Sociologa, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, 2006. Mouffe, Chantal: La Paradoja Democrtica. Barcelona: Gedisa, 2003. Omi, Michael y Howard Winant: Racial Formation. En Philomena Essed y David Theo Goldberg (eds.), Race Critical Theories. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2002.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably 112 ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the Neoliberal coalitions early yearsMapuche in Park, Yun-Joo y Patricia Richards: Negotiating Multiculturalism: governmentWorkers during in the the coalition itself was initially the1990s. ChileanMoreover, State. En Conference Papers . American Sociological . Philadelphia Database),regime 2005. of the 1970s and galvanized Association around opposition to(Ebsco the Pinochet Parsons, Talcott: El Sistema Social . Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1966. 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation Parsons, Talcott y Evon Vogt: Clyde Kay Maben Kluckhohn 1905-1960. En might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component American Anthropologist, 64, 1962, pp. 140-161. parties most notably the Christian are internally divided Peyser, Alexia: Desarrollo, Cultura e Democrats Identidad. El Caso del Mapuche Urbano en over social Chile issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth . Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain, 2003. PNUD: ndiceby de the Desarrollo Humano en laConcertacin Poblacin Mapuche de laheld Regin control. Finally, 2005 elections, the will have thede la Araucana. UnainAproximacin Equidad(the Intertnica e Intratnica. presidency and a majority the Chamber a ofla Deputies legislative house elected by Santiago: popular PNUD, vote) 2003. for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty Reckwitz, Andreas: Die Transformationen der Kulturtheorien. Weilerswist: Velbrck coalitions Verlag, anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential 2000. systems, the Patricia: Concertacin is geriatric, bearing theRights, scars and of miscellaneous Richards, The Politics of Gender, Human Being Indigenous in corruptionChile. charges against members, including the stripping of En Conference Papers. American Sociological Association . San Francisco 2004. parliamentary rights(Ebsco from Database), five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the Rosaldo, Renato: Culture Thruth. The Remaking of Social Analysis . Boston, general disillusionment that and goes with holding the reins of power for so Massachusetts: Beacon Press, 1993. long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Saavedra, Alejandro: Los Mapuche en la Sociedad Chilena Actual. Santiago: Lom Any Ediciones, of these 2002. forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do En not regard these factors as Said, Edward: Cultura, Identidad e Historia. Gerhart Schrder y Helga Breuninger Teora lacoalitions Cultura. Unsurvival Mapa de for la Cuestin . Mxico D. F.: Fondo necessarily (comps.), devastating to de the a number of reasons. de Cultura 2005, pp. 37-53. In the first place, the Econmica, Chilean economy has come through the last five years Schneider, David: American Kinship: A Cultural Account. Chicago: University of in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and Chicago Press, 1968. employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The The Power of Culture: Notes on Some Aspects of Gay and Lesbian Kinship Concertacin may well be inEn a Cultural positionAnthropology in 2005 to claim creditpp. for good in America Today. , 12 (2), 1997, 270-274. economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding theIndividual non- y Sierra, Lucas: La Constitucin y los Indgenas en Chile: Reconocimiento Colectivo. Estudios Pblicos , 92, 2003, pp.19-27. democraticnolegacy of En the Pinochet era including the renowned
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