Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
TETE - MOAMBIQUE
VERSO DRAFT
JULHO 2011
COBA
CONSULTORES DE ENGENHARIA E AMBIENTE
Anexo I Documentos Processuais Anexo II Meio Fsico Anexo II.1 Geologia Anexo II.1.1 Sismicidade da Provncia de Tete Anexo II.1.2 Recursos Minerais da Provncia de Tete Anexo II.1.3 Concesses e Certificados Mineiros, Licenas de Prospeco e Reconhecimento Concedidas na Provncia de Tete Anexo II.2 Recursos Hdricos Anexo II.2.1 Modelo H-RAS Anexo II.2.2 Monitorizao da Qualidade da gua Anexo II.2.2.1 Anlises Qumicas Anexo II.2.2.2 Anlises Bacteriolgicas Anexo II.2.2.3 Relatrios de Monitorizao Anexo II.2.3 Modelao da Qualidade da gua Anexo II.3 Sedimentos Anexo II.3.1 Elementos de Anlise no Estudo de Sedimentos Anexo II.3.2 Estudo da Influncia da Barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa na Reteno de Sedimentos na Albufeira Anexo III Meio Bitico Anexo III.1 Habitats, Vegetao e Flora Anexo III.2 Fauna Anexo IV Meio Socioeconmico Anexo IV.1 Socioeconomia Anexo IV.2 Antropologia
Mining_method Underground
Open pit
ID_No 105 137 106 104 376 339 17 187 58 149 159 158 14 227 230 12 317 319 320 321 324 367 368 369 370 1148 28 710 189 188 15 190 165 169 170 18 181 322 388 211 229 160 161 16 55 36 75 27 76 Open pit
Deposit_Name Cacanga Luenha Caniaculo Cansuna Chipaceti noname Rio Luenha Nhandongu Moatize Muardzi Malica River Necungas-Mecond Luia Canchoeira Chimessolo Moatize (East) noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname Degue Zumbo Monte Muambe Dombe Djanguire Lupata F Lupata North Machdua Antiga Caldas Xavie Lupata Fe Changara Lutino noname Nhangoma Sicarabo noname Catambula Foia Fumo Dique noname Monte Fema Chico Fumo Dique Mazoe
Easting 582971 546234 588783 585581 529127 553404 526625 597603 576634 605081 658426 635385 407391 588249 503552 589144 531973 526310 525511 541678 546213 571474 572250 581226 575093 553751 677741 615150 507893 455036 628030 615640 601674 598035 620032 500000 503550 540832 599160 599833 597654 487556 498223 491118 522309 538303 476899 489337 502665
Northing 8217704 8170175 8138695 8227212 8125729 8228920 8131491 8125749 8218026 8203158 8189927 8206680 8201367 8225358 8146257 8227202 8229014 8230870 8229014 8226123 8229061 8218862 8217053 8223280 8225160 8216081 8156574 8194700 8146161 8186511 8167995 8179133 8218294 8220707 8168968 8129660 8135194 8225230 8222977 8224388 8136812 8162846 8153632 8157314 8226866 8223684 8155463 8157313 8153632
Map_250k 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1634 1634 1632 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1634 1634 1633 1632 1634 1634 1633 1633 1634 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1633 1632 1632 1632 1633 1633 1632 1632 1633
Province Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete
Deposit_class Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Special metals (Be,Li,Mo,Nb,REE,Sc,Sn,Ta,W,Zr) Coal Coal Coal Coal Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Industrial mineral Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn)
Genetic_class Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Clastic sediment Shear zone-related Clastic sediment Hydrothermal Organic Organic Other Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Clastic sediment Unknown/Other Vein,stockwork Hydrothermal vein/breccia Shear zone-related Hydrothermal vein/breccia Hydrothermal vein/breccia Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Skarn Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Unknown/Other Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Chemical sediment Chemical sediment Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Orthomagmatic Hydrothermal Vein,stockwork Hydrothermal
Size_category Small Small Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Unknown Occurrence Occurrence Large Medium Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Small Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Medium Unknown Large Medium Small Occurrence Occurrence Medium Small Small Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Medium Small Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Small Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence
Status Prospect Prospect Showing Showing Showing Anomaly Anomaly Showing Active mine Prospect Showing Showing Showing Closed mine Showing Showing Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Showing Showing Prospect Prospect Prospect Anomaly Showing Prospect Showing Showing Showing Showing Anomaly Prospect Prospect Closed mine Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Showing Prospect Showing Showing Showing
1/5
Open pit
Open pit
Open pit
ID_No 1149 377 13 1155 375 235 238 249 248 7 103 51 40 52 42 1 45 43 53 371 102 140 142 373 144 374 145 146 143 139 41 26 293 358 359 360 147 56 57 148 59 60 61 151 152 157 154 153 156 150 Open pit
Deposit_Name Chimozi sand Chinguere Boroma Cande Paduc Mecito Boroma Bandar Muambe Fingoe Chica Ag Machinga Cata Chifumbzi Fundo1 Fundo 2 Metosso Missale Muende noname Alto Mepuli Alto Vbo Cabongo Cacabanga Capoche Chibalene Meccu 1 Meccu 2 Mese Milau-Chibalane Monte Nhamissale Mulolera noname noname noname noname Ponfir-Vbo Bohazi Mucanha Meconddzi Mucangdzi Vzi Chirodeze Chica Lunga Mefidze Morondoe-Messambe Munzi Sanngo Siege-Sangere
Easting 559597 519048 546344 603690 560287 649486 549918 608487 610387 410509 444621 563920 571787 492921 499480 512597 577412 500437 498587 492529 491017 485624 434609 521570 489270 490136 280914 280984 218735 465835 577176 539528 331887 569947 574412 580803 585781 332032 353491 596359 305190 319492 508926 430312 382081 501784 396384 367797 489288 408839
Northing 8214234 8135263 8223638 7957278 8203547 8184458 8225478 8171795 8195756 8315699 8271555 8308388 8309324 8411545 8442587 8441211 8307749 8441695 8410057 8410039 8408033 8411717 8337897 8419085 8295585 8435682 8292705 8285327 8328940 8428288 8306434 8406156 8305432 8261818 8265437 8263651 8279758 8274692 8272996 8245606 8278168 8278285 8256873 8277047 8273161 8234751 8271387 8271239 8258715 8284346
Map_250k 1633 1633 1633 1833 1633 1634 1633 1634 1634 1532 1532 1533 1533 1432 1432 1433 1533 1432 1432 1432 1432 1432 1532 1433 1532 1432 1530 1530 1530 1432 1533 1433 1531 1533 1533 1533 1533 1531 1531 1533 1531 1531 1533 1532 1531 1533 1532 1531 1532 1532
Province Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete
Deposit_class Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Water Water Water Water Industrial mineral Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Precious metal (Au,Ag,PGE) Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal Coal
Genetic_class Clastic sediment Pegmatite formation Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Unknown/Other Other Other Other Other Unknown/Other Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Hydrothermal vein/breccia Clastic sediment Hydrothermal vein/breccia Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Shear zone-related Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic Organic
Size_category Medium Unknown Occurrence Small Unknown Occurrence Medium Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Medium Small Small Small Small Small Small Small Small Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Occurrence Large Large Medium Medium Medium Small Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence
Status Active mine Showing Showing Closed mine Active mine Showing Prospect Showing Showing Showing Showing Prospect Showing Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Closed mine Prospect Closed mine Showing Showing Showing Prospect Showing Prospect Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Showing Prospect Closed mine Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing
2/5
ID_No 155 37 226 48 49 267 298 305 306 39 34 32 38 35 74 264 261 54 266 269 300 302 272 273 276 278 283 287 292 312 314 323 325 327 328 329 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 340 345 346 348 350 351 Underground
Deposit_Name Uhangoe Boroma Tambani Nhangoze-II Nhangoze-I noname noname noname noname Chdu Cnua Messeca: Macupite Atchiza-Cu Mateu M'Panda-Uncua noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname
Easting 289219 542474 648260 275128 274652 281302 270641 276095 267286 562591 508920 326332 274843 277441 514403 278783 329243 547622 279732 283086 273340 268935 289648 289467 307683 304917 319700 333640 328272 519166 510471 543605 543558 542782 539962 539116 551618 549973 548140 548069 549949 551665 555331 555472 564331 540221 546425 551594 555401 548116
Northing 8265114 8232590 8267452 8289240 8288645 8289128 8285413 8274819 8283538 8267789 8260746 8295197 8290263 8289617 8254402 8279156 8294572 8235567 8280985 8292697 8280861 8275576 8291929 8294097 8295125 8293149 8294515 8300837 8298073 8250891 8241797 8231693 8239847 8233596 8233549 8231810 8236063 8237967 8235335 8233431 8233572 8231693 8233478 8236110 8231693 8254557 8259327 8258434 8260925 8249035
Map_250k 1531 1533 1534 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1533 1533 1531 1530 1530 1533 1530 1531 1533 1530 1530 1530 1530 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533
Province Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete
Deposit_class Coal Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn)
Genetic_class Organic Hydrothermal vein/breccia Unknown/Other Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Hydrothermal Hydrothermal vein/breccia Hydrothermal vein/breccia Hydrothermal vein/breccia Hydrothermal vein/breccia Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Unknwn/Other Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal
Size_category Occurrence Small Small Small Occurrence Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Medium Small Small Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Status Showing Closed mine Closed mine Showing Showing Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Prospect Prospect Prospect Showing Showing Prospect Anomaly Anomaly Showing Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly
3/5
ID_No 352 354 355 356 357 363 162 163 164 180 47 168 178 31 33 167 177 179 176 262 263 265 268 296 297 299 301 303 304 270 271 274 275 277 279 280 281 282 284 285 286 288 289 290 291 294 295 311 313 315
Deposit_Name noname noname noname noname noname noname Monte Muande Chitongu Rioni-Tenge Txizita Camitala Inhantipissa Luzina Messeca: Tumba Messeca; Tchiconcoe Muengu Muiu-Chipungo Singore Cassera noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname
Easting 550748 548234 532043 530375 528471 577044 553505 571435 582131 599887 280454 571371 365806 325171 324464 353332 236649 567812 261566 284182 278682 278738 281403 276050 274221 272527 269760 273464 275271 286756 287524 292211 297621 310010 312088 319564 316899 317814 317825 328272 326487 331917 333580 332854 330271 340955 341067 515853 511223 519377
Northing 8252630 8254533 8254580 8255450 8252677 8259891 8234687 8264136 8258569 8236372 8292727 8243856 8306262 8294828 8295098 8297888 8330068 8247554 8347859 8276468 8277168 8280985 8292652 8286090 8287434 8283617 8276592 8273780 8274706 8290969 8293996 8292708 8305741 8294504 8289015 8291014 8289083 8285458 8293318 8297169 8292832 8300777 8300142 8298117 8299112 8296001 8298163 8245627 8240810 8232562
Map_250k 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1530 1533 1531 1531 1531 1531 1530 1533 1430 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1531 1533 1533 1533
Province Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete
Deposit_class Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V)
Genetic_class Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Orthomagmatic Chemical sediment Orthomagmatic Skarn Skarn Skarn Skarn Chemical sediment Orthomagmatic Chemical sediment Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Uknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other
Size_category Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Large Medium Medium Medium Small Small Small Small Small Small Small Small Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Status Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Anomaly Prospect Showing Prospect Prospect Showing Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly
Mining_method
4/5
ID_No 316 341 347 349 361 364 365 366 233 629 6 204 205 206 207 210 50 5 46 608 10 309 318 326 330 344 362 8 246 245 242 243 244 241 247 66 62 65 68 71 63 69 70 67 64 310 342 343 353
Deposit_Name noname noname noname noname noname noname noname noname Taca Nhamassonga Tsangano noname noname noname noname Chdu Marble Tchofipa Tsangano Ni Cone Negose noname M'tedadzi noname noname noname noname noname noname Zumbo Ti Carinde Chica water Metamboa Mucangdzi water noname Vzi water Zumbo water Inhatbu Mavdzi Cacumba Capangula Carletis Castro Celestino Chicuambo Bingre-Comboiboi noname noname noname noname noname
Easting 513996 561534 546307 551688 573519 575352 575305 575070 478572 539235 668279 271165 276549 272096 280143 562510 275857 668345 315012 311311 501788 505137 531902 543675 542688 562545 566187 253220 296301 328444 272826 294315 326642 308598 280231 545502 545347 546409 564222 554397 549081 557082 566885 561549 533916 512234 555448 564307 548962
Northing 8234489 8231669 8262970 8259280 8268280 8256460 8247061 8234348 8262394 8233795 8317102 8283387 8281596 8279707 8279785 8266006 8289945 8326329 8281306 8294818 8247657 8252748 8233643 8235358 8231787 8244382 8267364 8288732 8272556 8276510 8296317 8294673 8278340 8298485 8270563 8245767 8244210 8253140 8240190 8234685 8250368 8238366 8235573 8241120 8254084 8246309 8247084 8241656 8253546
Map_250k 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1532 1533 1534 1530 1530 1530 1530 1533 1530 1534 1531 1531 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1530 1531 1531 1530 1531 1531 1531 1530 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533 1533
Province Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete
Deposit_class Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Base metal (Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn) Industrial mineral Industrial mineral Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Ferrous (Cr,Fe,Mn,Ti,V) Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th) Energy metals (U,Th)
Genetic_class Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Hydrothermal Unknown/Other Other Other Other Other Chemical sediment Orthomagmatic Unknown/Other Orthomagmatic Hydrothermal Orthomagmatic Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Unknown/Other Hydrothermal vein/breccia Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal Hydrothermal
Size_category Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Small Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Large Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Occurrence Medium Medium Small Small Small Small Small Small Occurrence Occurrence Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Status Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Active mine showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Prospect Showing Showing Prospect showing Showing Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Closed mine Closed mine Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Prospect Showing Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly Anomaly
Mining_method
5/5
ANEXO II.1.3 CONCESSES E CERTIFICADOS MINEIROS, LICENAS DE PROSPECO E RECONHECIMENTO CONCEDIDAS NA PROVNCIA DE TETE
License PB, CO, CU, NI, AU, AG, U e ZN COM COA CO, CU, SN, FE, MO, NI, AU, AG, TAN, TI, U, MA, BME e ZN BME e MI BME, PME e MI Gem, BME, PME e U COA Gem, BME, PME e REE COA COA, CU, FE, BME, AU e PT COM BME e PME SAN COA COM COA, BME, AU e PT BME, PME e MI BME, PME e MI COM BI, PB, CU, MO, REE, TI, U, V, W e ZN BME e PME BME CO, PGM, NI e PT COA GEM, SEM e U AQU, DIA, GAR, AU, RUB e TOU COM PB, CU, NI, AU, PT, AG e ZN COA BME, PME, REE e U PB, CO, CU, NI, AU, PT, AG, U e ZN FE e BME PB, CU e FE COA e U COA COA COA, PME, MI, MPS e REE COA GEM, SEM e ORN LST MI, NI, AU e PT COM ORN BME AQU, DIA, GAR, AU, RUB e TOU COA F Gem, BME, PME e REE STO BME, U e ZR BME e MI COA COA, PME, MI, MPS e REE PB, CU, BME, NI, AUM e ZN GR GR BAS BME, U e ZR BME e PME COA, BME, AU e PT MNS e U BME e PME BME AU, TAN e ZR COM, CU e FE BME COA, PME, MI, MNP, MNS e REE BME e PME 17-09-2009 10-03-2006 12-12-2006 18-09-2008 30-07-2007 06-02-2008 17-08-2006 15-09-2009 06-08-2009 08-11-2007 18-08-2005 19-11-2007 29-03-2005 14-07-2010 14-01-2009 20-03-2004 17-12-2005 23-05-2005 10-10-2010 20-08-2007 15-02-2007 24-10-2005 13-10-2010 04-07-2005 19-01-2009 20-10-2006 06-07-2004 26-10-2007 05-10-2007 23-05-2005 05-05-2008 15-08-2006 23-02-2009 28-07-2010 22-02-2010 26-04-2006 16-07-2009 31-10-2008 24-04-2006 20-04-2005 13-08-2007 29-09-2005 02-08-2006 01-10-2007 03-09-2007 15-07-2008 22-02-2008 26-04-2004 05-05-2009 08-02-2008 20-04-2006 02-05-2006 27-02-2009 11-10-2005 18-04-2008 20-03-2009 22-08-2005 20-06-2010 19-02-2010 28-09-2004 10-03-2006 29-09-2005 21-09-2007 24-10-2005 01-09-2005 12-02-2008 04-07-2005 12-02-2008 06-07-2006 26-04-2006 23-12-2008 20-04-2010 15-02-2007 09-03-2009 17-09-2014 19-12-2005 10-03-2011 04-09-2006 12-12-2011 01-11-2007 18-09-2013 14-03-2007 30-07-2012 28-05-2007 06-02-2013 23-05-2006 17-08-2011 05-11-2007 15-09-2014 03-08-2009 06-08-2014 19-04-2007 08-11-2012 09-06-2005 18-08-2010 01-03-2007 19-11-2012 08-02-2005 29-03-2010 27-05-2005 14-07-2012 20-06-2006 14-01-2014 12-03-2003 20-03-2006 08-11-2004 17-12-2012 23-03-2005 23-05-2013 29-07-2005 10-10-2015 04-09-2006 20-08-2012 11-08-2006 15-02-2012 02-09-2005 24-10-2010 19-05-2005 13-10-2013 22-04-2005 04-07-2010 18-03-2008 19-01-2014 31-07-2006 20-10-2011 16-04-2004 06-07-2012 06-08-2007 26-10-2012 24-04-2007 05-10-2012 23-03-2005 23-05-2013 24-09-2007 05-05-2013 10-04-2006 15-08-2011 01-11-2007 23-02-2014 12-05-2005 28-07-2014 19-08-2009 22-02-2015 01-03-2006 26-04-2011 18-03-2008 16-07-2014 11-07-2008 31-10-2013 01-03-2006 24-04-2011 04-03-2005 20-04-2010 12-05-2005 13-08-2012 04-08-2005 29-09-2010 14-04-2006 02-08-2011 10-04-2007 01-10-2012 08-06-2007 03-09-2012 23-04-2008 15-07-2013 27-09-2007 22-02-2013 03-03-2004 26-04-2009 07-03-2007 05-05-2014 24-04-2007 08-02-2013 06-12-2005 20-04-2011 01-03-2006 02-05-2011 19-04-2007 27-02-2014 12-08-2005 11-10-2010 26-04-2007 18-04-2013 20-03-2008 20-03-2014 09-06-2005 22-08-2010 01-02-2005 20-06-2013 16-09-2009 19-02-2015 16-06-2004 28-09-2009 30-06-2005 10-03-2011 07-07-2005 29-09-2030 13-04-2007 21-09-2012 15-06-2005 24-10-2010 31-05-2005 01-09-2010 06-08-2007 12-02-2013 27-04-2005 04-07-2014 19-06-2007 12-02-2013 04-05-2006 06-07-2011 05-01-2006 26-04-2011 30-11-2007 23-12-2013 01-02-2005 20-04-2013 17-11-2006 15-02-2012 HS MINING, LTD RIVERSDALE MOAMBIQUE, Lda ESSAR - RECURSOS MINERAIS DE MOAMBIQUE, LDA ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A AFRIMINAS MINERAIS, LIMITADA Jos Parayanken Capitol Resources, Limitada ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A COAL INDIA AFRICANA, LDA ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA TEAL Exploration & Mining (B) Incorporated Black Gold Mining (Mo) Lda Global Mineral Resources (Mozambique), Lda, Neelmani Empresa do Vale do Zambeze limitada.1 SAME Zambezi Energy Corporation, Lda RIVERSDALE CAPITAL MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Rio Minjova Mining and Exploration, Lda AFRIMINAS MINERAIS, LIMITADA AFRIMINAS MINERAIS, LIMITADA RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA OMEGACORP MINERAIS LIMITADA frica Austral Minerao, Lda Mihandzu Minerais, SA Platmin Nickel Limited MINAS DE REVUBO, LDA Mozur, Lda Minas Rio Bravo, Lda RIVERSDALE CAPITAL MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Jiangxi Mozambique Mining Co, Lda Mawi Mining, Lda ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A OMEGACORP MINERAIS LIMITADA Geoplat Resources, Lda Norinco Mihandzu Minerais, SA Rafique Ali Mamad RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Octavio Mutemba Minjova Investments, Lda Victor Rafael Mussanhane TAVARES ALBERTO COME Cimentos de Tete- Sociedade Unipessoal,Limitada Tayob Ebrahim Omar Rio Tinto Mining and Exploration, Lda Clover Moambique, Lda Osho Mozambique Coal Mining, Lda Minas Rio Bravo, Lda Jos Parayanken Empresa do Vale do Zambeze limitada.1 ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A SOGIR, SARL Investimentos Pblicos Nacional, Limitada Mahomed Rafique Jusob Mahomed RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA Episteme Mozambique, Lda Octvio Filiano Mutemba Hertz, Flexpo Automveis de Aluguer, Lda CETA-CONSTRUO E SERVIOS SARL Sociedade Mozawl Mining Capitol Resources, Limitada Black Gold Mining (Mo) Lda Mozur, Lda Capitol Resources, Limitada RACHANA GLOBAL, LDA Investimentos Pblicos Nacional, Limitada Norinco Mihandzu Minerais, SA ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA Osho Diamantes Limitada Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Manica Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Maputo Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Chifunde Tete Moatize Maravia Cahora bassa Mutarara Changara Zumbo Moatize Chita Cahora bassa Mutarara Moatize Mutarara Changara Tete Moatize Moatize Moatize Changara Changara Magoe Magoe Chifunde Mutarara Changara Moatize Magoe Magoe Changara Maravia Zumbo Maravia Tete Maravia Changara Mutarara Cahora bassa Changara Changara Changara Changara Maravia Maravia Changara Angonia Moatize Cahora bassa Cahora bassa Songo (antigo) Mutarara Cahora bassa Zumbo Chita Magoe Mutarara Cahora bassa Magoe Mutarara Cahora bassa Songo (antigo) Mutarara Magoe Changara Chifunde Magoe Moatize Magoe Zobue (antigo) Mutarara Tsangano Mutarara Tsangano 1103 1022 1170 919 436 1239 419 1224 544 854 720 2911 984 931 270 6 690 494 838 223 1234 872 930 1250 1248 112 193 1185 234 1237 1145 698 924 1038 1020 1102 433 25 1198 440 429 1000 1228 5 15 1185 1212 840 114 252 138 198 566 1 909 744 1176 758 1155 12 16 580 1162 1085 418 736 1227 792 594 285 782 1250 1224
LicenseTyp
LicenseSta
LicenseSub
LicenseHol
Minerals
PrimaryOff Province
District
CadastralU
3308 1319 1506 2353 1885 2025 1421 2367 3450 1955 1110 1744 879 1072 1442 388 804 945 1174 1509 1492 1201 1062 1017 2578 1476 693 2154 1962 946 2248 1385 2356 1054 3463 1359 2577 2979 1347 924 1053 1177 1387 1927 2051 2804 2255 662 1861 1963 1302 1346 1953 1184 1967 2615 1112 875 3490 716 1144 1152 1943 1122 1075 2153 1035 2077 1399 1334 2455 877 1628
License Suf L L L L L L L L L L L R L L L CM L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L C L L L L L L L L L L L
Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Reconhecimento - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Certificado Mineiro - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva
Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None
Valid shape shape Area Hectar Years Leng Area 5 22060,00 0,70 0,02 5 20440,00 1,11 0,02 5 23400,00 0,81 0,02 5 18380,00 0,62 0,02 5 8720,00 0,46 0,01 5 24780,00 0,63 0,02 5 8380,00 0,51 0,01 5 24480,00 0,85 0,02 5 10880,00 0,42 0,01 5 17080,00 0,53 0,01 5 14400,00 0,48 0,01 5 58220,00 1,06 0,05 5 19680,00 0,69 0,02 2 18620,00 1,03 0,02 5 5400,00 0,28 0,00 2 120,00 0,06 0,00 7 13800,00 0,44 0,01 8 9880,00 0,60 0,01 5 16760,00 0,57 0,01 5 4460,00 0,37 0,00 5 24680,00 0,61 0,02 5 17440,00 0,57 0,02 3 18600,00 0,51 0,02 5 25000,00 0,71 0,02 5 24960,00 0,62 0,02 5 2240,00 0,20 0,00 8 3860,00 0,30 0,00 5 23700,00 0,67 0,02 5 4680,00 0,40 0,00 8 24740,00 0,94 0,02 5 22900,00 0,65 0,02 5 13960,00 0,67 0,01 5 18480,00 0,54 0,02 4 20760,00 0,79 0,02 5 20400,00 0,87 0,02 5 22040,00 0,56 0,02 5 8660,00 0,54 0,01 5 500,00 0,78 0,02 5 23960,00 0,78 0,02 5 8800,00 0,37 0,01 5 8580,00 0,40 0,01 5 20000,00 0,68 0,02 5 24560,00 0,66 0,02 5 100,00 0,03 0,00 5 300,00 0,07 0,00 5 23700,00 0,64 0,02 5 24240,00 0,84 0,02 5 16800,00 0,48 0,01 5 2280,00 0,21 0,00 5 5040,00 0,36 0,00 5 2760,00 0,27 0,00 5 3960,00 0,24 0,00 5 11320,00 0,46 0,01 5 20,00 0,02 0,00 5 18180,00 0,73 0,02 5 14880,00 0,46 0,01 5 23520,00 0,60 0,02 3 15160,00 0,63 0,01 5 23100,00 0,87 0,02 5 240,00 0,08 0,00 5 320,00 0,07 0,00 25 11600,00 0,55 0,01 5 23240,00 1,02 0,02 5 21700,00 0,69 0,02 5 8360,00 0,34 0,01 5 14720,00 0,46 0,01 9 24540,00 0,67 0,02 5 15840,00 0,48 0,01 5 11880,00 0,57 0,01 5 5700,00 0,36 0,00 5 15640,00 0,47 0,01 3 25000,00 0,67 0,02 5 24480,00 0,75 0,02
1/4
License
LicenseTyp
LicenseSta
LicenseSub
LicenseHol
Minerals
PrimaryOff Province
District
CadastralU
1107 833 1348 726 2118 1109 1219 1315 1530 3314 3491 1085 871 3336 933 1896 1870 2232 838 3310 663 1722 3365 3377 2089 2046 1220 3451 2181 2086 1019 2365 1488 1018 1626 2134 3343 1951 1224 1309 765 2784 3578 3396 2252 2677 2001 187 3244 1242 1370 2293 2023 1411 876 2284 1165 3246 2736 3360 1500 2291 2028 2253 842 873 1410 915 3296 1909 2456 1314 1803 2878
License Suf L L L L L L L L L L L L L CM L L L L L L L L C CM L L L L L L L L L L L L CM L L L L L L AM L L L CM L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L 22-08-2005 17-03-2005 06-07-2006 28-09-2004 01-08-2008 18-08-2005 28-12-2005 14-02-2006 05-01-2007 01-09-2009 19-02-2010 22-07-2010 24-03-2010 17-08-2009 11-11-2010 22-04-2008 22-08-2007 07-05-2008 21-04-2005 29-07-2009 26-04-2004 12-04-2007 05-05-2009 17-08-2009 01-10-2008 29-04-2008 28-12-2005 06-08-2009 06-06-2008 23-05-2008 06-07-2005 17-09-2009 26-12-2006 04-07-2005 05-04-2007 30-04-2008 17-08-2009 20-02-2009 28-11-2005 14-02-2006 19-01-2005 28-07-2008 20-04-2010 11-03-2010 06-05-2008 27-10-2008 08-07-2008 21-09-2001 28-05-2010 28-12-2005 04-05-2006 17-09-2008 20-02-2008 06-07-2006 20-05-2010 02-03-2009 12-09-2005 31-05-2010 05-11-2008 26-10-2009 12-12-2006 17-09-2009 05-10-2007 05-05-2008 10-02-2010 20-05-2010 10-07-2006 26-04-2006 19-05-2009 26-10-2007 13-04-2009 08-02-2006 20-08-2007 08-07-2009 09-06-2005 22-08-2010 30-11-2004 17-03-2010 01-03-2006 06-07-2011 06-07-2004 28-09-2009 06-07-2007 01-08-2013 09-06-2005 18-08-2010 27-09-2005 28-12-2010 15-12-2005 14-02-2011 27-09-2006 05-01-2012 10-03-2009 01-09-2014 16-09-2009 19-02-2012 02-06-2005 22-07-2012 01-02-2005 24-03-2013 27-04-2009 17-08-2011 15-03-2005 11-11-2011 20-03-2007 22-04-2013 12-03-2007 22-08-2012 14-09-2007 07-05-2013 07-12-2004 21-04-2010 09-03-2009 29-07-2014 03-03-2004 26-04-2009 15-01-2007 12-04-2012 05-05-2009 05-05-2034 13-05-2009 17-08-2011 29-06-2007 01-10-2013 05-06-2007 29-04-2013 27-09-2005 28-12-2010 03-08-2009 06-08-2014 23-08-2007 06-06-2013 29-06-2007 23-05-2013 24-04-2005 06-07-2010 05-11-2007 17-09-2014 11-08-2006 26-12-2011 22-04-2005 04-07-2010 17-11-2006 05-04-2012 17-07-2007 30-04-2013 07-05-2009 17-08-2011 19-04-2007 20-02-2014 29-09-2005 28-11-2010 08-12-2005 14-02-2011 22-09-2004 19-01-2015 16-04-2008 28-07-2013 17-12-2009 20-04-2012 11-06-2009 11-03-2011 24-09-2007 06-05-2013 26-03-2008 27-10-2013 16-05-2007 08-07-2013 21-09-2001 21-09-2010 29-10-2008 28-05-2015 13-10-2005 28-12-2010 21-03-2006 04-05-2011 09-10-2007 17-09-2013 28-05-2007 20-02-2013 12-05-2006 06-07-2011 01-02-2005 20-05-2013 09-10-2007 02-03-2014 19-07-2005 12-09-2010 29-10-2008 31-05-2015 02-04-2008 05-11-2013 23-10-2009 26-10-2014 23-08-2006 12-12-2011 09-10-2007 17-09-2014 28-05-2007 05-10-2012 24-09-2007 05-05-2013 10-12-2004 10-02-2013 01-02-2005 20-05-2013 12-05-2006 10-07-2011 03-03-2005 26-04-2011 11-12-2008 19-05-2014 22-03-2007 26-10-2012 30-11-2007 13-04-2014 15-12-2005 08-02-2011 02-03-2007 20-08-2012 28-05-2008 08-07-2014 RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Broadtec Moambique, Lda Sara Sulemane Exploraes Mineiras de Moambique, Lda 1 Maria Tereza De Sousa Campos Sequeira Teixeira Teixeira RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Belde, Empreendimentos Mineiros, Lda Zambezi Energy Corporation, Lda NEEPAZ ENERGY, LIMITADA Haiyu (Mozambique) Mining Co., Lda Episteme Mozambique, Lda Global Mineral Resources (Mozambique), Lda ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA Instituto Superior Politecnico de Tete Sociedade Carvoeira de Samoa, Lda Tora Investimentos, Lda Bala Ussokoti, Lda Tora Investimentos, Lda TATA HOLDINGS MOAMBIQUE, LDA BHW COMPANY, LTD Clover Moambique, Lda Mozambique Natural Resources Corporation, Lda RIVERSDALE MOAMBIQUE, Lda SINTRAPEL ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A RACHANA GLOBAL, LDA Belde, Empreendimentos Mineiros, Lda COAL INDIA AFRICANA, LDA Jos Jaime Zandamela ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A Capitol Resources, Limitada ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A Rio Tinto Mining and Exploration, Lda frica Austral Minerao, Lda Osho Minerals Limitada Mihandzu Minerais, SA Manuel Vasconcelos estrela Manuel Maria ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A Gilberto Ricardo RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Vale Projectos e Desenvolvimento Moambique, Lda Aida Fragoso Geotec (Moc.),Lda Aqua Boa, SA Jiangxi Mozambique Mining Co, Lda Cathay International Mining Co, Lda MIDWEST AFRICA, Lda Sociedade Milamor, Lda Camal e Companhia, Lda RIVERSDALE CAPITAL MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Egas Monis Maria do Carmo Rafael Mussanhane Avantika - Vajra (Joint Venture), Lda Afrodrill - Africa Drilling Company, Lda AFRIMINAS MINERAIS, LIMITADA ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA Osho Recursos Limitada Osho Gremach Mining, Lda Camal e Companhia, Lda Xiluva Minerals Resources, Lda Felisberto Jofrisse Chitengo ESSAR - RECURSOS MINERAIS DE MOAMBIQUE, LDA Osho Recursos Limitada RACHANA GLOBAL, LDA Jiangxi Mozambique Mining Co, Lda ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA AFRIMINAS MINERAIS, LIMITADA Vale Projectos e Desenvolvimento Moambique, Lda W & W- Participaoes e Investimentos, S.A SODREM Mihandzu Minerais, SA Zambezi Energy Corporation, Lda Ana Paula Jorge Joo Victor Chandrakant Jadavji COA Maputo COA Maputo COA Maputo AU e PT Maputo AUM Maputo COA Maputo COA Maputo COA Maputo CO, BME, MO e NI Maputo FE e TI Maputo PB, CU, BME, NI, AUM e ZN Maputo COA Maputo COA, BME, PME, MPS e REE Maputo STO Quelimane COA Maputo AUM Maputo PGM e AU Maputo PB, CU e ZN Maputo COA Maputo PB, CO, CU, NI, PT, AG, U e ZN Maputo ORN Maputo FE e NI Maputo COA e MI Maputo SAB Maputo CO, CU, SN, FE, Gem, NI, AU, AG, TAN, REE,Maputo AUM Maputo COA Maputo COA Maputo U Maputo PB, CO, CU, NI, AU, PT, AG, U e ZN Maputo BME, PME, MI, AU e PT Maputo Gem, BME, PME e REE Maputo COA, DIA, BME e AU Maputo BME, PME e MI Maputo BME e PME Maputo U Maputo SAN Tete PB, CO, CU, NI, AU, PT, AG, U e ZN Maputo COA Maputo COA Maputo COA Maputo COA Maputo BME e MI Maputo AGU Maputo PB, CU, COR, NI, AU e ZN Maputo CU, AU e ZN Maputo BME Maputo DUM Maputo BME Maputo COM Maputo COA Maputo BME, AU e AG Maputo CU, FE, NI e AG Maputo FE, MA, BME e AG Maputo COA, BME, PME, MI, MPS e REE Maputo BME, PME e MI Maputo COA Maputo BME Maputo FE e MI Maputo MI, AU e GEM Maputo COA Maputo GAR, GR, BME, PME e MI Maputo BME Maputo PB, CU, FE, GRP, MO e ZN Maputo COA, PME, MI, MPS e REE Maputo COA, BME, PME, MPS e REE Maputo BME, MI, AU e AG Maputo BME, PGM e AU Maputo PB, CU, SN e ZN Maputo AUM Maputo BME Maputo COM Maputo TAM Maputo PB, CU, MI, U e ZN Maputo Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Changara Moatize Zumbo Chifunde Chifunde Changara Cahora bassa Zumbo Zumbo Mutarara Mutarara Moatize Cahora bassa Changara Moatize Chifunde Zumbo Mutarara Mutarara Maravia Cahora bassa Fingoe (antigo) Moatize Tete Zumbo Chifunde Changara Moatize Magoe Chita Cahora bassa Chifunde Mutarara Chifunde Zumbo Maravia Tete Chita Moatize Mutarara Zumbo Changara Zumbo Tsangano Chifunde Macanga Changara Songo (antigo) Cahora bassa Moatize Zumbo Mutarara Mutarara Changara Mutarara Mutarara Moatize Mutarara Zumbo Changara Mutarara Changara Mutarara Angonia Cahora bassa Changara Changara Chita Mutarara Chifunde Macanga Cahora bassa Maravia Tsangano 372 894 219 1232 587 800 977 854 1247 336 784 590 1188 6 1087 231 1206 50 1023 1235 144 1040 228 3 886 336 1179 576 826 706 1033 1048 976 1250 1220 870 3 1215 1158 88 1013 275 880 1 1212 184 920 8 768 101 1250 436 625 495 858 304 44 1012 1092 458 1128 661 90 1176 852 880 276 1217 1053 283 235 869 1034 1224
Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Certificado Mineiro - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva Certificado Mineiro - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Certificado Mineiro - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva, gua Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Certificado Mineiro - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular
Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor
None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None
None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None
Valid shape shape Area Hectar Years Leng Area 5 7440,00 0,60 0,01 5 17880,00 1,05 0,02 5 4380,00 0,29 0,00 5 24640,00 0,73 0,02 5 11740,00 0,75 0,01 5 16000,00 0,50 0,01 5 19540,00 0,66 0,02 5 17080,00 0,75 0,01 5 24940,00 0,55 0,02 5 6720,00 0,32 0,01 2 15680,00 0,47 0,01 2 11800,00 0,53 0,01 3 23760,00 0,63 0,02 2 120,00 0,04 0,00 1 21740,00 0,68 0,02 5 4620,00 0,27 0,00 5 24120,00 0,83 0,02 5 5000,00 0,29 0,00 5 20460,00 0,76 0,02 5 24700,00 0,65 0,02 5 2880,00 0,20 0,00 5 20800,00 0,55 0,02 25 4560,00 0,36 0,00 2 60,00 0,03 0,00 5 17720,00 0,62 0,02 5 6720,00 0,31 0,01 5 23580,00 0,59 0,02 5 11520,00 0,44 0,01 5 16520,00 0,51 0,01 5 14120,00 0,64 0,01 5 20660,00 0,63 0,02 5 20960,00 0,62 0,02 5 19520,00 0,93 0,02 5 25000,00 0,60 0,02 5 24400,00 0,96 0,02 5 17400,00 0,49 0,02 2 60,00 0,03 0,00 5 24300,00 0,60 0,02 5 23160,00 0,69 0,02 5 1760,00 0,18 0,00 10 20260,00 0,79 0,02 5 5500,00 0,34 0,00 2 17600,00 0,52 0,02 1 20,00 0,02 0,00 5 24240,00 0,64 0,02 5 3680,00 0,26 0,00 5 18400,00 0,53 0,02 9 160,00 0,05 0,00 5 15360,00 0,57 0,01 5 2020,00 0,23 0,00 5 25000,00 0,85 0,02 5 8720,00 0,54 0,01 5 12500,00 0,78 0,01 5 9900,00 0,89 0,01 3 17160,00 0,63 0,01 5 6080,00 0,89 0,01 5 880,00 0,13 0,00 5 20240,00 0,56 0,02 5 21840,00 0,61 0,02 5 9160,00 0,40 0,01 5 22560,00 0,59 0,02 5 13220,00 0,60 0,01 5 1800,00 0,17 0,00 5 23520,00 0,65 0,02 3 17040,00 0,57 0,01 3 17600,00 0,58 0,02 5 5520,00 0,31 0,00 5 24340,00 0,92 0,02 5 21060,00 0,73 0,02 5 5660,00 0,35 0,00 5 4700,00 0,42 0,00 5 17380,00 0,76 0,02 5 20680,00 0,62 0,02 5 24480,00 0,72 0,02
2/4
License 08-08-2010 05-05-2008 26-03-2008 08-10-2007 23-11-2007 22-02-2010 09-01-2006 17-12-2005 21-09-2001 23-11-2009 29-03-2010 05-10-2005 08-07-2009 01-09-2009 26-11-2007 17-09-2009 24-10-2005 29-08-2005 30-05-2005 12-01-2006 14-05-2007 25-07-2010 06-10-2010 15-02-2007 30-11-2006 13-08-2007 14-08-2006 06-05-2008 28-09-2004 20-09-2007 29-04-2008 28-11-2010 14-10-2010 17-02-2009 08-07-2009 16-02-2009 20-02-2008 20-05-2010 05-01-2007 27-10-2008 14-11-2007 23-05-2005 05-01-2009 05-09-2008 30-07-2009 30-10-2008 14-07-2005 25-08-2008 09-08-2005 27-01-2009 16-11-2005 23-05-2005 04-07-2010 10-12-2007 12-03-2008 18-02-2010 10-09-2009 20-05-2005 06-05-2008 26-04-2010 22-09-2005 17-11-2005 22-02-2005 26-10-2005 27-02-2007 08-07-2009 16-04-2004 17-08-2006 29-03-2010 24-03-2010 12-03-2008 16-05-2010 06-09-2006 10-09-2009 14-06-2005 08-08-2014 21-09-2007 05-05-2013 28-08-2007 26-03-2013 06-08-2007 08-10-2012 02-08-2007 23-11-2012 30-11-2004 22-02-2015 11-11-2005 09-01-2011 08-11-2004 17-12-2012 10-11-1990 21-09-2031 04-09-2008 23-11-2014 01-02-2005 29-03-2013 06-06-2005 05-10-2010 09-03-2009 08-07-2014 11-12-2008 01-09-2014 04-09-2007 26-11-2012 09-10-2007 17-09-2014 02-09-2005 24-10-2010 22-06-2005 29-08-2010 03-03-2005 30-05-2010 24-11-2005 12-01-2011 17-05-2006 14-05-2012 27-04-2005 25-07-2014 16-06-2005 06-10-2012 08-09-2006 15-02-2012 05-07-2006 30-11-2011 13-03-2007 13-08-2012 06-06-2006 14-08-2011 24-09-2007 06-05-2013 16-06-2004 28-09-2009 01-03-2007 20-09-2012 02-11-2007 29-04-2013 17-06-2003 28-11-2013 29-07-2005 14-10-2015 09-10-2007 17-02-2014 09-03-2009 08-07-2014 02-12-2008 16-02-2014 20-02-2008 20-02-2013 01-02-2005 20-05-2013 23-08-2006 05-01-2012 18-04-2008 27-10-2013 15-06-2007 14-11-2012 15-03-2005 23-05-2013 28-07-2008 05-01-2014 25-03-2008 05-09-2013 13-03-2009 30-07-2034 02-05-2008 30-10-2013 23-05-2005 14-07-2010 05-05-2003 25-08-2013 10-06-2005 09-08-2010 17-03-2008 27-01-2014 26-05-2005 16-11-2010 23-03-2005 23-05-2013 27-04-2005 04-07-2014 09-09-2007 10-12-2012 17-05-2007 12-03-2013 18-02-2010 18-02-2015 30-04-2009 10-09-2014 15-03-2005 20-05-2013 24-09-2007 06-05-2013 03-03-2005 26-04-2014 06-07-2005 22-09-2010 12-08-2005 17-11-2010 30-11-2004 22-02-2010 12-08-2005 26-10-2010 17-11-2006 27-02-2012 28-05-2008 08-07-2014 12-03-2003 16-04-2008 22-05-2006 17-08-2011 01-02-2005 29-03-2013 01-02-2005 24-03-2013 17-05-2007 12-03-2013 15-03-2005 16-05-2013 13-07-2006 06-09-2011 30-04-2009 10-09-2014 OMEGACORP MINERAIS LIMITADA Jiangxi - Mozambique Mining co. Lda Grupo Chicomo, Lda novo Mozur, Lda Moambique Holdings, Lda Rio Minjova Mining and Exploration, Lda RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Zambezi Energy Corporation, Lda Sociedade Milamor, Lda Siexpo, Lda ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA Osho Gremach Mining, Lda BHW COMPANY, LTD W & W- Participaoes e Investimentos, S.A ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A Osho Recursos Limitada RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Great Western Mining, Lda 2 Vale Projectos e Desenvolvimento Moambique, Lda frica Austral Minerao, Lda Mawi Mining, Lda Capitol Resources, Limitada JSW Natural Resources Mozambique, Limitada Empresa do Vale do Zambeze limitada.1 RACHANA GLOBAL, LDA Goma Investimentos, Lda Capitol Resources, Limitada Jiangxi Mozambique Mining Co, Lda Octvio Filiano Mutemba OMEGACORP MINERAIS LIMITADA Kusseka Investimentos, Lda Bala Ussokoti, Lda Rio Minjova Mining and Exploration, Lda Avantika - Vajra (Joint Venture), Lda BHW COMPANY, LTD Celso Cadmiel Mutemba Teal Mining Moambique, Limitada ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA MIDWEST AFRICA, Lda Inter Globe 2 novo RACHANA GLOBAL, LDA RIVERSDALE CAPITAL MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Minas do Binga, Limitada Erix, Lda 2 MYALA RESOURCES, LDA ECSI, S.A.R.L Xavier Alexandre Simbine AFRIMINAS MINERAIS, LIMITADA Empresa Crocodilos de Manica, Limitada GUANAMO SOCIEDADE MINERAIS, LDA novo Eta Star Moambique, S.A RIVERSDALE CAPITAL MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Capitol Resources, Limitada RACHANA GLOBAL, LDA Ivone Ernesto M. Cardina Caldas Infra-Engineering Mozambique,SARL HS MINING, LTD RIVERSDALE CAPITAL MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Jiangxi Mozambique Mining Co, Lda Vale Projectos e Desenvolvimento Moambique, Lda MIDWEST AFRICA, Lda Investimentos Pblicos Nacional, Limitada Black Gold Mining (Mo) Lda SOGIR, SARL Osho Diamantes Limitada Chandrakant Jadavji SAME Sociedade Mozawl Mining ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA Ivone Ernesto M. Cardina Caldas Sociedade Carvoeira de Samoa, Lda GOSMIL - GOLD & STONES MINING (MOZ.), LDA HS MINING, LTD LST, PB, CU, FE, PGM, MO, NI, AU, AG, REE,Maputo PB, CU, FE, MO, PT e ZN Maputo Maputo MNP e U Maputo BME e MI Maputo COA, CU, FE, BME, AU e PT Maputo Maputo COA Maputo DUM Maputo PB, CU, MI, NI, AU e ZN Maputo COA, BME, PME, MPS e REE Maputo COA Maputo PB, CO, CU, NI, PT, AG, U e ZN Maputo PB, CU, SN e ZN Maputo DIA, BME, PME, NI e U Maputo GAR, GR, BME, PME e MI Maputo COM Maputo AQU, CAS, CB, EME, AU, QTZ, SAF, TAN, TOTete BME e AU Maputo BME, PME e MI Maputo COA Maputo BME e PME Maputo COA, FE e MI Maputo COA Maputo COM Maputo BME Maputo BME, PME e MI Maputo PB, CU, FE, GRP, MO e ZN Maputo GR Maputo BI, PB, CU, MO, NI, AU, AG, REE, TI, U e V Maputo AUM Maputo F Maputo COA, BME, AU e PT Maputo BME Maputo PB, CO, CU, NI, PT, AG, U e ZN Maputo BME e MI Maputo U Maputo COA, BME, PME, MPS e REE Maputo COM Maputo GR Maputo BME Maputo COM Maputo BME Maputo BME e MI Maputo AGU Maputo CU, NI e PT Maputo AU Maputo SB, COA, PB, CU, SN, FE, MGS, AU, PD, PT, Maputo GR Maputo AUM Maputo COA Maputo COM Maputo BME e PME Maputo BME Maputo U Maputo COA Maputo PB, CO, CU, NI, AU, AG, U e ZN Maputo COM Maputo PB, CU, COR, NI, AU e ZN Maputo BME, PGM e AU Maputo COA, DOT e BME Maputo COA, BME, AU e PT Maputo COA, CU, FE, BME, AU e PT Maputo STO Maputo BME e PME Maputo PB, CU, MI, U e ZN Maputo STO Maputo PME, U e ZR Maputo COA, BME, PME, MNP, MNS e REE Maputo COA, BME, PME, MPS e REE Maputo U Maputo COA Maputo AUM Maputo PB, CO, CU, NI, AU, AG, U e ZN Maputo Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Angonia Magoe Magoe Mutarara Moatize Changara Moatize Songo (antigo) Angonia Changara Changara Zumbo Mutarara Zumbo Changara Magoe Fingoe (antigo) Maravia Chifunde Maravia Moatize Mutarara Cahora bassa Mutarara Magoe Changara Angonia Cahora bassa Magoe Chifunde Mutarara Moatize Changara Maravia Changara Zumbo Cahora bassa Moatize Cahora bassa Mutarara Moatize Mutarara Moatize Chita Moatize Changara Changara Songo (antigo) Chifunde Moatize Moatize Moatize Mutarara Magoe Cahora bassa Angonia Moatize Angonia Chita Moatize Maravia Moatize Moatize Tsangano Tsangano Tete Zumbo Zumbo Zumbo Magoe Moatize Changara Cahora bassa 651 1098 663 1130 435 1186 448 1245 60 1147 880 74 620 1086 84 247 960 783 1196 297 1232 763 345 773 48 830 104 1224 112 868 480 192 444 580 1126 599 64 968 167 144 155 84 720 779 4 195 1096 109 128 672 200 463 1150 230 1050 956 841 282 1178 1008 792 1044 1221 2 1168 1248 2 1220 600 1170 1242 370 506 1232
LicenseTyp
LicenseSta
LicenseSub
LicenseHol
Minerals
PrimaryOff Province
District
CadastralU
1119 2251 2194 2155 2145 834 1279 805 20 3106 872 1100 3312 3297 2211 2290 1200 1133 911 1291 1416 1033 1127 1519 1460 1876 1431 2242 715 1770 2362 570 1173 2294 3309 3281 1740 874 1498 2792 2071 937 2880 2667 3316 2818 1064 540 1115 2535 1068 948 1032 2214 2012 3615 3359 935 2250 916 1151 1185 835 1182 1627 2877 375 1420 870 869 2011 934 1464 3358
License Suf L L L L L L L L C L L L L L L L L C L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L D L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L CM L L L L L L L
Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva, gua Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Certificado Mineiro - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva
Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor
None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None
Valid shape shape Area Hectar Years Leng Area 4 13020,00 0,87 0,01 5 21960,00 0,77 0,02 5 13260,00 0,47 0,01 5 22600,00 0,68 0,02 5 8700,00 0,37 0,01 5 23720,00 0,73 0,02 5 8960,00 0,73 0,01 7 24900,00 0,67 0,02 5 1200,00 0,15 0,00 5 22940,00 0,57 0,02 3 17600,00 0,53 0,02 5 1480,00 0,16 0,00 5 12400,00 0,53 0,01 5 21720,00 0,92 0,02 5 1680,00 0,17 0,00 5 4940,00 0,27 0,00 5 19200,00 0,67 0,02 5 15660,00 0,47 0,01 5 23920,00 0,60 0,02 5 5940,00 0,48 0,01 5 24640,00 0,60 0,02 4 15260,00 0,74 0,01 2 6900,00 0,32 0,01 5 15460,00 0,58 0,01 5 960,00 0,13 0,00 5 16600,00 0,74 0,01 5 2080,00 0,23 0,00 5 24480,00 0,81 0,02 5 2240,00 0,18 0,00 5 17360,00 0,49 0,02 5 9600,00 0,38 0,01 3 3840,00 0,23 0,00 5 8880,00 0,48 0,01 5 11600,00 0,48 0,01 5 22520,00 0,74 0,02 5 11980,00 0,45 0,01 5 1280,00 0,16 0,00 3 19360,00 0,59 0,02 5 3340,00 0,38 0,00 5 2880,00 0,20 0,00 5 3100,00 0,43 0,00 8 1680,00 0,23 0,00 5 14400,00 0,51 0,01 5 15580,00 0,50 0,01 25 80,00 0,03 0,00 5 3900,00 0,23 0,00 5 20920,00 0,77 0,02 5 2180,00 0,49 0,00 5 2560,00 0,23 0,00 5 13440,00 0,45 0,01 5 4000,00 0,37 0,00 8 9260,00 0,42 0,01 4 23000,00 0,70 0,02 5 4600,00 0,31 0,00 5 21000,00 0,71 0,02 5 19120,00 0,53 0,02 5 16820,00 0,51 0,01 8 5640,00 0,48 0,00 5 23560,00 0,97 0,02 4 20160,00 0,69 0,02 5 15840,00 0,48 0,01 5 20880,00 0,54 0,02 5 24420,00 0,58 0,02 5 40,00 0,03 0,00 5 23360,00 0,68 0,02 5 24960,00 0,62 0,02 2 40,00 0,03 0,00 5 24400,00 0,68 0,02 3 12000,00 0,58 0,01 3 23400,00 0,88 0,02 5 24840,00 0,61 0,02 3 7400,00 0,46 0,01 5 10120,00 0,53 0,01 5 24640,00 0,60 0,02
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License 08-11-2007 01-09-2003 10-02-2010 06-05-2010 01-03-2009 15-09-2007 25-08-2003 30-07-2005 28-05-2010 26-06-2008 18-08-2005 22-02-2010 16-05-2005 14-08-2008 20-05-2010 16-02-2010 06-12-2007 12-02-2007 26-07-2005 17-11-2005 17-09-2009 20-12-2005 28-07-2008 02-10-2005 19-12-2002 17-02-2010 17-10-2008 06-07-2006 27-10-2005 24-09-2008 29-09-2007 17-12-2004 03-11-2008 06-04-2004 30-06-2005 12-12-2006 15-09-2009 18-08-2005 13-04-2007 08-11-2012 05-05-2003 21-09-2010 10-12-2004 10-02-2013 22-03-2005 06-05-2015 19-01-2005 01-03-2032 01-03-2007 15-09-2012 05-06-2003 25-08-2008 15-07-2005 30-07-2030 29-10-2008 28-05-2015 16-05-2007 26-06-2013 09-06-2005 18-08-2010 19-08-2009 22-02-2015 15-03-2005 16-05-2014 02-04-2008 14-08-2013 25-02-2005 20-05-2015 09-03-2009 16-02-2015 28-05-2007 06-12-2012 13-10-2006 12-02-2012 11-05-2005 26-07-2010 11-08-2005 17-11-2010 14-05-2009 17-09-2014 12-08-2005 20-12-2010 16-04-2008 28-07-2013 22-08-2005 02-10-2010 23-03-2003 19-12-2012 11-01-2010 17-02-2015 08-04-2008 17-10-2013 25-04-2006 06-07-2011 09-06-2005 27-10-2010 05-11-2007 24-09-2013 01-03-2007 29-09-2012 27-09-2004 17-12-2010 09-10-2007 03-11-2013 01-10-2003 06-04-2009 25-04-2005 30-06-2010 23-08-2006 12-12-2011 01-11-2007 15-09-2014 15-06-2005 18-08-2010 ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A Clover Moambique, Lda ENRC MOZAMBIQUE, LIMITADA OMEGACORP MINERAIS LIMITADA Vale Moambique, Lda OMEGACORP MINERAIS LIMITADA Clover Moambique, Lda Mina Moatize Limitada Camal e Companhia, Lda MIDWEST AFRICA, Lda RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA Geoplat Resources, Lda Sociedade Carvoeira de Samoa, Lda Xiluva Minerals Resources, Lda Opti Metal Trading Moambique, Limitada BIWOLRD CEMENT, LTD Jos Parayanken Great Western Mining, Lda 2 Ckama Indstria e Servios Limitada Investimentos Pblicos Nacional, Limitada RAN GOLDEN SOGIR, SARL Aida Fragoso SPI- Gesto e Investimentos, SARL Sol Minerao Moambique, SA Reddys Global Industries, Lda Ramujito Issufo Investimentos Pblicos Nacional, Limitada RIVERSDALE VENTURES MOZAMBIQUE, LDA ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A OMEGACORP MINERAIS LIMITADA Grinaker-Lta Mocambique Lda novo Osho Recursos Limitada Assane Yocoob Jos M. S. do Pilar Africa Mines and Resources Limitada ZAMEX - Zambeze Exploraes, S.A Capitol Resources, Limitada Gem, BME e PME Maputo ORN Maputo COA, BME, PME, MPS e REE Maputo BI, PB, CU, NI, AU, PT, AG, REE, TI, U, W e Z Maputo COA Maputo BI, PB, CU, MO, NI, AU, AG, REE, TI, U, V e Z Maputo ORN Maputo COA Maputo PB, CU e ZN Maputo BME Maputo COA Maputo PB, CO, CU, Gem, NI, AU, PT, AG, U e ZN Maputo COA Maputo BME e MI Maputo CU, AU e TU Maputo LST e AU Maputo BME Maputo AQU, AMA, BER, AU, QTZM e TOP Maputo AUM Maputo COA, FE, BME, AU e PT Maputo AQU, EME, AU e TOU Maputo STO Maputo COA Maputo AU Maputo COM Maputo COA Maputo PB, CU, FE e PT Maputo COA, BME e ZR Maputo COA Maputo CO, CU, SN, FE, Gem, MI, NI, AU, AG, TAN, RMaputo BI, PB, CU, MO, NI, AU, AG, REE, TI, U, V e Z Maputo SAN Maputo GR, BME e PME Maputo AU, GEM, ORN, TAN e TOU Maputo DUM Maputo COM Maputo PB, CO, CU, NI, AU, PT, AG, U e ZN Maputo BME e PME Maputo Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Tete Chita Maravia Maravia Chita Moatize Magoe Maravia Moatize Changara Mutarara Changara Maravia Moatize Songo (antigo) Fingoe (antigo) Changara Mutarara Maravia Changara Chita Macanga Moatize Mutarara Chita Mutarara Changara Changara Changara Magoe Macanga Magoe Tete Mutarara Moatize Songo (antigo) Moatize Maravia Changara 819 154 950 1040 1189 840 111 13 840 1120 400 500 1249 1120 1152 751 1225 354 4 1044 81 4 123 470 186 839 1046 1172 940 1116 784 1 72 25 25 836 995 945
LicenseTyp
LicenseSta
LicenseSub
LicenseHol
Minerals
PrimaryOff Province
District
CadastralU
1947 543 844 890 867 1768 542 1163 3245 2003 1111 3462 932 2738 884 3311 2024 1583 1052 1186 3378 1183 2783 1189 400 3614 2987 1393 1108 2366 1769 768 2285 607 1023 1497 2354 1123
License Suf L L L L C L L C L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L C L L L L L L
Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Concesso Mineira - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa singular Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva Licena de Prospeco e Pesquisa - pessoa colectiva
Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor Em vigor
None Prorrogao Pendente None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Prorrogao Pendente None None Prorrogao Pendente
Valid shape shape Area Hectar Years Leng Area 5 16380,00 0,50 0,01 2 3080,00 0,21 0,00 3 19000,00 0,62 0,02 5 20800,00 0,57 0,02 23 23780,00 1,08 0,02 5 16800,00 0,48 0,01 5 2220,00 0,18 0,00 25 260,00 0,07 0,00 5 16800,00 0,53 0,01 5 22400,00 0,66 0,02 5 8000,00 0,42 0,01 5 25,00 0,45 0,01 9 24980,00 0,80 0,02 5 22400,00 0,57 0,02 5 23040,00 0,80 0,02 5 15020,00 0,53 0,01 5 24000,00 0,62 0,02 5 7080,00 0,41 0,01 5 80,00 0,03 0,00 5 20880,00 0,72 0,02 5 1620,00 0,18 0,00 5 80,00 0,03 0,00 5 2460,00 0,34 0,00 5 9400,00 0,69 0,01 10 3720,00 0,32 0,00 5 16780,00 0,66 0,01 5 20920,00 0,66 0,02 5 23440,00 0,78 0,02 5 18800,00 0,57 0,02 5 23320,00 0,67 0,02 5 15680,00 0,47 0,01 5 20,00 0,02 0,00 5 1440,00 0,18 0,00 5 500,00 0,08 0,00 5 500,00 0,11 0,00 5 16720,00 0,52 0,01 5 19900,00 0,53 0,02 5 18900,00 0,68 0,02
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DESCRIO DO MODELO DE PROPAGAO DE CAUDAIS EM REGIME VARIVEL EM RIOS E CANAIS SOFTWARE HEC-RAS
1 O PROGRAMA HEC-RAS E SUAS CAPACIDADES................................................................................................................1 2 FUNDAMENTOS TERICOS ....................................................................................................................................................1 3 DADOS DE ENTRADA NECESSRIOS ...................................................................................................................................2 3.1 GEOMETRIA...........................................................................................................................................................................2 3.1.1 Esquema de funcionamento................................................................................................................................................2 3.1.2 Seces transversais...........................................................................................................................................................3 3.1.3 Opes ................................................................................................................................................................................3 3.1.4 Outros dados geomtricos...................................................................................................................................................3 3.2 ESCOAMENTO.......................................................................................................................................................................3 3.2.1 Regime Permanente............................................................................................................................................................4 3.2.1.1 Condies de Fronteira..........................................................................................................................................4 3.2.1.2 Opes...................................................................................................................................................................4 3.2.1.3 Simulao em regime permanente ........................................................................................................................5 3.2.2 Regime Varivel ..................................................................................................................................................................6 3.2.2.1 Condies de Fronteira..........................................................................................................................................6 3.2.2.2 Condies iniciais ..................................................................................................................................................8 3.2.2.3 Opes...................................................................................................................................................................9 3.2.2.4 Simulao em regime varivel...............................................................................................................................9 3.2.2.5 Calibrao do modelo ..........................................................................................................................................11 3.2.2.6 Exactido, Estabilidade e Sensibilidade do modelo ............................................................................................11 3.2.2.6.1 Exactido do modelo..........................................................................................................................................11 3.2.2.6.2 Estabilidade do modelo ......................................................................................................................................11 3.2.2.6.3 Sensibilidade do modelo.....................................................................................................................................12 4 VIZUALIZAO DOS RESULTADOS.....................................................................................................................................12 4.1 REPRESENTAO GRFICA E RELATRIOS..................................................................................................................13 4.2 ARMAZENAMENTO E GESTO DE DADOS ......................................................................................................................19 5 RAS MAPPER ..........................................................................................................................................................................19 6 CONCLUSES.........................................................................................................................................................................20 7 REFERNCIAS ........................................................................................................................................................................20
APROVEITAMENTO HIDROELCTRICO DE MPHANDA NKUWA Estudo Impacto Ambiental (EIA) Recursos Hdricos. Anexo 1
DESCRIO DO MODELO DE PROPAGAO DE CAUDAIS EM REGIME VARIVEL EM RIOS E CANAIS SOFTWARE HEC-RAS
1 O PROGRAMA HEC-RAS E SUAS CAPACIDADES
O software HECRAS da U.S Army Corps of Engineers aplica-se na anlise de sistemas de fluviais (River Analysis System) e permite simular sistemas de rios com escoamentos unidimensionais em regime permanente e varivel. O HEC-RAS um software interactivo para o utilizador, e integrador com capacidade de reunir vrias tarefas e vrios utilizadores em rede. O sistema HEC-RAS permite simular trs componentes de anlises hidrulicas unidimensionais: 1 clculos computacionais do perfil da superfcie da gua (regolfo) em regime permanente de escoamento; 2 regolfo em regime varivel de escoamento; 3 clculos computacionais considerando transporte de sedimentos slidos e fundo mvel. O elemento unificador das trs componentes de clculo a geometria, cuja informao inserida e representao esquemtica possibilita a simulao, num s modelo, das vrias abordagens hidrulicas. Alm destas trs componentes de anlise hidrulica, o programa permite ainda vrias funcionalidades que podem ser invocadas para acrescentar concepo hidrulica bsica do sistema fluvial. O software HEC-RAS est disponvel sem custos na internet (em http://www.hec.usace.army.mil). um programa de clculo muito utilizado, de larga aplicabilidade, que tem um interface amigvel para a entrada e sada de dados, e que incorpora clculos numricos com resultados confirmadamente robustos.
2 FUNDAMENTOS TERICOS
O clculo computacional numrico do HEC-RAS baseia-se na Equao da Conservao da Energia (Unidimensional) e na Equao da Continuidade (Equaes de Saint Venant).
As perdas de energia so calculadas com base na rugosidade (Equao de Manning) e na contraco/expanso. Energia = (z+y) + v2/2g Perda de Energia = E1-E2=[(z1+y1)+v12/2g] - [(z2+y2)+v22/2g] xSe=z+y+(v2/2g) regime permanente xSe=z+y+(v2/2g) +v/t regime varivel A equao da quantidade do Movimento tambm utilizada quando a variao do perfil da superfcie da gua muito rpida, como acontece em clculos de escoamento em regime misto (ressaltos), em hidrulica de pontes ou na avaliao da confluncia de perfis de rios (juno de rios). Os efeitos de vrias obstrues ao escoamento como pontes, passagens
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hidrulicas, audes, barragens ou estruturas em leitos de cheias tambm podem ser consideradas nas simulaes. O estudo de escoamentos em regime permanente aplicvel na gesto de eventos de cheias e em estudos de segurana contra cheias / avaliao de impactos. O programa permite tambm avaliar alteraes no perfil da gua devidas a melhorias / modificaes introduzidas na geometria ao longo do canal de escoamento e a introduo de diques.
Os troos so desenhados como linhas multisegmentadas e cada troo tem de ter pelo menos dois pontos, definidores dos seus incio e fim. No entanto, mais comum desenhar um troo de rio com vrios pontos que seguem o percurso principal do canal de escoamento do rio (habitualmente o desenho faz-se sobre uma imagem de base ou um mapa que possa ser importado para dentro da Geometric Data Editor Window).
Alm dos troos que compem o rio, podem-se desenhar reas de armazenamento (Storage Areas) e suas interligaes (Storage Area Connections), bem como estaes elevatrias (Pump Stations). Uma rea de armazenamento representa um reservatrio onde a gua pode entrar para ou sair de. A superfcie da gua numa dessas reas de armazenamento assume-se ser como um nvel de gua numa piscina. As reas de armazenamento podem ser ligadas a troos de rios bem como a outras reas de armazenamento. Tambm se podem interligar essas reas de armazenamento directamente ao fim de um troo de rio ou ao longo de um troo utilizando uma opo de estrutura lateral, como passagens hidrulicas, descarregadores com comportas e audes.
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3.1.3 Opes
Existem outras informaes que, no sendo imprescindveis, podem ser acrescentadas a cada seco transversal. Alm de se poderem introduzir mais seces transversais e de utilizar ferramentas bsicas como copiar, colar, apagar, renomear, h outras possibilidades como ajustar localizaes em X ou em Y, ajustar valores de rugosidade (n ou k), ngulos de desvio das seces transversais em relao ao rio (Skew Cross Section), definir reas sem escoamento efectivo (Ineffective Flow Areas), introduzir diques e obstrues, adicionar coberturas, adicionar camadas de gelo, definir curvas de vazo, bem como adicionar variaes verticais e horizontais nos valores das rugosidades.
3.2 ESCOAMENTO
Uma vez efectuada a caracterizao geomtrica, podem-se introduzir no modelo os dados necessrios simulao do escoamento de gua em regime permanente.
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3.2.1.1
Condies de Fronteira
As condies de fronteira so necessrias para estabelecer nveis de gua nas extremidades (montante e jusante) dos rios no incio da simulao, permitindo o incio dos clculos computacionais. Num regime de escoamento lento as condies de fronteira, com condio inicial do nvel da gua, s so necessrias na extremidade de jusante do rio. Num regime rpido s ser necessrio introduzir uma condio de fronteira na seco mais a montante. Num regime de escoamento misto de clculo todas as fronteiras tm de ter dados de nveis de gua iniciais.
3.2.1.2
Opes
Na fase de introduo de dados de regime de escoamento existem disponveis no programa vrias opes: modificao de caudais (multiplicao de valores seleccionados de uma tabela por um factor), edio dos nomes dos perfis de simulao, imposies na altura de gua e na linha de energia (para um perfil especfico num modelo com vrios regolfos) como o acrscimo de perdas localizadas de energia entre duas seces transversais, ou a perda especfica de energia
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entre duas seces transversais, a altura de gua conhecida em dada seco transversal para um dado perfil de simulao, a mudana no nvel de gua entre duas seces transversais, e mudanas de K representativas de perdas de carga localizadas extra a considerar no balano da energia.
O programa permite a introduo de nveis de gua observados em qualquer seco transversal para qualquer perfil de simulao. Esses nveis de gua observados podem ser exibidos nos resultados, em perfil transversal, nas seces transversais e nas tabelas de resumo de resultados.
A introduo de curvas de vazo observadas tambm uma opo que permite em dado local comparar os resultados dos clculos com os observados. ainda possvel controlar a abertura de comportas de descarregadores (em linha ou laterais) que possam ter sido introduzidos no modelo geomtrico e optimizar a abertura dessas comportas para se obterem nveis de gua pretendidos a montante da estrutura. Tambm possvel optimizar caudais iniciais descarregados em estruturas laterais ou estaes de elevao. 3.2.1.3 Simulao em regime permanente
Uma vez introduzida a geometria do sistema fluvial e todas as condies de escoamento necessrias, pode-se dar incio aos clculos computacionais de simulao dos regolfos em regime permanente e determinao dos nveis de gua nos rios e canais.
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O primeiro passo a efectuar uma simulao a definio de um Plano onde se combina a geometria e o escoamento a usar. A pode-se identificar a situao da simulao e descrev-la sumariamente. tambm nesse Plano que se selecciona o regime de caudais e as opes de clculo a utilizar.
Estas condies tm de ser introduzidas em todas as fronteiras exteriores do sistema fluvial, bem como em qualquer outro local interno onde se achar necessrio, bem como se tem de definir as condies iniciais de caudais e de armazenamento necessrias ao incio dos clculos de simulao.
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Existem vrios tipos de condies de fronteira disponveis: hidrogramas de caudais, hidrogramas de nveis ou hidrogramas de caudais e nveis, que se podem utilizar quer em seces de fronteira a montante quer a jusante. No entanto mais comum estes serem dados utilizados como condio de fronteira de montante.
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Tambm uma curva de vazo pode ser introduzida no modelo como condio de fronteira a jusante, com uma relao ponto a ponto de nveis e caudais.
A altura uniforme (Normal depth) quando adoptada como condio de fronteira numa seco final de jusante de um troo de um rio utiliza a equao de Manning no clculo do nvel de gua para dado caudal. Para utilizar este mtodo o utilizador tem de inserir um valor de declive para a perda de carga unitria (fritcion slope) tendo em vista a representao da condio de fronteira. A inclinao da superfcie da gua geralmente uma boa estimativa desse valor. Outras condies de fronteira internas so possveis, tais como: hidrograma uniforme de entrada lateral de caudal, entrada de caudal no rio vindo de guas subterrneas (groundwater inflow), sries temporais de abertura de comportas, controlo geomtrico de comportas, operao de comportas em barragens para navegao, ou hidrogramas de nveis e/ou de caudais em fronteiras internas no sistema. 3.2.2.2 Condies iniciais
Alm das condies de fronteira, tambm as condies iniciais do sistema fluvial so necessrias realizao dos clculos do escoamento em regime varivel. As condies iniciais consistem em informao sobre nveis da superfcie da gua ou caudais nas seces transversais, bem como alturas de gua em reas de armazenamento que possam ter sido definidas no sistema.
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3.2.2.3
Opes
Vrias so as opes disponveis no editor de regime varivel por forma a ajudar a entrada e dados e a sua visualizao: apagar condies de fronteira, nveis iniciais em seces transversais internas, caudais mnimos e tabela de caudais, bem como dados observados (medidos). 3.2.2.4 Simulao em regime varivel
O primeiro passo para a realizao de uma simulao em regime varivel a combinao da geometria e do escoamento a usar num Plano, bem como descrever sumariamente o que a corrida significa e simula. Na informao contida no Plano dever tambm constar a seleco dos mtodos de clculo a usar, o perodo de tempo de simulao, bem como cenrios e outras opes de simulao. Uma vez introduzida toda a informao necessria e definido o Plano, os clculos em regime varivel podem ento ser realizados. Quando os clculos tiverem terminado, caso tenham tido sucesso, possvel observar os resultados, bem como o relatrio de erros e avisos que permite localizar os erros que possam existir no decorrer da simulao e elimin-los.
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3.2.2.5
Calibrao do modelo
A calibrao um ajustamento dos parmetros do modelo, tais como rugosidades ou coeficientes hidrulicos das estruturas, que permita alguma exactido na representao da realidade observada. Alguns problemas e factores a considerar numa calibrao de um modelo em regime varivel so os dados hidrolgicos observados, a geometria do rio e das suas margens ou leitos de cheia, os coeficientes de rugosidade, a capacidade de armazenamento no rio e nas margens ou leitos de cheia, e os coeficientes das estruturas hidrulicas. 3.2.2.6 Exactido, Estabilidade e Sensibilidade do modelo
Tendo em vista o desenvolvimento de uma boa modelao em regime varivel de um sistema fluvial, deve-se compreender como e porqu um modelo particular pode ter problemas de estabilidade, onde a soluo das equaes de escoamento se torna instvel. Adicionalmente, importante compreender a ligao entre exactido numrica (exactido na resoluo numrica das equaes) e a estabilidade do modelo. Finalmente, a sensibilidade do modelo ajuda a compreender como os parmetros afectam o modelo e em que formas. 3.2.2.6.1 Exactido do modelo
A exactido do modelo pode definir-se como o grau de proximidade entre a soluo numrica e a verdadeira soluo. A exactido depende do seguinte: Suposies e limitaes do modelo (i.e. modelo unidimensional, nvel nico da superfcie da gua em cada seco transversal, etc. ..) Exactido dos dados geomtricos (seces transversais, valores de Manning, pontes, passagens hidrulicas, etc. ...) Exactido dos dados de escoamento e das condies de fronteira (hidrogramas de entrada de caudal, curvas de vazo, etc. ...) Exactido numrica das solues de clculo nas equaes em regime varivel. Relativamente exactido numrica, se se considera verdadeira a representao unidimensional do escoamento varivel num rio atravs de um sistema equaes, ento apenas a sua resoluo analtica devolver um soluo exacta. As solues obtidas por diferenas finitas sero sempre aproximadas. Uma soluo exacta para as equaes no realizvel para um sistema fluvial complexo, pelo que o HEC-RAS utiliza, implicitamente, um esquema de resoluo de equaes atravs de diferenas finitas, o qual devolve sempre resultados aproximados. 3.2.2.6.2 Estabilidade do modelo
Num modelo numrico instvel, certos tipos de erros numricos podem crescer tanto que faam com que a soluo comece a oscilar, ou os erros se tornem to grandes que impeam os clculos de continuar. Este um problema frequente quando se trabalha com modelos de simulao em regime varivel de alguma complexidade e/ou dimenso.
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Este hidrograma um exemplo de um modelo que correu at ao fim do perodo de tempo de simulao, mas que produziu uma soluo instvel. Os seguintes factores afectam a estabilidade e a exactido numrica de um modelo e devem ser verificados: espaamento adequado entre seces transversais, intervalo de tempo de clculo, factor de peso teta para uma soluo numrica, opes de clculo e tolerncias, descarregadores/estruturas laterais, troos ngremes de rios e regimes de escoamento mistos, condies de fronteira a jusante, geometria das seces transversais e tabelas de propriedades, cruzamentos com pontes e passagens hidrulicas, condies inicias com caudal reduzido, quedas no leito do rio, valores da rugosidade de Manning, falhas ou m qualidade na informao do canal principal de escoamento. 3.2.2.6.3 Sensibilidade do modelo
A sensibilidade do modelo importante na compreenso da exactido e na incerteza do modelo. Existem dois tipos de anlise de sensibilidade que devem ser efectuadas ao modelo, Numrica e Fsica. A primeira o processo de ajustamento dos parmetros que afectam a soluo numrica quando se pretende obter a melhor soluo para as equaes, como o intervalo de tempo de clculo, o factor de peso teta, factores relacionados com a estabilidade em audes/descarregadores, e expoentes de submerso em audes/descarregadores. Por outro lado, a estabilidade dos parmetros fsicos prende-se com o processo de ajustar os parmetros hidrulicos e as propriedades geomtricas, e testar as incertezas das solues dos modelos, como os valores da rugosidade de Manning, o espaamento entre seces transversais, o armazenamento nas seces transversais, os coeficientes de descarga em audes/descarregadores laterais ou os parmetros definidores de pontes/passagens hidrulicas.
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5 RAS MAPPER
O HEC-RAS tem a capacidade de realizar mapas de inundao directamente a partir dos resultados dos nveis de gua obtidos por perfil. Usando a geometria do HEC-RAS e os perfis calculados para os nveis de gua, a profundidade de inundao e os limites de alcance de cheias podem ser criados recorrendo ao RAS Mapper. Informao geoespacial adicional pode ser gerada para anlise de velocidades, tenso tangencial, energia cintica, espessura da camada de gelo,
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e alcance da onda de inundao. Na utilizao do RAS Mapper em anlises desta ordem deve ter-se um modelo digital do terreno num formato matricial de vrgula flutuante (.flt). A malha resultante para a profundidade guardada num ficheiro de formato .flt enquanto que a informao dos limites armazenada em ficheiros do tipo vectorial (polgonos) da ESRI para uso em software de sistemas de informao geogrfica.
6 CONCLUSES
O HEC-RAS um programa muito divulgado que permite aos engenheiros hidrulicos a anlise de sistemas fluviais com boa exactido, na simulao de rios e canais relativamente complexos. Tem um interface de utilizao amigvel que rene os fundamentos tericos e os procedimentos de clculo necessrios para simular escoamentos unidimensionais (em regime permanente ou em regime varivel). As opes e as ferramentas de o programa que dispe permitem no s a representao de vrias situaes geomtricas e hidrulicas, mas tambm a obteno de resultados com elevado grau de exactido e fiabilidade na previso de nveis de gua. Assim sendo, considera-se que o programa HEC-RAS uma ferramenta robusta de clculo hidrulico til na propagao de caudais em rios e canais.
7 REFERNCIAS
Users Manual. March 2008, Version 4.0 HEC-RAS, River Analysis System. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Hydrologic Center. Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. HEC-RAS presentation 4.12.03.ppt December 2003 Brief introduction to the HEC-RAS program. HEC-RAS Zambezi Reports. Norconsult AS.
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August 2010
Submitted to:
HIDROELCTRICA MPHANDA NKUWA, S.A. R. Jose Mateus, no. 20 3 andar, Edifcio Cimpor Maputo Moambique
REPORT
Report Number. Distribution: 1 copy - Golder Associados Mozambique Limitada 1 copy - Golder Associates Africa
12724-9871-1 Rev1
Executive Summary
Golder Associados Moambique Limitada (GAML) was appointed by Ms. Madalena Dray of Hidroelctrica Mphanda Nkuwa to conduct water quality sample collection and analysis at sites in the Luia (LUIAa & LUIAb) and Zambezi (ZAM1 & ZAM2) rivers. This report presents the water quality results measured in water samples collected during the April 2010 field survey. The survey was conducted at the end of the rainy season when flow levels in the Zambezi River were high. The following findings were reached based on the results of this once off assessment:
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conducted on the chemical water quality analysis results indicated similarities between the sites in each of the rivers, and differences between the two rivers; The differences between the rivers could be summarised as follows:
Increased phosphate (PO4) concentrations in the Luia River samples especially LUIAa; Higher turbidity levels in the Luia River. This could be attributed primarily to the location of the
Zambezi River sites downstream of a large impoundment (Cahora Bassa) which acts as a sediment trap;
Increased Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) concentrations in the Luia River; and Increased suspended solid concentrations in the Luia River. This could also be attributed to the
location of the Zambezi River sites downstream of a large impoundment. Season differences in flow levels will result in changes in suspended solid concentrations.
Phytoplankton species diversities and abundances were poor at both sites in the Zambezi River; The phytoplankton species at site ZAM2 indicated that the inorganic nitrogen concentration at the site was low; Only two species of small bodied zooplankton species were recorded in the samples. The low zooplankton abundance and the absence of larger bodied species such as the water flea (Daphnia spp) could be attributed to the limited food supply, as indicated by the low phytoplankton and chlorophyll results; Based on the chlorophyll analysis nutrient levels at both sites in the Zambezi River were extremely low (ultraoligotrophic); The chlorophyll analysis correlated with the low abundances of phytoplankton and zooplankton recorded at both sites;
Additional seasonally representative surveys are recommended in order to determine the full seasonal variability of phytoplankton, zooplankton and chlorophyll levels at the sites associated with the Mphanda Nkuwa project.
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 3.0 SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................................................................... 2 4.0 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 Chemical analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ...................................................................................................... 2 Biological analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Phytoplankton identification .................................................................................................................... 3 Chlorophyll analyses ............................................................................................................................... 3 Zooplankton identification ....................................................................................................................... 4
5.0 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 5.1 5.1.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Chemical analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ...................................................................................................... 5 Biological analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Phytoplankton identification .................................................................................................................... 8 Chlorophyll analysis ................................................................................................................................ 9 Zooplankton identification ....................................................................................................................... 9
TABLES Table 1: GPS coordinates and descriptions of sites. ........................................................................................................... 1 Table 2: Trophic Index in correlation with Chlorophyll a (Appendix C). ............................................................................... 4 Table 3: Results of chemical analysis conducted by UIS Analytical Services on water samples collected from the Zambezi and Luia rivers. .................................................................................................................................... 4 Table 4: Comparison of phytoplankton species composition and abundance at the two sampling sites ............................. 8 Table 5: Chlorophyll (g/l) results at the two sampling sites ............................................................................................... 9 Table 6: Species composition and abundance of zooplankton (ind/l) .................................................................................. 9
FIGURES Figure 1: Map of study area showing location of sampling sites. ........................................................................................ 1
August 2010 Report No. 12724-9871-1 Rev1
Figure 2: Kemmerer sampler used to collect water samples at discrete depths.................................................................. 3 Figure 3: Result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conducted on water samples collected in the Zambezi and Luia rivers. ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 4: PCA ordination with concentration of PO4 superimposed. ................................................................................... 6 Figure 5: PCA ordination with turbidity superimposed ......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 6: PCA ordination with TDS superimposed .............................................................................................................. 7 Figure 7: PCA with Suspended Solid concentrations superimposed................................................................................... 8
APPENDICES APPENDIX A DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS APPENDIX B UIS ANALYTICAL SERVICES REPORT APPENDIX C CSIR LABORATORIES REPORT
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
Golder Associados Moambique Limitada (GAML) was appointed by Ms. Madalena Dray at Hidroelctrica Mphanda Nkuwa to conduct water quality sample collection and analysis at sites in the Luia and Zambezi rivers. This report presents the water quality results measured in water samples collected during the once off April 2010 field survey.
2.0
STUDY AREA
The study area is situated in the Tete Province of Mozambique. Sites were sampled in the Zambezi 100 km upstream of Tete, and approximately 30 km downstream from Cahora Bassa, and in the Luia River at the point where the Tete Fingoe road crosses the river (Figure 1). Sample LUIAa was collected in the middle of the Luia River channel by means of a bucket lowered from the bridge by rope. Sample LUIAb was collected on the side of the channel under the road bridge. An additional sample LUIAc was delivered to Golder Associates for analysis by Madalena Dray. The sample was collected at the same site as samples LUIAa and LUIAb. Two sites were sampled in the Zambezi River, the 1st (ZAM1) is situated in the narrow gorge area just upstream of the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme site and the 2nd (ZAM2) approximately 3 km further downstream in the wider section of the river. The GPS coordinates of the sampling sites were determined using a Garmin GPS 60 CSx and are listed in Table 1 along with descriptions of the sites. A map of the study area is provided in Figure 1. Table 1: GPS coordinates and descriptions of sites. Site ZAM1 ZAM2 Latitude S15.76432 S15.78333 Longitude E33.13662 E33.15000 Description Zambezi River upstream of proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme site in narrow gorge Zambezi River approximately 3 km downstream of proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme site in section of wider river Luia River at bridge crossing site approximately 157 km from Tete on the Zimbabwe - Zambia road, samples collected in middle of river Luia River at bridge crossing site approximately 157 km from Tete on the Zimbabwe - Zambia road, samples collected on river margin
LUIAa
S15.13540
E32.90265
LUIAb
S15.13540
E32.90265
3.0
SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work included collection of the water samples, delivery of the samples to accredited laboratories in South Africa for analysis of the following chemical parameters:
4.0 4.1
pH; Electrical conductivity; Total Dissolved solids; Suspended solids; Turbidity; P and Total (M) Alkalinity; Anions by Ion Chromatography (IC) (Nitrite, Nitrate, Nitrate as N, Phosphate); Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD); Dissolved Oxygen (DO);
The following biological parameters were also measured at sites ZAM1 and ZAM2: Chlorophyll a; Zooplankton (specific composition and abundance); and Phytoplankton (specific composition and abundance).
Samples for chemical analysis were collected at the water surface in 1.5 l plastic sample bottles. Bottles were placed in a cooler box and transported to UIS Laboratories in Tete for transportation to South Africa. Samples for chemical analysis were refrigerated during transportation to South Africa. Chemical analysis was conducted at UIS Analytical Services in South Africa using standard methodologies.
4.1.1
The ordination method Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to elucidate dissimilarities between sites. The PCA technique is applied to ecological studies and provides a global interpretation of environmental variables: physical, chemical, physiological, morphometrical or climatological. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allows for the extraction of the general directions of variations of environmental variables (Cyrus et al., 2000). It should be noted this assessment is based on the results of a single survey. As additional survey data becomes available the PCA will be reassessed in order to verify whether the results obtained from this assessment are valid.
4.2
Biological analysis
The phytoplankton, zooplankton and chlorophyll samples were only collected at the 2 sites in the Zambezi River.
The phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected by means of a Kemmerer sampler at intervals of 1 m throughout the water column (Figure 2). The water samples obtained at the various depths were poured through a 50 m net in order to collect composite samples. The content of the net was decanted into 1 l plastic sampling jars. The process was repeated for the phytoplankton and zooplankton. The volume of water strained for each phytoplankton and zooplankton sample was approximately 20 l.
4.2.1
Phytoplankton identification
The phytoplankton samples were preserved in the field by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %, followed after one hour by the addition of buffered formaldehyde to a final concentration of 2.5 %. The water samples were kept cool and in the dark during the transfer from the field to the CSIR laboratory in South Africa. All identifications were made by using a compound microscope with 1250 x magnification (Van Vuuren et al., 2006; Taylor et al., 2007). Strip counts were made until at least 100 individuals of each of the dominant phytoplankton species were counted. All counts were based on the number of cells observed and the individual species were grouped into major algal groups (Lund et al., 1958; Willen, 1991). Algal biovolume was calculated by measuring the corresponding dimensions using the geometric formulas given by Willen (1976). The total number of phytoplankton taxa and their frequency of occurrence at each sampling site were categorised according to Hrnstrm (1999): 1 = 250, 2 = 251-1000, 3 = 1001-5000, 4 = 5001-25 000 cells l-1. The total number of taxa and their frequency were recorded after careful examination for at least 15 minutes and after not finding additional taxa.
4.2.2
Chlorophyll analyses
Chlorophyll samples were collected at the water surface and placed in 1 l plastic bottles. The plastic bottles were packed in a cooler box with ice for the trip back to Tete. The samples were preserved in Tete by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %. The samples were delivered to the CSIR laboratories in Stellenbosch, South Africa for analysis. In the laboratory, chlorophyll was extracted from each sample with 80 % acetone at 4 C. The chlorophyll a and b content of each sample was determined spectrophotometrically at 647 nm and 664 nm wavelengths according to the method of Porra et al (1989).The trophic state (Appendix C) of the two sampling sites were correlated with the concentration Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) (Table 2).
Table 2: Trophic Index in correlation with Chlorophyll a (Appendix C). Trophic states Ultraoligotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) values associated with trophic state <1 1-5 5-10 10-56 > 56
4.2.3
Zooplankton identification
All samples collected were preserved in Tete in 4 % sucrose (40 g l-1) Formalin solution (Haney and Hall, 1973) in order to prevent the loss of eggs and distortion of the carapace by ballooning. In the laboratory the samples were counted and analyzed in their entirety for total zooplankton individuals using a 25x stereomicroscope. Each zooplankton specimen was measured from the top of the carapace to the base of the spine for size determination e.g., adults or neonates. The reference used for zooplankton identification was Thorp and Covich (2001).
5.0 5.1
The results of the chemical analysis conducted on the water samples collected in the Zambezi and Luia rivers is provided in Table 3. The UIS Analytical Services laboratory report is provided in Appendix B. The results from site LUIAc are included in Table 3 but are not included in the further data analysis. Table 3: Results of chemical analysis conducted by UIS Analytical Services on water samples collected from the Zambezi and Luia rivers. Parameters and units pH pH measured at Temperature [ C] Total Conductivity [mS/m] Total conductivity measured at Temperature [ C] Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) [mg/l] Calculated TDS from EC * 6.5 [mg/l] Calculated TDS from EC * 7 [mg/l] Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation [mg/l] Suspended Solids [mg/l] Turbidity [NTU] P Alkalinity [mg/l CaCO3] Total (M) Alkalinity [mg/l CaCO3] Anions by Ion Chromatography Site ZAM1 7.66 21.3 13.3 21.3 58 86.5 93.1 36.21 9.0 17.6 < 0.6 59.28 ZAM2 7.75 21.2 13.3 21.2 72 86.5 93.1 35.51 7.4 16.7 < 0.6 58.64 LUIAa 7.77 21.2 16 21.2 96 104.0 112 40.9 19.0 24.6 < 0.6 68.16 LUIAb 7.92 21.1 17 21.1 102 110.5 119 43.92 19.8 21.6 < 0.6 73.2 86 LUIAc
0 38.2
Parameters and units Nitrite (NO2) [mg/l] Nitrate (NO3) [mg/l] Nitrate (NO3) as N [mg/l] Phosphate (PO4) [mg/l] Chemical Oxygen Demand [ppm O2] Biological Oxygen Demand [mg/l O2] Dissolved Oxygen [mg/l O2]
Site ZAM1 < 0.2 0.64 < 0.3 0.96 < 10 < 10 5.7 ZAM2 < 0.2 0.33 < 0.3 1.56 < 10 < 10 5.6 LUIAa < 0.2 < 0.3 < 0.3 8.11 < 10 < 10 5.3 LUIAb < 0.2 < 0.3 < 0.3 3.03 < 10 < 10 5.4 LUIAc
5.1.1
The water quality analysis results was analysed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It should be noted this assessment is based on the results of a single survey. As additional survey data becomes available the PCA will be repeated and reassessed in order to verify the results from this assessment. Based on the PCA two groups of sites were identified:
Group I consists of the Luia River sites LUIAa and LUIAb; Group II consists of the Zambezi River sites ZAM1 and ZAM2.
The results indicate similarity between the sites in each of the rivers and differences between the chemical compositions of the two rivers. The PCA results and groupings are presented in Figure 3.
I II
Figure 3: Result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conducted on water samples collected in the Zambezi and Luia rivers.
PC2
Based on the PCA results 93.8% of the variation in water chemistry could be explained by PC1 and PC2 axes of the PCA graph. Guidelines for an acceptable level of variance explained are problematic since they depend on factors such as the objectives of the study, the number of species and the number of samples (Clarke & Warwick, 1994). Clarke & Warwick (1994) suggest that a PCA ordination that accounts for 70 75% of the variation describes the overall structure well.
II
Turbidity
Figure 5 presents the PCA ordination with the turbidity results superimposed. The turbidity values in the Luia River were slightly higher than in the Zambezi River. The Zambezi River sites are situated downstream of Cahora Bassa. The water in a dam tends to lose most of its particulate matter hence the water discharged from dams tends to have less silt than would the natural river (Davies & Day, 1998).
Turbidity [NTU]
LUIAa 3
II
PC2 0
ZAM1
12
LUIAa
II
ZAM1 PC2 0
20
80
LUIAb
ZAM2
140
-2 -4 -2 0 PC1 2 4
200
Suspended Solids
Suspended solid concentrations measured in the Luia and Zambezi rivers are illustrated in Figure 7. The highest suspended solid concentrations were measured in the Luia River where the concentrations ranged from 19.0 mg/l at LUIAb on the margin of the river to 19.8 mg/l at LUIAa in the centre of the channel (Figure 7). The suspended solid concentrations in the Zambezi River were lower and ranged from 7.4 mg/l at ZAM2 in the wider section of the river to 9.0 mg/l at ZAM1 in the fast flow narrow section of the river. The position of the Zambezi River sites downstream of Cahora Bassa would have contributed to the lower suspended solid concentrations.
LUIAa 2
II
ZAM1 PC2 0 8
LUIAb
ZAM2
14
-2 -4 -2 0 PC1 2 4
20
5.2
Biological analysis
The biological analysis was conducted by CSIR Laboratory in Stellenbosch. A copy of the CSIR report is included as Appendix C (CSIR Report No.: CSIR/NRE/WR/ER/2010/0029/C).
5.2.1
Phytoplankton identification
A comparison was done of the phytoplankton species composition and relative abundance at the two sampling sites in the Zambezi River (Table 4). The numbers (1 - 2) represent the maximum frequencies of the phytoplankton taxa: where 1 = 250 and 2 = 251-1000 cells l-1. Table 4: Comparison of phytoplankton species composition and abundance at the two sampling sites Algal Group Bacillariophyceae Genus and species Synedra acus Synedra ulna Melosira granulate Coelastrum reticulatum Oocystis lacustris Pediastrum simplex Scenedesmus armatus Microcystis aeruginosa Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ZAM1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 ZAM2 1 1 1 1
Chlorophyceae
Cyanophyceae
1 1
In general the water column phytoplankton populations at the two sampling sites appear to be influenced by the flow regime of the river. The species diversities and abundances at both sites were low. The dominant phytoplankton species at both sites were Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The higher density of Bacillariophyceae (Melosira granulate) can possibly be related to high river flows. This is in accordance with literature reports that Melosira filaments sink to the sediment when turbulence becomes too low to keep them in suspension (Lund, 1966). This species could be indicative of eutrophic conditions. The Bacillariophyceae species Synedra ulna (length 300 m) is a benthic diatom species that occurs in and on benthic sediments of mesotrophic to eutrophic, alkaline waters. However, this species can be suspended during high flows into the plankton due to its relatively large surface area. All the Cylindrospermopsis
August 2010 Report No. 12724-9871-1 Rev1
raciborskii specimens sampled at site ZAM2 contained heterocysts indicating that they were fixing atmospheric nitrogen and that the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the water was low at this site. Sampling was conducted in April 2010 when water levels in the Zambezi are high.
5.2.2
Chlorophyll analysis
According to the chlorophyll results (Table 5) both the sampling sites can be classified as ultraoligotrophic, this means that nutrient levels were extremely low. The chlorophyll at both sites also indicated low phytoplankton production and cell counts. Higher chlorophyll concentrations were measured at sampling site ZAM1 than at ZAM2. Table 5: Chlorophyll (g/l) results at the two sampling sites Variables Chlorophyll a (g/l) Chlorophyll b (g/l) Cell count /ml ZAM1 0.05 0.027 2.2 x 107 ZAM2 0.021 0.010 1.1 x107
5.2.3
Zooplankton identification
The species composition and abundance of zooplankton (ind/l) at the two Zambezi River sites are summarised in Table 6. Table 6: Species composition and abundance of zooplankton (ind/l) Zooplankton Group Subclass: Branchiopoda Order Cladocera Bosmina longirostris (Muller) Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Sars) 10 6 4 0 Genus and species ZAM1 ZAM2
Only two species of zooplankton were recorded in the samples both of whom are from the Cladocera order. These Cladocera species are small in body size. Larger body size zooplankton species like Daphnia and calanoid copepods were totally absent from the sampling sites. This may have been due to factors such as water temperature, food quality or predation. The occurrence of larger zooplankton species can be influenced by predation but this phenomenon is reduced under conditions of low water transparency. Larger bodies species are usually most abundant during spring time and are absent during late winter and autumn. The low abundance of zooplankton at both sites can also be attributed to food requirements. The minimum food threshold for Daphnia is 6 - 15 g chlorophyll per litre of water (CSIR Report No.: CSIR/NRE/WR/ER/2010/0029/C). The chlorophyll concentrations at these sites would therefore not sustain Daphnia.
6.0
CONCLUSIONS
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conducted on the chemical water quality analysis results indicated similarities between the sites in each of the rivers, and differences between the two rivers; The differences between the rivers could be summarised as follows:
The following conclusions were reached based on the results of this assessment:
Increased phosphate (PO4) concentrations in the Luia River samples especially sample LUIAa;
Higher turbidity levels in the Luia River. This could be attributed primarily to the location of the
Zambezi River sites downstream of a large impoundment (Cahora Bassa) which acts as a sediment trap;
Increased Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) concentrations in the Luia River; and Increased suspended solid concentrations in the Luia River. This could also be attributed to the
location of the Zambezi River sites downstream of a large impoundment. Season differences in flow levels will result in changes in suspended solid concentrations;
Phytoplankton species diversities and abundances were low at both sites in the Zambezi River. This may be due to high flow levels. The samples were collected in April when flow levels in the Zambezi were high; The phytoplankton species at site ZAM2 indicated that the inorganic nitrogen concentration at the site was low at the time of the survey; Only two species of small bodied zooplankton species were recorded in the samples. The low zooplankton abundance and the absence of larger bodied species such as the water flea (Daphnia spp.) could be attributed to the limited food supply, as indicated by the low phytoplankton abundance and diversity; Based on the chlorophyll analysis nutrient levels at both sites in the Zambezi River were extremely low (ultraoligotrophic); and The chlorophyll analysis correlated with the low abundances of phytoplankton and zooplankton recorded at both sites.
7.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
Seasonally representative surveys are recommended in order to determine the full seasonal variability of phytoplankton, zooplankton and chlorophyll levels at the sites associated with the Hidroelctrica Mphanda Nkuwa project.
8.0
REFERENCES
Clarke,K.R., & Warwick, R.M., 1994. Change in Marine Communities: An approach to Statistical analysis and interpretation. Unpublished Manual for PRIMER statistical programme. Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom. Cyrus, D.P., Wepener, V., Mackay, C.F., Cilliers, P.M., Weerts, S.P. & Viljoen, A. 2000. The effects of Intrabasin Transfer on the Hydrochemistry, Benthic Invertebrates and Ichthyofauna on the Mhlathuze Estuary and Lake Nsezi. Water Research Commission Report No. 722, (1): 99. 253. Haney, J.F., Hall, D.J., 1973. Sugar-coated Daphnia: A preservation technique for Cladocera. Limnology and Oceanography, 18: 331-333. Hrnstrm, E., 1999. Long-term phytoplankton changes in acid and limed lakes in SW Sweden. Hydrobiology, 394: 93-102. Lund, J.W.G., Kipling, C., Le Cren, E.O., 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations by counting. Hydrobiology, 11: 143-170. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A. and Kriedemann, P.E. 1989. Determination of accurate extinction coefficient and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents:
10
verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 975: 384-394. Taylor, J.C., Harding, W.R., Archibald, C.G.M., 2007. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. WRC Report, TT, 282/07. Pretoria: Water Research Commission, plates 1-178. Thorp, J.H., Covich, A.P., 2001. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Second Edition Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-992. Van Vuuren, S., Taylor, J.C., Gerber, A., Van Ginkel, C., 2006. Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae. North-West University and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 1-200. Willen, E., 1976. A simplified method of phytoplankton counting. Br. J. Phycol., 11: 265-278. Willen, E., 1991. Planktonic diatoms an ecological review. Algological Studies, 62: 69-106. Stuttgart, August 1991.
11
APPENDIX A
DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS
DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS
This Document has been provided by Golder Associates Africa Pty Ltd (Golder) subject to the following limitations:
i)
This Document has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined in Golders proposal and no responsibility is accepted for the use of this Document, in whole or in part, in other contexts or for any other purpose. The scope and the period of Golders Services are as described in Golders proposal, and are subject to restrictions and limitations. Golder did not perform a complete assessment of all possible conditions or circumstances that may exist at the site referenced in the Document. If a service is not expressly indicated, do not assume it has been provided. If a matter is not addressed, do not assume that any determination has been made by Golder in regards to it. Conditions may exist which were undetectable given the limited nature of the enquiry Golder was retained to undertake with respect to the site. Variations in conditions may occur between investigatory locations, and there may be special conditions pertaining to the site which have not been revealed by the investigation and which have not therefore been taken into account in the Document. Accordingly, additional studies and actions may be required. In addition, it is recognised that the passage of time affects the information and assessment provided in this Document. Golders opinions are based upon information that existed at the time of the production of the Document. It is understood that the Services provided allowed Golder to form no more than an opinion of the actual conditions of the site at the time the site was visited and cannot be used to assess the effect of any subsequent changes in the quality of the site, or its surroundings, or any laws or regulations. Any assessments made in this Document are based on the conditions indicated from published sources and the investigation described. No warranty is included, either express or implied, that the actual conditions will conform exactly to the assessments contained in this Document. Where data supplied by the client or other external sources, including previous site investigation data, have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct unless otherwise stated. No responsibility is accepted by Golder for incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii) The Client acknowledges that Golder may have retained sub-consultants affiliated with Golder to provide Services for the benefit of Golder. Golder will be fully responsible to the Client for the Services and work done by all of its sub-consultants and subcontractors. The Client agrees that it will only assert claims against and seek to recover losses, damages or other liabilities from Golder and not Golders affiliated companies. To the maximum extent allowed by law, the Client acknowledges and agrees it will not have any legal recourse, and waives any expense, loss, claim, demand, or cause of action, against Golders affiliated companies, and their employees, officers and directors. viii) This Document is provided for sole use by the Client and is confidential to it and its professional advisers. No responsibility whatsoever for the contents of this Document will be accepted to any person other than the Client. Any use which a third party makes of this Document, or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility of such third parties. Golder accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this Document.
APPENDIX B
UIS ANALYTICAL SERVICES REPORT
13 Esdoring Nook Highveld Technopark Centurion PO Box 8286 Centurion 0046 Tel. +27 12 665 4291 Fax. +27 12 665 4294 info@uis-as.co.za http://www.uis-as.co.za
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd Halfway House 1685 South Africa Peter Kimberg Tel : +27 11 672 0666 E-Mail : pkimberg@golder.co.za
ANALYSIS CERTIFICATE
Date Request No Contract No Order/Ref No 2010/06/08 2535
173433 22/PK/20/04/10
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T001 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
2010-06-08
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T001 PARAMETER TDS by EC * 6.5 TDS by EC * 7
2010-06-08
METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T005 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
2010-06-08
Page 1
173433 22/PK/20/04/10
Water 2010-05-07
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 35.5 mg/l
2010-06-08
METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T004 (Accredited) PARAMETER Suspended Solids
2010-06-08
Turbidity UIS-EA-T029
2010-06-08
METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T002 (Accredited) PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 58.6 mg/l CaCO3
2010-06-08
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.2 mg/l 0.33 mg/l <0.3 mg/l 1.56 mg/l
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
METHOD : Biological Oxygen Demand METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T039 PARAMETER Biological Oxygen Demand
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
Page 2
173433 22/PK/20/04/10
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
Page 3
13 Esdoring Nook Highveld Technopark Centurion PO Box 8286 Centurion 0046 Tel. +27 12 665 4291 Fax. +27 12 665 4294 info@uis-as.co.za http://www.uis-as.co.za
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd Halfway House 1685 South Africa Peter Kimberg Tel : +27 11 672 0666 E-Mail : pkimberg@golder.co.za
ANALYSIS CERTIFICATE
Date Request No Contract No Order/Ref No 2010/06/08 2535
175453 LUIA/3
Water 2010-05-14
METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T005 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
2010-06-08
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 0 mg/l
2010-06-08
METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T004 (Accredited) PARAMETER Suspended Solids
2010-06-08
AUTHORISED SIGNATURE
Page 1
13 Esdoring Nook Highveld Technopark Centurion PO Box 8286 Centurion 0046 Tel. +27 12 665 4291 Fax. +27 12 665 4294 info@uis-as.co.za http://www.uis-as.co.za
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd Halfway House 1685 South Africa Peter Kimberg Tel : +27 11 672 0666 E-Mail : pkimberg@golder.co.za
ANALYSIS CERTIFICATE
Date Request No Contract No Order/Ref No 2010/06/08 2535
173431 LUIAL/A/PK/06H30/19/04
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T001 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
2010-06-08
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T001 PARAMETER TDS by EC * 6.5 TDS by EC * 7
2010-06-08
METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T005 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
2010-06-08
Page 1
173431 LUIAL/A/PK/06H30/19/04
Water 2010-05-07
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 40.9 mg/l
2010-06-08
METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T004 (Accredited) PARAMETER Suspended Solids
2010-06-08
Turbidity UIS-EA-T029
2010-06-08
METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T002 (Accredited) PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 68.2 mg/l CaCO3
2010-06-08
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.2 mg/l <0.3 mg/l 8.11 mg/l
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
METHOD : Biological Oxygen Demand METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T039 PARAMETER Biological Oxygen Demand
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
Page 2
173431 LUIAL/A/PK/06H30/19/04
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
Page 3
13 Esdoring Nook Highveld Technopark Centurion PO Box 8286 Centurion 0046 Tel. +27 12 665 4291 Fax. +27 12 665 4294 info@uis-as.co.za http://www.uis-as.co.za
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd Halfway House 1685 South Africa Peter Kimberg Tel : +27 11 672 0666 E-Mail : pkimberg@golder.co.za
ANALYSIS CERTIFICATE
Date Request No Contract No Order/Ref No 2010/06/08 2535
173432 LUIAL/B/PK/06H40/19/04
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T001 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
2010-06-08
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T001 PARAMETER TDS by EC * 6.5 TDS by EC * 7
2010-06-08
METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T005 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
2010-06-08
Page 1
173432 LUIAL/B/PK/06H40/19/04
Water 2010-05-07
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 43.9 mg/l
2010-06-08
METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T004 (Accredited) PARAMETER Suspended Solids
2010-06-08
Turbidity UIS-EA-T029
2010-06-08
METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T002 (Accredited) PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 73.2 mg/l CaCO3
2010-06-08
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.2 mg/l <0.3 mg/l 3.03 mg/l
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
METHOD : Biological Oxygen Demand METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T039 PARAMETER Biological Oxygen Demand
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
Page 2
173432 LUIAL/B/PK/06H40/19/04
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
Page 3
13 Esdoring Nook Highveld Technopark Centurion PO Box 8286 Centurion 0046 Tel. +27 12 665 4291 Fax. +27 12 665 4294 info@uis-as.co.za http://www.uis-as.co.za
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd Halfway House 1685 South Africa Peter Kimberg Tel : +27 11 672 0666 E-Mail : pkimberg@golder.co.za
ANALYSIS CERTIFICATE
Date Request No Contract No Order/Ref No 2010/06/08 2535
173434 ZAM/1/PK/20/04/10
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T001 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
2010-06-08
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T001 PARAMETER TDS by EC * 6.5 TDS by EC * 7
2010-06-08
METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T005 (Accredited) PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
2010-06-08
Page 1
173434 ZAM/1/PK/20/04/10
Water 2010-05-07
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO.: UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 36.2 mg/l
2010-06-08
METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T004 (Accredited) PARAMETER Suspended Solids
2010-06-08
Turbidity UIS-EA-T029
2010-06-08
METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T002 (Accredited) PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 59.3 mg/l CaCO3
2010-06-08
DATE COMPLETED : VALUE UNIT <0.2 mg/l 0.64 mg/l <0.3 mg/l 0.96 mg/l
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
METHOD : Biological Oxygen Demand METHOD NO.: UIS-EA-T039 PARAMETER Biological Oxygen Demand
2010-06-08
2010-06-08
Page 2
173434 ZAM/1/PK/20/04/10
Water 2010-05-07
2010-06-08
Page 3
APPENDIX C
CSIR LABORATORIES REPORT
Identification of water column phytoplankton and zooplankton at two sampling sites in the Zambezi River
CONFIDENTIAL TECHNICAL REPORT
CSIR Report No.: CSIR/NRE/WR/ER/2010/0029/C
Conducted for: Mr. Peter Kimberg Division Leader Ecology Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd PO Box 6001 Halfway House Roodepoort South Africa
Conducted by: Dr P.J. Oberholster & Ms L. Hill Water Ecosystems and Human Health Research Group CSIR P.O. Box 395 Pretoria 0001 South Africa
Table of Contents 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 Background to this investigation ................................................................................ 1 Phytoplankton identification ....................................................................................... 1 Chlorophyll analyses .................................................................................................. 1 Zooplankton identification .......................................................................................... 1 Phytoplankton identification ....................................................................................... 2 Chlorophyll analysis ................................................................................................... 2 Zooplankton identification .......................................................................................... 2 Phytoplankton identification ....................................................................................... 3 Chlorophyll analyses .................................................................................................. 3 Zooplankton identification .......................................................................................... 3 2 Methods and materials..................................................................................................... 1
3 Results............................................................................................................................... 2
1 1.1
Mr. Peter Kimberg of Golder Associates approached the CSIRs Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE) with a request to undertake identification of phytoplankton and zooplankton from two sampling sites in the Zambezi River. 2 2.1 Methods and materials Phytoplankton identification
The water samples that were taken at the two sampling sites were preserved in the field by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %, followed after one hour by the addition of buffered formaldehyde to a final concentration of 2.5 %. The water samples were kept cool and in the dark during the transfer from the field to the laboratory. All identifications were made by using a compound microscope with 1250 x magnification (Van Vuuren et al., 2006; Taylor et al., 2007). Strip counts were made until at least 100 individuals of each of the dominant phytoplankton species were counted. All counts were based on the number of cells observed and the individual species were grouped into major algal groups (Lund et al., 1958; Willen, 1991). Algal biovolume was calculated by measuring the corresponding dimensions using the geometric formulas given by Willen (1976). The total number of phytoplankton taxa and their frequency of occurrence at each sampling site were categorised according to Hrnstrm (1999): 1 = 250, 2 = 251-1000, 3 = 1001-5000, 4 = 5001-25 000 cells l-1. The total number of taxa and their frequency were recorded after careful examination for at least 15 minutes and after not finding additional taxa. 2.2 Chlorophyll analyses
Chlorophyll was extracted from each sample with 80 % acetone at 4 C. The chl a and b content of each sample was determined spectrophotometrically at 647 nm and 664 nm wavelengths according to the method of Porra et al (1989).The trophic state of the two sampling sites were correlated with the concentration Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) (Table 1). Table 1. Trophic Index in correlation with chl a.
Trophic states Ultraoligotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) values associated with trophic state <1 1-5 5-10 10-56 > 56
2.3
Zooplankton identification
All samples collected were preserved in 4 % sucrose (40 g l-1) Formalin solution (Haney and Hall, 1973) preventing the loss of eggs and distortion of the carapace by ballooning. The two litre subsamples were counted and analyzed in their entirety for total zooplankton individuals using a 25x stereomicroscope. Each zooplankton specimen was measured from the top of the carapace to the base of the spine for size determination e.g., adults or neonates. The reference used for zooplankton identification was Thorp and Covich (2001).
3 3.1
A comparison was done of the phytoplankton species composition and relative abundance at the two sampling sites in the Zambezi River (n = 1 sampling date) (Table 2). The numbers (12) represent the maximum frequencies of the phytoplankton taxa: where 1 = 250 and 2 = 251-1000 cells l-1. Table 2. Comparison of phytoplankton species composition and abundance at the two sampling sites. Algal Group
Bacillariophyceae Chlorophyceae
Site 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0
Site 2
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Cyanophyceae
3.2
Chlorophyll analysis
According to the chlorophyll results (Table 3) both the sampling sites is related to water with anoligotrophic status. The chlorophyll at both sites also indicate low phytoplankton production and cell counts. Higher chlorophyll concentrations were measured at sampling site 1 compared to site 2. Table 3. Chlorophyll (g/l) results at the two sampling sites.
Variables Chlorophyll a (g/l) Chlorophyll b (g/l) Cell count /ml Site 1 0.05 0.027 2.2 x 107 Site 2 0.021 0.010 1.1 x107
3.3
Zooplankton identification
The species composition and abundance of zooplankton (ind/l) at the two sites are summarised in Table 4. Table 4. Species composition and abundance of zooplankton (ind/l). Zooplankton Group Subclass: Branchiopoda Order Cladocera Genus and species Site 1 Site 2
10 6
4 0
4 4.1
In general the water column phytoplankton populations at the two sampling sites appear to be most strongly influenced by the flow regime of the river. The species diversity and abundance at both sites were poor. The dominant phytoplankton species at both sites were Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The higher density of Bacillariophyceae (Melosira granulate)can possibly be related to high river flows. This is in accordance with literature reports that Melosira filaments sink to the sediment when turbulence becomes too low to keep them in suspension (Lund, 1966). This species is an indicator of eutrophic conditions. The Bacillariophyceae species Synedra ulna (length 300 m) is a benthic diatom species that occurr in and on benthic sediments of mesotrophic to eutrophic, alkaline waters. However, this species can be suspended during high flows into the plankton due to its relatively large surface area. All the Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii specimens sampled at site 2 contained heterocysts indicating that they were fixing atmospheric nitrogen and that the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the water was low at this site. 4.2 Chlorophyll analyses
The chlorophyll a concentrations at both sites were low and were in relationship with the low abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton observed during the microscope analyses. The higher chl a concentrations in comparison with chl b at both sampling sites indicated that chl a within the class of Chlorophyceae was not altered by high flows, turbidity or low light intensity during the sampling period. Chl a is a component of the peripheral antenna complexes and these antenna complexes show controlled changes in adapting to various growth conditions, enabling optimal utilization of available light. However, it is known that the chl a to b concentrations are higher in high-light growth conditions than in low-light growth conditions, which is accompanied by larger size of complexes in low-light conditions (Bjrkman et al. 1972). Thus, the regulation of chl b synthesis is an important factor for the mechanisms of adaptation of algae to various light intensities which can be affected by change in light intensity. In a study conducted by Reger and Krauss (1970) on the green algal Chlorella vannielii, energy demand in the form of adenosine 5 triphosphate (ATP) was strikingly greater when chl b concentrations were low (Reger and Krauss 1970). Thus, the accelerated respiration provides the required ATP for the dark reactions of photosynthesis. Therefore, the level of chl b appears to reflect a regulatory device in governing cyclic and noncyclic photophorylation (Reger and Krauss 1970). However, Pflugmacher, (2000) suggested that the greater reduction of chl a and the increase of chl b was a sign of stress in plants and could be correlated to exposure to a phytotoxic agent which was not the case in the test samples. 4.3 Zooplankton identification
Only two species of zooplankton was observed in both samples. These Cladocera species is small in body size. Larger body size zooplankton species like Daphnia and calanoid copepods were totally absent from the sampling sites and can be related to temperature, food quality or predation. The occurrence of larger zooplankton species can be influenced by predation but these phenomena is reduced under conditions of low water transparency. The latter species also occurre in high abundance only during spring time and is absent during late winter and autumn. The low abundance of zooplankton at both sites can also be related to food requirements. The minimum food fresh hold for Daphnia is 6-15 g chlorophyll per liter, which are much higher values than detected in the chlorophyll analyses of the water column of the two sites under investigation.
References cited
Bjrkman, O., Boardman, N.K., Anderson, J.M., Thorne, S.W., Goodchild, D.J. and Pyliotis, N.A. (1972). Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook, 71: 115-135. Haney, J.F., Hall, D.J., 1973. Sugar-coated Daphnia: A perservation technique for Cladocera. Limnology and Oceanography, 18: 331-333. Hrnstrm, E., 1999. Long-term phytoplankton changes in acid and limed lakes in SW Sweden. Hydrobiology, 394: 93-102. Lund, J.W.G., Kipling, C., Le Cren, E.O., 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations by counting. Hydrobiology, 11: 143-170. Pflugmacher S. (2002). Possible allelopathic effects of cyanotoxins, with reference to microcystin-LR, in aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Toxicology, 17: 407-413. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A. and Kriedemann, P.E. (1989). Determination of accurate extinction coefficient and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 975: 384-394. Reger, B.J. and Krauss, R.W. (1970). The Photosynthetic Response to a Shift in the Chlorophyll a to Chlorophyll b ratio of Chlorella. Plant Physiology, 46: 568-575. Taylor, J.C., Harding, W.R., Archibald, C.G.M., 2007. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. WRC Report, TT, 282/07. Pretoria: Water Research Commission, plates 1-178. Van Vuuren, S., Taylor, J.C., Gerber, A., Van Ginkel, C., 2006. Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae. North-West University and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 1-200. Willen, E., 1976. A simplified method of phytoplankton counting. Br. J. Phycol., 11: 265-278. Willen, E., 1991. Planktonic diatoms an ecological review. Algological Studies, 62: 69-106. Stuttgart, August 1991. Thorp, J.H., Covich, A.P., 2001. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Second Edition Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-992.
Golder Associados Moambique Limitada Av. Zedequias Manganhela no. 267 3 andar, Prdio JAT IV Maputo Moambique
November 2010
Submitted to: Golder Associados Mozambique Limitada 4th Floor, 270 Avenida 24 de Julho, Maputo, Mozambique
REPORT
Report Number. Distribution: 1 copy - Golder Associados Mozambique Limitada 1 copy - Golder Associates Africa
12879-10165-2
Executive Summary
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. was appointed by Joana Pedro from COBA to conduct water quality sample collection and analysis at sites in the Luia and Zambezi rivers associated with the Mpanda Nkuwa Hydroelectricity project in the Tete Province of Mozambique. This report presents the results of the survey that was conducted in August/ September 2010 (31st August 3rd September). The following sites were samples in the Zambezi and Luia rivers. Site ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 LUIA1 Description Zambezi River upstream of the confluence with the Luia River Zambezi River downstream of the confluence with the Luia River Zambezi River in the vicinity of the proposed Mpanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme Luia River at bridge crossing site approximately 157 km from Tete on the Zimbabwe - Zambia road, samples collected in middle of river
Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that was conducted on the results two groups of samples were identified:
Group I consists of the sediment samples with samples LUIA1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 showing a high degree of similarity and ZAM1 showing some variation; Group II consists of the water samples, with samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 showing a high degree of similarity and LUIA1 showing some variation;
The parameters that contributed to the separation of the sediment and water quality results into Groups I and II included:
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations, Total Conductivity, M Alkalinity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sulphate (SO4), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) concentrations;
Fluorine (F), Nitrate (NO3) and Silicon (Si) concentrations. The water column phytoplankton diversity and abundance was low in the Zambezi River and higher in the Luia River; Based on the Chlorophyll a results the water at all the sampling sites had a low productivity and was in a anoligotrophic state (low nutrient concentrations to sustain phytoplankton and zooplankton); Zooplankton abundance and diversity was low in the Zambezi River and slightly higher in the Luia River. This may be attributed to factors such as water temperature, habitat, available food or predation; The low zooplankton diversity and abundance in samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 can also be related to the availability of food for these species. The minimum food threshold for Daphnia is 6-15 g Chlorophyll per litre, which is a much higher value than detected in any of the samples; and
A higher abundance of the small zooplankton species Ceriodaphnia cornuta was observed in sample LUIA1. This can be related to the higher phytoplankton abundance recorded at this site providing a richer food source.
ii
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 3.0 SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.0 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 Chemical analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ...................................................................................................... 2 Biological analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Phytoplankton identification .................................................................................................................... 3 Chlorophyll a analyses ............................................................................................................................ 3 Zooplankton identification ....................................................................................................................... 4 Data collation and reporting .......................................................................................................................... 4
5.0 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 5.1 5.1.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Chemical analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ...................................................................................................... 6 Biological analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Phytoplankton identification .................................................................................................................... 8 Chlorophyll analysis .............................................................................................................................. 10 Zooplankton analysis ............................................................................................................................ 11
TABLES Table 1: Description of sampling sites ................................................................................................................................. 1 Table 2: Trophic Index in correlation with Chlorophyll a ...................................................................................................... 4 Table 3: Results of chemical analysis conducted by UIS Analytical Services on water samples collected from the Zambezi and Luia rivers ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Table 4: Results of chemical analysis conducted by UIS Analytical Services on sediment samples collected from the Zambezi and Luia rivers ............................................................................................................................... 5 Table 5: Composition of phytoplankton communities at the four sampling sites ................................................................. 8 Table 6: Metrics that are based on autecological characteristics of selected species sampled at 3 sampling sites in the Zambezi River and 1 in the Luia River ...................................................................................................... 9 Table 7: Chlorophyll (g/) results ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Table 8: Zooplankton species composition and abundance .............................................................................................. 11
November 2010 Report No. 12879-10165-2
FIGURES Figure 1: Kemmerer sampler used to collect water samples at discrete depths.................................................................. 3 Figure 2: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination of chemical analysis results conducted on samples collected in the Zambezi and Luia rivers ............................................................................................................ 6 Figure 3: PCA ordination with TDS concentration superimposed........................................................................................ 7 Figure 4: PCA ordination with M Alkalinity superimposed ................................................................................................... 7 Figure 5: PCA ordination with Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) superimposed ............................................................... 8
APPENDICES APPENDIX A DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS APPENDIX B UIS ANALYTICAL DATA APPENDIX C CSIR TECHNICAL REPORT
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. was appointed by Joana Pedro from COBA to conduct water quality sample collection and analysis at sites in the Luia and Zambezi rivers associated with the Mpanda Nkuwa Hydroelectricity project in the Tete Province of Mozambique. This report presents the results of the survey that was conducted during the August/ September 2010 (31st August 3rd September).
2.0
STUDY AREA
The study area is situated in the Tete Province of Mozambique. Sites were sampled in the Zambezi River (100 km upstream of Tete, and approximately 30 km downstream from Cahora Bassa), and in the Luia River (at the point where the Tete Fingoe road crosses the river, Figure 1). Three sites were sampled in the Zambezi River,
(ZAM1) is situated upstream of the confluence with the Luia River, (ZAM2) downstream of the confluence approximately 3 km further downstream in the wider section of the river, and (ZAM 3) in the narrow gorge area just upstream of the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme.
The GPS coordinates of the sampling sites were determined using a Garmin GPS 60 CSx and are listed in Table 1 along with descriptions of the sites. Table 1: Description of sampling sites Site ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 LUIA1 Latitude S15.58788 S15.58521 S15.77324 S15.13540 Longitude E32.98450 E32.99084 E33.14635 E32.90265 Description Zambezi River upstream of the confluence with the Luia River Zambezi River downstream of the confluence with the Luia River Zambezi River in the vicinity of the proposed Mpanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme Luia River at bridge crossing site approximately 157 km from Tete on the Zimbabwe - Zambia road, samples collected in middle of river
3.0
SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work included collection of the water and sediment samples and the delivery of the samples to accredited laboratories in South Africa for analysis of the following chemical parameters:
pH; Electrical conductivity; Total Dissolved solids; Suspended solids; Turbidity; P and Total (M) Alkalinity; Anions by Ion Chromatography (IC) (Nitrite, Nitrate, Nitrate as N, Phosphate);
4.0 4.1
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD); Dissolved Oxygen (DO);
The samples will analysed for the following biological parameters: Chlorophyll a; Zooplankton (specific composition and abundance); and Phytoplankton (specific composition and abundance).
A report collating the information collected in the field and analysed in the different laboratories.
Water samples for chemical analysis were collected at the water surface in 1.5 l plastic sample bottles. Bottles were placed in a cooler box and transported to UIS Laboratories in Tete for transportation to South Africa. UIS Laboratories in Tete applied for the necessary permits for the exportation of the samples from the Mozambican Ministry of Agriculture. The process of obtaining the permits was delayed for almost 1 month and therefore the samples were only sent to South Africa at the start of October. During this time the samples were preserved by means of refrigeration. Sediment samples were collected on the margin of the river channel by means of a sediment corer. Sediment samples were assessed for different sediment horizons based on colour and particle size. Composite samples of the different layers were collected, placed in plastic sampling bags and labelled. The labelled samples were placed in a cooler box for transportation to UIS Laboratories in Tete and from there to UIS Analytical Services in Pretoria. Water and sediment samples for chemical analysis were kept in a cooler box during transportation to South Africa. Chemical analysis of water and sediment samples was conducted at UIS Analytical Services in South Africa using standard methodologies.
4.1.1
The ordination method Principal Component Analysis (PCA) will be used to elucidate dissimilarities between sites. The PCA technique is applied to ecological studies and provides a global interpretation of environmental variables: physical, chemical, physiological, morphometrical or climatological. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allows for the extraction of the general directions of variations of environmental variables (Cyrus et al., 2000).
4.2
Biological analysis
The phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected by means of a Kemmerer sampler at 1 m intervals throughout the water column (Figure 1). The water samples obtained at the various depths were strained through a 50 m net in order to collect composite samples. The content of the net was decanted into 1 l plastic sampling jars. The process was repeated for the phytoplankton and zooplankton. The volume of water filtered for each phytoplankton and zooplankton s ample was approximately 20 l.
4.2.1
Phytoplankton identification
The phytoplankton samples were preserved in the field by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %, followed after one hour by the addition of buffered formaldehyde to a final concentration of 2.5 %. The water samples were kept cool and in the dark during the transfer from the field to the CSIR laboratory in South Africa. All identifications were made by using a compound microscope with 1250 x magnification (Van Vuuren et al., 2006; Taylor et al., 2007). Strip counts were made until at least 100 individuals of each of the dominant phytoplankton species were counted. All counts were based on the number of cells observed and the individual species were grouped into major algal groups (Lund et al., 1958; Willen, 1991). Algal biovolume was calculated by measuring the corresponding dimensions using the geometric formulas given by Willen (1976). The total number of phytoplankton taxa and their frequency of occurrence at each sampling site were categorised according to Hrnstrm (1999): 1 = 250, 2 = 251-1000, 3 = 1001-5000, 4 = 5001-25 000 cells l-1. The total number of taxa and their frequency were recorded after careful examination for at least 15 minutes and after not finding additional taxa.
4.2.2
Chlorophyll a analyses
Chlorophyll a samples were collected at the water surface and placed in 1 l plastic bottles. The plastic bottles were packed in a cooler box with ice for the trip back to Tete. The samples were preserved in Tete by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %. The samples were delivered to the CSIR laboratories in Stellenbosch, South Africa for analysis. In the laboratory the Chlorophyll was extracted from each sample with 80 % acetone at 4 C. The chlorophyll a and b content of each sample was determined spectrophotometrically at 647 nm and 664 nm wavelengths according to the method of Porra et al (1989).The trophic state of the sampling sites will be correlated with the concentration Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) (Table 2).
Table 2: Trophic Index in correlation with Chlorophyll a Trophic states Ultraoligotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) values associated with trophic state <1 1-5 5-10 10-56 > 56
4.2.3
Zooplankton identification
All samples collected were preserved in Tete in 4 % sucrose (40 g l-1) Formalin solution (Haney and Hall, 1973) in order to prevent the loss of eggs and distortion of the carapace by ballooning. In the laboratory the samples were counted and analyzed in their entirety for total zooplankton individuals using a 25x stereomicroscope. Each zooplankton specimen was measured from the top of the carapace to the base of the spine for size determination e.g., adults or neonates. The reference used for zooplankton identification was Thorp and Covich (2001).
4.3
Data was analyzed at the UIS Analytical Services and the CSIR Laboratories and this data has been collated and presented in this report.
5.0 5.1
The results of the chemical analysis conducted on the water samples collected in the Zambezi and Luia rivers is provided in Table 3. The UIS Analytical Services report is provided in Appendix B. Table 3: Results of chemical analysis conducted by UIS Analytical Services on water samples collected from the Zambezi and Luia rivers Parameters and units Sampling date pH pH measured at controlled temperature [ C] Total Conductivity [mS/m] Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) measured by Electrical Conductivity (EC) [mg/l] Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) [mg/l] Total Dissolved Solids by summation [mg/l] Suspended Solids [mg/l] Turbidity [NTU] P Alkalinity. [mg/l CaCO3] Total (M) Alkalinity [mg/l CaCO3] Dissolved cations in water by ICP-OES Aluminium (Al) [mg/l] Calcium (Ca) [mg/l] Iron (Fe) [mg/l] ZAM1 02/09/2010 7.8 22.7 14 91 94 79.5 4.6 9.79 <0.6 56.5 0.39 13.6 0.24 ZAM2 02/09/2010 7.8 22.7 14 91 92 81.2 4 9.24 <0.6 56.4 0.35 15 0.22 ZAM3 02/09/2010 7.8 22.7 14 91 84 82.6 4 12.2 <0.6 56.6 0.36 15.1 0.22 LUIA1 31/08/2010 8.5 22.9 20 130 90 107 2.6 1.18 2.2 91 <0.05 15.9 0.12
Parameters and units Potassium (K) [mg/l] Magnesium (Mg) [mg/l] Sodium (Na) [mg/l] Silicon (Si) [mg/l] Anions by Ion Chromatography Fluorine (F) [mg/l] Chlorine (Cl) [mg/l] Nitrate (NO3) [mg/l] Nitrate (NO3) as N [mg/l] Sulphate (SO4) [mg/l] Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) [ppm O2]
ZAM1 2.17 4.64 6.89 5.82 0.459 1.95 3 0.68 7.05 <10
ZAM2 1.93 4.46 7.64 5.79 0.437 2.01 2.98 0.67 7.08 <10
ZAM3 1.95 4.47 7.75 6.75 0.432 2.09 2.99 0.68 7.14 13
LUIA1 1.72 6.36 14.6 3.64 0.565 3.78 <0.3 <0.3 5.74 <10
The results of the chemical analysis conducted on the sediment samples collected in the Zambezi and Luia rivers is provided in Table 4. Table 4: Results of chemical analysis conducted by UIS Analytical Services on sediment samples collected from the Zambezi and Luia rivers Parameters and units Sampling date pH pH measured at controlled temperature [ C] Total Conductivity [mS/m] Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) measured by Electrical Conductivity (EC) [mg/l] P Alkalinity. [mg/l CaCO3] Total (M) Alkalinity [mg/l CaCO3] Dissolved cations in water by ICP-OES Aluminium (Al) [mg/l] Calcium (Ca) [mg/l] Iron (Fe) [mg/l] Potassium (K) [mg/l] Magnesium (Mg) [mg/l] Sodium (Na) [mg/l] Silicon (Si) [mg/l] Anions by Ion Chromatography Fluorine (F) [mg/l] Chlorine (Cl) [mg/l] Nitrate (NO3) [mg/l] Nitrate (NO3) as N [mg/l] Sulphate (SO4) [mg/l] Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) [ppm O2]
November 2010 Report No. 12879-10165-2
1.37 2.01 1.77 10.4 0.81 13.2 4.54 0.483 10 2.9 0.65 21.3 44
1.4 1.78 1.76 2.67 0.65 5.16 4.36 0.427 1.25 <0.3 <0.3 9.55 26
1.71 2.52 1.9 0.88 0.84 3.51 5.16 0.447 0.896 3.29 0.74 6.51 29
1.59 2.96 1.6 2.37 0.76 5.45 4.15 0.439 1.36 4.52 1.02 7.65 19
5.1.1
The water and sediment analysis results were combined and analysed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It should be noted this assessment is based on the results of a single survey. The PCA results and groupings are presented in Figure 2. Based on the PCA results 96.3% of the variation in water and sediment chemistry could be explained by the PC1 axes of the PCA graph and 99.3% by PC1 and PC2 combined. Guidelines for an acceptable level of variance explained are problematic since they depend on factors such as the objectives of the study, the number of species and the number of samples (Clarke & Warwick, 1994). Clarke & Warwick (1994) suggest that a PCA ordination that accounts for 70 75% of the variation describes the overall structure well. Based on the PCA two groups of samples were identified:
Group I consists of the sediment samples with samples LUIA1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 showing a very high degree of similarity and ZAM1 showing some variation; and Group II consists of the water samples, with samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 showing a very high degree of similarity and LUIA1 showing some variation (Figure 2).
I II
Figure 2: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination of chemical analysis results conducted on samples collected in the Zambezi and Luia rivers
The parameters that contributed to the separation of the sediment and water quality results into Groups I and II included:
PC2
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations, Total Conductivity, M Alkalinity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sulphate (SO4), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) concentration.
Figure 3 presents the PCA ordination with TDS concentration superimposed. The highest TDS concentration (130 mg/l) was measured in the Luia River surface water sample (LUIA1) (Figure 3). A TDS concentration of
91 mg/l was measured in all three Zambezi River water samples (Figure 3). The TDS concentration of the sediment samples ranged from 13.0 mg/l (ZAM2) to 19.5 mg/l (ZAM1, ZAM3, LUIA1) (Figure 3).
50
TDS by EC [mg/l]
I II
LUIA1 (sediment) ZAM3 (sediment) ZAM2 (sediment) ZAM1 (water) ZAM2 (water) ZAM3 LUIA1 (water) ZAM1 (sediment) 140 20
PC2
80
Figure 4 presents the PCA ordination with the M Alkalinity superimposed. M Alkalinity (also known as Total Alkalinity) measures the amount of carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide present in terms of mg/l calcium carbonate. The highest M Alkalinity was measured in Group II comprising the water samples (Figure 4). The highest M Alkalinity (91 mg/l) in Group II was measured in the Luia River water sample (LUIA1) (Figure 4). The M Alkalinity in the Zambezi River samples showed very little variation and ranged from 56.4 mg/l in sample ZAM2 to 56.6 mg/l in sample ZAM3 (Figure 4). In Group II comprising the sediment samples the M Alkalinity concentrations were low and ranged from 13.3 mg/l in sample ZAM3 to 18.5 mg/l in sample LUIA1 (Figure 4).
I II
Figure 5 presents the PCA ordination with Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) superimposed. The COD presents an indirect measure of the amount of organic compounds in a sample. The highest COD was measured in Group I comprising the sediment samples (Figure 5). Amongst the sediment samples the lowest
PC2
COD (19 mg/l) was measured in the Luia River sample (LUIA1) and the highest (44 mg/l) in sample ZAM1 (Figure 5). Lower COD concentrations were measured in the water samples (Figure 5). The COD in the Zambezi River water samples ranged from 10 mg/l in samples ZAM1 and ZAM2 to 13 mg/l in sample ZAM3 (Figure 5). A COD of 10 mg/l was measured in the Luia River sample (LUIA1) (Figure 5).
I II
5.2
PC2
Biological analysis
The biological analysis was conducted by CSIR Laboratory in Stellenbosch. A copy of the CSIR report is included as Appendix C (CSIR Report No.: CSIR/NRE/WR/IR/2010/0071/C).
5.2.1
Phytoplankton identification
The water column phytoplankton species diversity and abundance at the Zambezi River sites was poor while species richness and abundance at the Luia River sampling site (LUIA1) was higher in comparison (Table 5). The populations of the Zambezi River sampling sites may be influenced by the flow regime of the river. The dominant phytoplankton species at all sites were Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae (Table 5). The occurrence of Aulacoseira granulate at all of the sampling sites and its higher abundance at site LUIA1 may be attributed to flow levels. This species is an indicator of mesotrophic conditions (Table 6). The Bacillariophyceae species Synedra ulna (length 300 m) which occurred in high numbers in sample LUIA1 is a benthic diatom species that occurs in and on benthic sediments of mesotrophic to eutrophic, alkaline waters (Table 6). This species can be suspended during high flows into the water column due to its relatively large surface area. Douterelo et al (2004) observed in their study that species in the epilithic cyanobacterial order Oscillatoriales which occurred in low numbers at all four sampling sites, are always associated with highly eutrophic waters. Table 5: Composition of phytoplankton communities at the four sampling sites Division Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Bacillariophyceae Major taxa Cryptomonas sp Aulacoseira granulate Cymatopleura solea ZAM1 + +++ ++ + ++ + + ++ + + + ++ + + ZAM2 ZAM3 LUIA1
Division
Major taxa Cymbella kappi Cymbella neocistula Flagilaria ulna Synedra acus Synedra ulna Nitzschia radicula Nitzschia linearis Pinnularia viridiformus Rhopalodia gibba Melosira varians Surirella angust Gomphonema acuminatum Epithemia adnata Melosira granulate
ZAM1 ++ + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + +
ZAM2 + + +++ ++ + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
ZAM3 + + + ++ + +++ + ++ + ++ + + +
Where: (+ = rare, + + =scarce, + + + = common, + + + + = abundant, + + + + + = predominant). The relative abundance of each phytoplankton taxa was grouped into: 1 = 50 (rare) 2 = 51- 250 (scarce), 3 = 251-1000 (common), 4 = 1001-5000 (abundant), 5 = 5001-25 000 (predominant) cells/
Table 6: Metrics that are based on autecological characteristics of selected species sampled at 3 sampling sites in the Zambezi River and 1 in the Luia River Division Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Bacillariophyceae Major taxa Cryptomonas sp Aulacoseira granulate Cymatopleura solea Cymbella kappi Cymbella neocistula
November 2010 Report No. 12879-10165-2
Autecological characteristics Found in organic enriched waters Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in eutrophic water with moderated to high electrolyte content Found in weakly alkaline oligo- to mesotrophic water Found in circumneutral to slightly mesotrophic
Division
Major taxa Flagilaria ulna Synedra acus Synedra ulna Nitzschia radicula Nitzschia linearis Pinnularia viridiformus Rhopalodia gibba Melosira varians Surirella angust Gomphonema acuminatum Epithemia adnata Melosira granulate
Autecological characteristics water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in slightly to moderately polluted electrolyte-rich water Found in moderated to high electrolyte water and tolerant to pollution Found in oligo- to mesothrophic water Found in water with a moderate to high electrolyte content Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in eutrophic water with moderated electrolyte content Tolerant of slight or moderate pollution Found in water with a high to moderated electrolyte content Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in meso- to eutrophic rivers Found in alkaline eutrophic waters Found in alkaline eutrophic waters Found in nutrient rich water Found in nutrient rich water Found in meso- to eutrophic water Found in eutrophic water
Ceratium hirundinella Cosmarium fritschii Cosmarium pseudopraemorsium Chlamydomonas africana Pediastrum duplex Scenedesmus armatus
Cyanophyta Oscillatoriaceae
Oscillatoria tenuis
5.2.2
Chlorophyll analysis
The chlorophyll a concentrations in samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 were low and can be described as oligothrophic. The low chlorophyll a concentrations recorded in the Zambezi River samples correlates with the low phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance observed in these samples. The higher chlorophyll a concentration measured at site LUIA1 correlates with the higher phytoplankton abundance at this site. From data generated at the 4 sampling sites (Phytoplankton ID and autecological characteristics) it was evident that all sampling sites fall within the mesotrophic to eutrophic water quality range. The chlorophyll a concentration indicates that the 4 sampling sites are oligotrophic. Based on the chlorophyll results (Table 7) the water at all the sampling sites was anoligotrophic. The chlorophyll at all sites indicated low potential for phytoplankton production.
November 2010 Report No. 12879-10165-2
10
Table 7: Chlorophyll (g/) results Variables Chlorophyll a (g/l) Chlorophyll b (g/l) ZAM1 1.6 0.67 ZAM2 1.1 0.39 ZAM3 2.7 1.01 LUIA1 7.3 1.81
5.2.3
Zooplankton analysis
Only three species of zooplankton were observed in the samples (Table 8). The Cladocera species observed in the samples are small in body size. Larger zooplankton species such as Daphnia and calanoid copepods were totally absent from the Zambezi River sites. This could be attributed to factors such as water temperature, food quality or predation. The occurrence of larger zooplankton species can be influenced by predation but this phenomenon is reduced under conditions of low water transparency. The low zooplankton abundance in samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 can also be related to the availability of food for these species. The minimum food threshold for Daphnia is 6-15 g chlorophyll per litre, which is a much higher value than detected in any of the samples. A higher abundance of the small zooplankton species Ceriodaphnia cornuta was observed in sample LUIA1. This can be related to the higher phytoplankton abundance recorded at this site providing a richer food source. Table 8: Zooplankton species composition and abundance Zooplankton Group Subclass: Branchiopoda Order: Cladocera Bosmina longlrostris (Muller) Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Sars) Subclass: Copepoda Order: Cyclopoda Cyclopoid naupill 5 5 8 12 5 40 Major taxa ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 LUIA1
6.0
CONCLUSIONS
Group I consists of the sediment samples with samples LUIA1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 showing a very high degree of similarity and ZAM1 showing some variation; Group II consists of the water samples, with samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 showing a very high degree of similarity and LUIA1 showing some variation;
Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) two groups of samples were identified:
The parameters that contributed to the separation of the sediment and water quality results into Groups I and II included:
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations, Total Conductivity, M Alkalinity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sulphate (SO4), Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) concentrations; Increased TDS concentrations
Parameters that showed little variation between the groups included: Fluorine (F), Nitrate (NO3) and Silicon (Si) concentrations.
11
The water column phytoplankton diversity and abundance was poor in the Zambezi River and higher in comparison in the Luia River; Based on the chlorophyll results the sampling sites had a low productivity and was in a anoligotrophic state (low nutrient to sustain phytoplankton and zooplankton); Zooplankton abundance and diversity was low in the Zambezi River and slightly higher in the Luia River. This may be attributed to factors such as water temperature, food quality or predation. The low zooplankton diversity and abundance in samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 can also be related to the availability of food for these species. The minimum food threshold for Daphnia is 6-15 g chlorophyll per litre, which is a much higher value than detected in any of the samples; and A higher abundance of the small zooplankton species Ceriodaphnia cornuta was observed in sample LUIA1. This can be related to the higher phytoplankton abundance recorded at this site providing a richer food source.
12
7.0
REFERENCES
Clarke,K.R., & Warwick, R.M., 1994. Change in Marine Communities: An approach to Statistical analysis and interpretation. Unpublished Manual for PRIMER statistical programme. Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom. Cyrus, D.P., Wepener, V., Mackay, C.F., Cilliers, P.M., Weerts, S.P. & Viljoen, A. 2000. The effects of Intrabasin Transfer on the Hydrochemistry, Benthic Invertebrates and Ichthyofauna on the Mhlathuze Estuary and Lake Nsezi. Water Research Commission Report No. 722, (1): 99. 253. Haney, J.F., Hall, D.J., 1973. Sugar-coated Daphnia: A preservation technique for Cladocera. Limnology and Oceanography, 18: 331-333. Hrnstrm, E., 1999. Long-term phytoplankton changes in acid and limed lakes in SW Sweden. Hydrobiology, 394: 93-102. Lund, J.W.G., Kipling, C., Le Cren, E.O., 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations by counting. Hydrobiology, 11: 143-170. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A. and Kriedemann, P.E. 1989. Determination of accurate extinction coefficient and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 975: 384-394. Taylor, J.C., Harding, W.R., Archibald, C.G.M., 2007. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. WRC Report, TT, 282/07. Pretoria: Water Research Commission, plates 1-178. Thorp, J.H., Covich, A.P., 2001. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Second Edition Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-992. Van Vuuren, S., Taylor, J.C., Gerber, A., Van Ginkel, C., 2006. Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae. North-West University and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 1-200. Willen, E., 1976. A simplified method of phytoplankton counting. Br. J. Phycol., 11: 265-278. Willen, E., 1991. Planktonic diatoms an ecological review. Algological Studies, 62: 69-106. Stuttgart, August 1991. GOLDER ASSOCIATES AFRICA (PTY) LTD.
Directors: FR Sutherland, AM van Niekerk, SAP Brown, L Greyling Golder, Golder Associates and the GA globe design are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation.
13
APPENDIX A
DOCUMENT LIMITATIONS
APPENDIX B
UIS ANALYTICAL DATA
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Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd Halfway House 1685 South Africa Peter Kimberg Tel : +27 11 672 0666 E-Mail : pkimberg@golder.co.za
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 1 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 130 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 140 mg/l METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T005 PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 107 mg/l METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T004 PARAMETER Suspended Solids METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Turbidity METHOD METHOD NO. : Turbidity : UIS-EA-T029 VALUE UNIT 1.18 NTU : P and Total (M) Alkalinity : UIS-EA-T002
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
List of Directors available from the registered office
SAMPLE ID : 208653 (continued) SAMPLE NO. : LUIAI/31/08/10/PK SAMPLE MATRIX : Water PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001 VALUE <0.05 15.9 0.12 1.72 6.36 14.6 3.64 : Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.565 3.78 <0.3 5.74 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
DATE RECEIVED REQUEST ID PAGE REVISION NO VALUE UNIT 2.2 mg/l CaCO3 91 mg/l CaCO3
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 2 / 12 0
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 3 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 91 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 98 mg/l METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T005 PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 79.5 mg/l METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T004 PARAMETER Suspended Solids METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Turbidity : Turbidity : UIS-EA-T029 VALUE UNIT 9.79 NTU
METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T002 PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 NO3 as N SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 56.5 mg/l CaCO3
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE 0.39 13.6 0.24 2.17 4.64 6.89 5.82 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
: Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.459 1.95 3 0.68 7.05 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 4 / 12 0
METHOD : Ion Balance Error (continued) METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 5 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 91 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 98 mg/l METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T005 PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 81.2 mg/l METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T004 PARAMETER Suspended Solids METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Turbidity : Turbidity : UIS-EA-T029 VALUE UNIT 9.24 NTU
METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T002 PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 NO3 as N SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 56.4 mg/l CaCO3
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE 0.35 15 0.22 1.93 4.46 7.64 5.79 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
: Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.437 2.01 2.98 0.67 7.08 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 6 / 12 0
METHOD : Ion Balance Error (continued) METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 7 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 91 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 98 mg/l METHOD : Total Dissolved Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T005 PARAMETER Total Dissolved Solids
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids by Summation METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T003 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by Summation 82.6 mg/l METHOD : Suspended Solids METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T004 PARAMETER Suspended Solids METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Turbidity : Turbidity : UIS-EA-T029 VALUE UNIT 12.2 NTU
METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T002 PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 NO3 as N SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 56.6 mg/l CaCO3
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE 0.36 15.1 0.22 1.95 4.47 7.75 6.75 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
: Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.432 2.09 2.99 0.68 7.14 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 8 / 12 0
METHOD : Ion Balance Error (continued) METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 9 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 19.5 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 21 mg/l METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T002 PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 NO3 as N SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001 VALUE 1.59 2.96 1.6 2.37 0.76 5.45 4.15 : Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.439 1.36 4.52 1.02 7.65 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 18.5 mg/l CaCO3
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE 0.74 0.9 -9.46 UNIT me/l me/l %
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 10 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 19.5 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 21 mg/l METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T002 PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 NO3 as N SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001 VALUE 1.37 2.01 1.77 10.4 0.81 13.2 4.54 : Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.483 10 2.9 0.65 21.3 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 17.4 mg/l CaCO3
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE 1.22 1.41 -7.19 UNIT me/l me/l %
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 11 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 13 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 14 mg/l METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T002 PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001 VALUE 1.4 1.78 1.76 2.67 0.65 5.16 4.36 : Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.427 1.25 <0.3 9.55 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 14.3 mg/l CaCO3
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE 0.65 0.81 -10.4 UNIT me/l me/l %
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
: : : :
2010-10-12 3098 12 / 12 0
METHOD : pH METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T003 PARAMETER pH pH Temperature METHOD : Electrical Conductivity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T001 PARAMETER Total Conductivity TC Temperature
METHOD : Calculated Total Dissolved Solids from EC METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T001 DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 PARAMETER VALUE UNIT TDS by EC * 6.5 19.5 mg/l TDS by EC * 7 21 mg/l METHOD : P and Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD NO. : UIS-EA-T002 PARAMETER P Alkalinity Total (M) Alkalinity METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER F Cl NO3 NO3 as N SO4 : Disolved Cations in Water by ICP-OES : UIS-TEA-T001 VALUE 1.71 2.52 1.9 0.88 0.84 3.51 5.16 : Anions by Ion Chromatography : UIS-EA-T008 VALUE 0.447 0.896 3.29 0.74 6.51 UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l UNIT mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE UNIT <0.6 mg/l CaCO3 13.3 mg/l CaCO3
METHOD : Ion Balance Error METHOD NO. : UIS-CP-T002 PARAMETER Sum of Cations Sum of Anions Ion Balance Error METHOD METHOD NO. PARAMETER COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) : UIS-EA-T030
DATE COMPLETED : 2010-10-28 VALUE 0.63 0.83 -13.7 UNIT me/l me/l %
AUTHORISED SIGNATORY
The results relate specifically to the items tested. The report shall not be reproduced except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
APPENDIX C
CSIR TECHNICAL REPORT
Identification of water column phytoplankton and zooplankton at four sampling sites in the Zambezi River
CONFIDENTIAL TECHNICAL REPORT
CSIR Report No.: CSIR/NRE/WR/IR/2010/0071/C
Conducted for: Mr. Peter Kimberg Division Leader Ecology Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd PO Box 6001 Halfway House Roodepoort South Africa
Conducted by: Dr P.J. Oberholster & Ms L. Hill Water Ecosystems and Human Health Research Group CSIR P.O. Box 395 Pretoria 0001 South Africa
Table of Contents
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 Background to this investigation ................................................................................ 1 Phytoplankton identification ....................................................................................... 1 Chlorophyll analyses .................................................................................................. 1 Zooplankton identification .......................................................................................... 1 Phytoplankton identification ....................................................................................... 2 Chlorophyll analysis ................................................................................................... 3 Zooplankton identification .......................................................................................... 4 Phytoplankton identification ....................................................................................... 4 Zooplankton identification .......................................................................................... 5 2 Methods and materials..................................................................................................... 1
3 Results............................................................................................................................... 2
1 1.1
Mr. Peter Kimberg of Golder Associates approached the CSIRs Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE) with a request to undertake identification of phytoplankton and zooplankton from four sampling sites in the Zambezi River. 2 2.1 Methods and materials Phytoplankton identification
The water samples that were taken at the two sampling sites were preserved in the field by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %, followed after one hour by the addition of buffered formaldehyde to a final concentration of 2.5%. The water samples were kept cool and in the dark during the transfer from the field to the laboratory. All identifications were made by using a compound microscope with 1250 x magnification (Van Vuuren et al., 2006; Taylor et al., 2007). Strip counts were made until at least 100 individuals of each of the dominant phytoplankton species were counted. All counts were based on the number of cells observed and the individual species were grouped into major algal groups (Lund et al., 1958; Willen, 1991). Algal biovolume was calculated by measuring the corresponding dimensions using the geometric formulas given by Willen (1976). The total number of phytoplankton taxa and their frequency of occurrence at each sampling site were categorised according to Hrnstrm (1999): 1 = 250, 2 = 251-1000, 3 = 1001-5000, 4 = 5001-25 000 cells/. The total number of taxa and their frequency were recorded after careful examination for at least 15 minutes and after not finding additional taxa. Autecological characteristics of selected species sampled were used to determine the aquatic habitat of each species. 2.2 Chlorophyll analyses
Chlorophyll was extracted from each sample with 80% acetone at 4 C. The chl a and b content of each sample were determined spectrophotometrically at 647 nm and 664 nm wavelengths according to the method of Porra et al (1989).The trophic state of the two sampling sites were correlated with the concentration Chlorophyll a (g/) (Table 1). Table 1. Trophic Index in correlation with chl a.
Trophic states Ultraoligotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Chlorophyll a (g/) values associated with trophic state <1 1-5 5-10 10-56 > 56
2.3
Zooplankton identification
All samples collected were preserved in 4% sucrose (40 g/) formalin solution (Haney and Hall, 1973) preventing the loss of eggs and distortion of the carapace by ballooning. The two litre subsamples were counted and analyzed in their entirety for total zooplankton individuals using a 25x stereomicroscope. Each zooplankton 1
specimen was measured from the top of the carapace to the base of the spine for size determination e.g., adults or neonates. The reference used for zooplankton identification was Thorp and Covich (2001). 3 3.1 Results Phytoplankton identification
Tabel 1. Composition of phytoplankton communities at the four sampling sites (+ = rare, + + =scarce, + + + = common, + + + + = abundant, + + + + + = predominant). The relative abundance of each phytoplankton taxa was grouped into: 1 = 50 (rare) 2 = 51- 250 (scarce), 3 = 251-1000 (common), 4 = 1001-5000 (abundant), 5 = 500125 000 (predominant) cells/.
Division Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Bacillariophyceae Major taxa Cryptomonas sp Aulacoseira granulate Cymatopleura solea Cymbella kappi Cymbella neocistula Flagilaria ulna Synedra acus Synedra ulna Nitzschia radicula Nitzschia linearis Pinnularia viridiformus Rhopalodia gibba Melosira varians Surirella angust Gomphonema acuminatum Epithemia adnata Melosira granulate Ceratium hirundinella Cosmarium fritschii Cosmarium pseudopraemorsium Chlamydomonas africana Pediastrum duplex Scenedesmus armatus Cyanophyta Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoria tenuis ++ + ++ +++ ++ + + Site Zam1 + +++ ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + + ++ +++ + +++ + +++ ++ + ++ + + + +++ ++ + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + + ++ + + + + + ++ + +++ + ++ + ++ + + + ++ + + ++ + +++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++ + ++ + + + ++ Site Zam 2 Site Zam3 Site Luiai 1
Table 2. Metrics that are based on autecological characteristics of selected species sampled at 4 sampling sites in the Zambezi River.
Division
Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Bacillariophyceae
Major taxa
Cryptomonas sp Aulacoseira granulate Cymatopleura solea Cymbella kappi Cymbella neocistula Flagilaria ulna Synedra acus Synedra ulna Nitzschia radicula Nitzschia linearis Pinnularia viridiformus Rhopalodia gibba Melosira varians Surirella angust Gomphonema acuminatum Epithemia adnata Melosira granulate
Autecological characteristics
Found in organic enriched waters Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in eutrophic water with moderated to high electrolyte content Found in weakly alkaline oligo- to mesotrophic water Found in circumneutral to slightly mesotrophic water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in slightly to moderately polluted electrolyte-rich water Found in moderated to high electrolyte water and tolerant to pollution Found in oligo- to mesothrophic water Found in water with a moderate to high electrolyte content Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in eutrophic water with moderated electrolyte content Tolerant of slight or moderate pollution Found in water with a high to moderated electrolyte content Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in meso- to eutrophic rivers Found in alkaline eutrophic waters Found in alkaline eutrophic waters Found in nutrient rich water Found in nutrient rich water Found in meso- to eutrophic water Found in eutrophic water
Ceratium hirundinella Cosmarium fritschii Cosmarium pseudopraemorsium Chlamydomonas africana Pediastrum duplex Scenedesmus armatus
Oscillatoria tenuis
3.2
Chlorophyll analysis
According to the chlorophyll results (Table 3) both the sampling sites is related to water with anoligotrophic status. The chlorophyll at both sites also indicates low phytoplankton production and cell counts. Higher chlorophyll concentrations were measured at sampling site 1 compared to site 2. Table 3. Chlorophyll (g/) results at the two sampling sites.
Variables Chlorophyll a (g/l) Chlorophyll b (g/l) Site Zam1 1.6 0.67 Site Zam 2 1.1 0.39 Site Zam 3 2.7 1.01 Site Luiai 1 7.3 1.81
3.3
Zooplankton identification
The species composition and abundance of zooplankton (200 ml x 5 = ind/) at the 4 sampling sites are summarised in Table 4. Table 4: Species composition and abundance at sampling sites.
Zooplankton Group Subclass: Branchiopoda Order: Cladocera Bosmina longlrostris (Muller) Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Sars) Subclass: Copepoda Order: Cyclopoda 8 5 12 5 40 Zooplankton Group Zooplankton Group Site Zam 1 Site Zam 1 Site Zam 1 Site Luiai 1
Cyclopoid naupill
4 4.1
In general the water column phytoplankton populations at the first 3 sampling sites appear to be most strongly influenced by the flow regime of the river. The species diversity and abundance at these sites were poor while species richness and abundance at sampling site Luiai 1 was relatively higher in comparison with the other sampling sites. The dominant phytoplankton species at both sites were Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The occurrence of Aulacoseira granulate at all sampling sites and its much higher density at site Luiai 1 can possibly be related to the river flows. This species is an indicator of mesotrophic conditions. The Bacillariophyceae species Synedra ulna (length 300 m) which occurred in high numbers at site Luiai 1 is a benthic diatom species that occurs in and on benthic sediments of mesotrophic to eutrophic, alkaline waters. This species can be suspended during high flows into the plankton due to its relatively large surface area. However, Douterelo et al (2004) observed in their study that species in the epilithic cyanobacterial order Oscillatoriales which occurred in low numbers at all four sampling sites, were always associated with highly eutrophic waters. The chlorophyll a concentrations at sampling sites Zam 1, 2 and 3 were low and falls within the oligothrophic index states. The low concentrations of chl a was also in relationship with the low abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton observed during the microscope analyses. The higher chl a concentrations detected at site Luiai 1 was in comparison with the higher phytoplankton numbers at this site. From data generated at the 4 sampling sites (Phytoplankton ID and autecological characteristics) it was evident that all sampling sites fall within the mesotrophic to eutrophic water quality range. However, chl a indicated that the 4 sampling sites were oligotrophic and this phenomena can possibly be related to the flow regime of the river causing drifting of phytoplankton.
4.2
Zooplankton identification
Only three species of zooplankton was observed in the samples. The Cladocera species observed in the samples were small in body size. Larger body size zooplankton species like Daphnia and calanoid copepods were totally absent from the first 3 sampling sites and can be related to temperature, food quality or predation. The occurrence of larger zooplankton species can be influenced by predation but these phenomena is reduced under conditions of low water transparency. The low abundance of zooplankton at sampling sites 1, 2 and 3 can also be related to food requirements by these species. The minimum food threshhold for Daphnia is 6-15 g chlorophyll per liter, which are much higher values than detected in the chlorophyll analyses of the water column of the first three sampling sites under investigation. However, a much higher abundance of the small zooplankton species Ceriodaphnia cornuta observed at site Luiai 1 can be related to the higher phytoplankton numbers as food source at this sampling site. 5 References cited
Haney, J.F., Hall, D.J., 1973. Sugar-coated Daphnia: A perservation technique for Cladocera. Limnology and Oceanography, 18: 331-333. Hrnstrm, E., 1999. Long-term phytoplankton changes in acid and limed lakes in SW Sweden. Hydrobiology, 394: 93-102. Lund, J.W.G., Kipling, C., Le Cren, E.O., 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations by counting. Hydrobiology, 11: 143-170. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A. and Kriedemann, P.E. (1989). Determination of accurate extinction coefficient and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 975: 384-394. Taylor, J.C., Harding, W.R., Archibald, C.G.M., 2007. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. WRC Report, TT, 282/07. Pretoria: Water Research Commission, plates 1-178. Thorp, J.H., Covich, A.P., 2001. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Second Edition Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-992. Van Vuuren, S., Taylor, J.C., Gerber, A., Van Ginkel, C., 2006. Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae. North-West University and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 1-200. Willen, E., 1976. A simplified method of phytoplankton counting. Br. J. Phycol., 11: 265-278. Willen, E., 1991. Planktonic diatoms an ecological review. Algological Studies, 62: 69-106. Stuttgart, August 1991.
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. 25 Main Avenue Florida Roodepoort South Africa T: [+27] (11) 672 0666
May 2011
Submitted to: Golder Associados Mozambique Limitada 4th Floor, 270 Avenida 24 de Julho, Maputo, Mozambique
REPORT
13051-10581-2
Executive Summary
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. was appointed by Joana Pedro from COBA to conduct analysis of sediment and water quality samples collected at sites in the Luia and Zambezi rivers associated with the Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectricity project in the Tete Province of Mozambique. This report presents the integrated results of the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys. This report will focus on similarities and dissimilarities between the water, sediment and biological parameter results. The study area is situated in the Tete Province of Mozambique. Sites were sampled in the Zambezi River (100 km upstream of Tete, and approximately 30 km downstream from Cahora Bassa), and in the Luia River (LUIA1 at the point where the Tete Fingoe road crosses the river). Four sites were sampled in the Zambezi River:
ZAM1 upstream of the confluence with the Luia River (sampled during September 2010 and January 2011 surveys), ZAM2 downstream of the confluence with the Luia River (sampled during September 2010 and January 2011 surveys), ZAM 3 in the narrow gorge area in the vicinity of the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme (sampled during April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys); and ZAM4 in the wider section of the Zambezi River downstream from the gorge & the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme (only sampled during the April 2010 survey).
The following conclusions were reached based on the results of the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys:
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination indicated seasonal changes in water chemistry in the section of the Zambezi River associated with the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa project. The seasonal changes detected in the Zambezi River during this assessment included increased NO3 (mg/l) and NO3 as N (mg/l) concentrations during the September 2010 survey. Variables that showed no seasonal change in the Zambezi River included M Alkalinity, P Alkalinity and pH; The seasonal changes detected in the Luia River during this assessment included increases in M Alkalinity, P Alkalinity, pH, Total Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) concentrations during the September 2010 surveys and reduced concentrations of these variables during the January and April surveys; The PCA ordination suggests some degree of seasonal change in the sediment chemistry of the sections of the Zambezi and Luia rivers associated with the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa project. Variables that characterised the seasonal changes in the Zambezi and Luia River sediment included increased Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si) and Iron (Fe) concentrations during the January 2011 survey; Phytoplankton species diversity and abundance was generally poor at all of the sampling sites during all three surveys. The dominant phytoplankton division at all sites during all three surveys was Bacillariophyceae which normally characterize turbulent conditions. The fast and turbulent flow in the Zambezi River gorge below Cahora Bassa is not considered ideal for abundant or diverse phytoplankton growth; Based on the results of this assessment the trophic state of the section of the Zambezi River associated with the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa project under current flow conditions ranges from ultraoligotrophic
during April and January to oligotrophic in September. The trophic state of the Luia River ranges from ultraoligotrophic in January to mesotrophic in September.
The increases in trophic state during the September 2010 survey may be associated with the lower flow levels recorded in both rivers during that survey. The lower flow levels contributes to less turbulent flow, decreased turbidity and increased light penetration which results in increased algal growth and therefore trophic state; Zooplankton diversity and abundance was poor throughout the study area and during all three surveys. The low zooplankton abundance and diversity measured in the project area can be attributed primarily to food availability. The minimum food threshold for Daphnia is 6-15 g per litre chlorophyll which is higher than all the chlorophyll values measured in the Zambezi River and only within the range measured in the Luia River during the September 2010 survey. Therefore food availability can be considered a limiting factor of zooplankton diversity and abundance in the sections of the Zambezi and Luia rivers associated with the Mphanda Nkuwa project.
The results of this assessment and the conclusions reached are based on the outcomes of 3 field surveys only conducted between April 2010 and January 2011. The outcomes and conclusions should be verified by the implementation of an ongoing water and sediment quality monitoring programme. The following monitoring programme is recommended in order for a comprehensive and reliable baseline to be established: Recommended ongoing monitoring programme Parameter Water quality Sediment quality Phytoplankton, zooplankton, chlorophyll Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 3.0 SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................................................................... 1 4.0 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 Chemical analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ...................................................................................................... 3 Biological analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Phytoplankton identification .................................................................................................................... 3 Chlorophyll a analyses ............................................................................................................................ 4 Zooplankton identification ....................................................................................................................... 4 Data collation and reporting .......................................................................................................................... 4
5.0 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Chemical analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of water samples .......................................................................... 5 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of sediment samples .................................................................... 8 Biological analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Phytoplankton identification .................................................................................................................. 11 Chlorophyll analysis .............................................................................................................................. 12 Zooplankton analysis ............................................................................................................................ 12
TABLES Table 1: Description of sampling sites ................................................................................................................................. 1 Table 2: Trophic Index in correlation with Chlorophyll a ...................................................................................................... 4 Table 3: Number of major phytoplankton taxa recorded at sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the 3 surveys ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Table 4: Metrics that are based on autecological characteristics of selected species sampled at sampling sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers ............................................................................................................................. 11 Table 5: Chlorophyll a and b concentrations measured at sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys .......................................................................................... 12
Table 6: Trophic states measured at sampling sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers based on Chlorophyll a concentrations .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Table 7: Zooplankton abundance and diversity recorded in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys .................................................................................................... 13 The following monitoring programme is recommended in order for a comprehensive and reliable baseline to be established: Table 8: Recommended monitoring programme .......................................................................... 14
FIGURES Figure 1: Kemmerer sampler used to collect water samples at discrete depths.................................................................. 3 Figure 2: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Ordination of water samples showing groupings of sites from different surveys (suffix a presents April 2010 survey results, b presents Sep 2010 survey results, c presents Jan 2011 survey results)...................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 3: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with NO3 concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in NO3 concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph ................................................................................ 7 Figure 4: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with NO3 as N concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in NO3 as N concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph ............................................................ 7 Figure 5: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with M Alkalinity concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in M Alkalinity concentration along the PC1 axis of the graph ......................................................... 8 Figure 6: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with P Alkalinity concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in P Alkalinity concentration along the PC1 axis of the graph .......................................................... 8 Figure 7: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Ordination of sediment chemistry results showing groupings of sites from different surveys (suffix b presents Sep 2010 survey results, c presents Jan 2011 survey results) ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 8: PCA ordination of sediment samples with Al concentration superimposed. Figure shows increase in Al concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph ................................................................................................. 10 Figure 9: PCA ordination of sediment samples with Fe concentration superimposed. Figure shows increase in Fe concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph ................................................................................................. 10
ii
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. was appointed by Joana Pedro from COBA to conduct analysis of sediment and water quality samples collected at sites in the Luia and Zambezi rivers associated with the Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectricity project in the Tete Province of Mozambique. This report presents the integrated results of the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys. This report will focus on similarities and dissimilarities between the water, sediment and biological parameter results. The April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 reports are included as Appendices A to C.
2.0
STUDY AREA
The study area is situated in the Tete Province of Mozambique. Sites were sampled in the Zambezi River (100 km upstream of Tete, and approximately 30 km downstream from Cahora Bassa), and in the Luia River (LUIA1 at the point where the Tete Fingoe road crosses the river). Four sites were sampled in the Zambezi River:
ZAM1 upstream of the confluence with the Luia River (sampled during September 2010 and January 2011 surveys), ZAM2 downstream of the confluence with the Luia River (sampled during September 2010 and January 2011 surveys), ZAM 3 in the narrow gorge area in the vicinity of the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme (sampled during April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys); and ZAM4 in the wider section of the Zambezi River downstream from the gorge & the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme (only sampled during the April 2010 survey).
An additional site (LUIA1) was sampled in the Luia River, a tributary of the Zambezi River that confluences with the Zambezi River upstream of the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme. The GPS coordinates of the sampling sites were determined using a Garmin GPS 60 CSx and are listed in Table 1 along with descriptions of the sites. Table 1: Description of sampling sites Site ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 ZAM4 Latitude S15.58690 S15.60164 S15.75674 S15.78333 Longitude E32.99191 E33.00758 E33.12018 E33.15000 Description Zambezi River upstream of the confluence with the Luia River Zambezi River downstream of the confluence with the Luia River Zambezi River in the vicinity of the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme Zambezi River approximately 3 km downstream of proposed Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Scheme site in section of wider river Luia River at bridge crossing site approximately 157 km from Tete on the Zimbabwe - Zambia road, samples collected on margin of river
LUIA1
S15.13581
E32.90213
3.0
SCOPE OF WORK
The Scope of Work of the 3 surveys varied slightly and due to issues such as accessibility and hence the sites differed slightly between the different surveys. Sediment samples were only collected during the September 2010 and January 2011 surveys.
May 2011 Report No. 13051-10581-2
pH; Total Conductivity (mS/m); Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) calculated from Electrical Conductivity (EC) (mg/l); P Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3); M Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3); Nitrate (NO3) Concentration (mg/l); Nitrate (NO3) as N (mg/l); and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/l).
In addition the concentrations of the following elements were analysed in the water and sediment samples collected during the September 2010 and January 2011 surveys:
4.0 4.1
Aluminium (Al) (mg/l); Calcium (Ca) (mg/l); Iron (Fe) (mg/l); Potassium (K) (mg/l); Magnesium (Mg) (mg/l); Sodium (Na) (mg/l); Silicon (Si) (mg/l); Fluorine (F) (mg/l); Chlorine (Cl) (mg/l); and Sulphate (SO4) (mg/l).
The following biological parameters were measured during all three surveys: Chlorophyll a; Zooplankton (specific composition and abundance); and Phytoplankton (specific composition and abundance).
Water samples for chemical analysis were collected at the water surface in 1.5 l plastic sample bottles. Bottles were placed in a cooler box and transported to ACT UIS Laboratories in Tete for transportation to South Africa. ACT UIS Laboratories in Tete applied for the necessary permits for the exportation of the samples from the Mozambican Ministry of Agriculture. The process of obtaining the permits was problematic and resulted in some delays. During these delays samples were stored in cold storage rooms at ACT UIS laboratories in Tete.
Sediment samples were collected on the margin of the river channel by means of a sediment corer. Sediment samples were assessed for different sediment horizons based on colour and particle size. Composite samples of the different layers were collected, placed in plastic sampling bags and labelled. The labelled samples were placed in a cooler box for transportation to ACT UIS Laboratories in Tete and from there to UIS Analytical Services in Pretoria.
4.1.1
The ordination method Principal Component Analysis (PCA) will be used to elucidate similarities and dissimilarities between sites. The PCA technique is applied to ecological studies and provides a global interpretation of environmental variables: physical, chemical, physiological, morphometrical or climatological. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allows for the extraction of the general directions of variations of environmental variables (Cyrus et al., 2000).
4.2
Biological analysis
The phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected by means of a Kemmerer sampler at 1 m intervals throughout the water column (Figure 1). The water samples obtained at the various depths were strained through a 50 m net in order to collect composite samples. The content of the net was decanted into 1 l plastic sampling jars. The process was repeated for the phytoplankton and zooplankton. The volume of water filtered for each phytoplankton and zooplankton sample was approximately 20 l.
4.2.1
Phytoplankton identification
The phytoplankton samples were preserved in the field by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %, followed after one hour by the addition of buffered formaldehyde to a final concentration of 2.5 %. The water samples were kept cool and in the dark during the transfer from the field to the CSIR laboratory in South Africa. All identifications were made by using a compound microscope with 1250 x magnification (Van Vuuren et al., 2006; Taylor et al., 2007). Strip counts were made until at least 100 individuals of each of the dominant phytoplankton species were counted. All counts were based on the number of cells observed and the individual species were grouped into major algal groups (Lund et al., 1958; Willen, 1991). Algal biovolume was calculated by measuring the corresponding dimensions using the geometric formulas given by Willen (1976). The total number of phytoplankton taxa and their frequency of
May 2011 Report No. 13051-10581-2
occurrence at each sampling site were categorised according to Hrnstrm (1999): 1 = 250, 2 = 251-1000, 3 = 1001-5000, 4 = 5001-25 000 cells l-1. The total number of taxa and their frequency were recorded after careful examination for at least 15 minutes and after not finding additional taxa.
4.2.2
Chlorophyll a analyses
Chlorophyll a samples were collected at the water surface and placed in 1 l plastic bottles. The plastic bottles were packed in a cooler box with ice for the trip back to Tete. The samples were preserved in Tete by addition of acidic Lugols solution to a final concentration of 0.7 %. The samples were delivered to the CSIR laboratories in Stellenbosch, South Africa for analysis. In the laboratory the Chlorophyll was extracted from each sample with 80 % acetone at 4 C. The chlorophyll a and b content of each sample was determined spectrophotometrically at 647 nm and 664 nm wavelengths according to the method of Porra et al (1989).The trophic state of the sampling sites will be correlated with the concentration Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) (Table 2). Table 2: Trophic Index in correlation with Chlorophyll a Trophic states Ultraoligotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypereutrophic Chlorophyll a (g/l-1) values associated with trophic state <1 1-5 5-10 10-56 > 56
4.2.3
Zooplankton identification
All samples collected were preserved in Tete in 4 % sucrose (40 g l-1) Formalin solution (Haney and Hall, 1973) in order to prevent the loss of eggs and distortion of the carapace by ballooning. In the laboratory the samples were counted and analyzed in their entirety for total zooplankton individuals using a 25x stereomicroscope. Each zooplankton specimen was measured from the top of the carapace to the base of the spine for size determination e.g., adults or neonates. The reference used for zooplankton identification was Thorp and Covich (2001). Sediment samples were collected by means of a sediment corer, placed in plastic sample bags and placed in a cooler bag for delivery to the laboratory in Tete.
4.3
Chemical analysis of water and sediment samples was conducted by UIS Analytical Services and the biological analysis of water samples by the CSIR Laboratories.
5.0 5.1
5.1.1
The water and sediment results from the various surveys were analysed separately.
The PCA results and groupings of the water samples analysis are presented in Figure 2. Based on the PCA results 81.3% of the variation in water chemistry could be explained by the PC1 and PC2 axes of the graph combined. Guidelines for an acceptable level of variance explained are problematic since they depend on factors such as the objectives of the study, the number of species and the number of samples (Clarke & Warwick, 1994). Clarke & Warwick (1994) suggest that a PCA ordination that accounts for 70 75% of the variation describes the overall structure well. Based on the PCA three groups of water samples were identified:
Group I consists of water samples ZAM1, ZAM2 and ZAM3 collected during the September 2010 survey and showing a very high degree of similarity; Group II consists of water samples ZAM3 and ZAM4 from the April 2010 survey and samples ZAM1 and ZAM2 from the January 2011 survey showing similar water conditions in the Zambezi River during these surveys; Group III consists of water samples LUIAa and LUIAb from the April 2010 survey; Water sample LUIA1 from the January 2011 survey showed some similarity to Group II; Water samples LUIA1 from the September 2010 survey did not show any similarity to any of the other samples or groupings; Water sample ZAM3 from the January 2011 survey did not show similarity to any of the other samples. The difference between the water chemistry at ZAM3 and that of the other Zambezi River sites during the January 2011 can be attributed to the non-perennial Sanangue River which was in flood at the time of the survey. The Sanangue River enters the Zambezi River upstream of site ZAM3; The PCA ordination suggests that seasonal changes in water chemistry in the Zambezi River can be explained primarily by a shift along the PC2 axes of the graph; and The seasonal change in water chemistry in the Luia River can be explained by a shift along the PC1 axes of the graph (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Ordination of water samples showing groupings of sites from different surveys (suffix a presents April 2010 survey results, b presents Sep 2010 survey results, c presents Jan 2011 survey results)
The variables that contributed to the shift in the PC2 axis and that characterised the seasonal changes in the Zambezi River included NO3 (mg/l) and NO3 as N (mg/l). Variables that showed little change along the PC1 axis of the graph included M Alkalinity, P Alkalinity and pH. Figure 3 presents the PCA ordination with the NO3 concentration superimposed showing the shift in NO3 concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph. The PCA ordination indicated that the seasonal changes in water chemistry of the Zambezi River can be characterised by shifts in NO3 concentration with higher concentrations measured during the September survey compared to the April and January surveys. In contrast the NO3 concentrations in the Luia River remained largely unchanged between the different surveys (Figure 3). Figure 4 presents the PCA ordination with the NO3 as N concentration superimposed showing a similar shift along the PC2 axis of the graph. This indicates a similar seasonal increase in NO3 as N concentration in the Zambezi River during the September 2010 survey (Figure 4). Again NO3 as N concentrations in the Luia River remained similar between surveys (Figure 4).
Figure 3: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with NO3 concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in NO3 concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph
Figure 4: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with NO3 as N concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in NO3 as N concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph
The variables that contributed to the shift in the PC1 axis and that characterised the seasonal changes in the Luia River included M Alkalinity, P Alkalinity, pH, Total Conductivity and TDS by EC. Figure 5 presents the PCA ordination with M Alkalinity superimposed and shows the shift in M Alkalinity concentration along the PC1 axis of the graph. The PCA ordination indicates a seasonal increase in the M Alkalinity concentration in the Luia River with the highest concentration measured during the September 2010 survey (Figure 5). In contrast M Alkalinity concentrations in the Zambezi River remained largely unchanged between surveys (Figure 5).
Figure 5: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with M Alkalinity concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in M Alkalinity concentration along the PC1 axis of the graph
Figure 6 presents the PCA ordination of the water samples with the concentration of P Alkalinity superimposed. The PCA ordination shows an increase in the P Alkalinity concentration in the Luia River during the September 2010 survey (Figure 6). In contrast the P Alkalinity in the Zambezi River remains unchanged between surveys (Figure 6).
Figure 6: PCA ordination showing water sample groupings with P Alkalinity concentration superimposed. Figure shows shift in P Alkalinity concentration along the PC1 axis of the graph
5.1.2
The PCA results and groupings of the sediment sample analysis are presented in Figure 7. Based on the PCA results 74.6% of the variation in sediment chemistry could be explained by the PC1 and PC2 axes of the graph. Clarke & Warwick (1994) suggest that a PCA ordination that accounts for 70 75% of the variation describes the overall structure well. Based on the PCA two groups of sediment samples were identified:
Group I consists of the September 2010 survey results (samples ZAM1 b, ZAM2 b, ZAM3 b and LUIA1 b); Group II consists of the January 2011 survey results (samples ZAM1 c, ZAM2 c and LUIA1 c); and The sample collected at site ZAM3 during the January 2011 survey did not show similarity to any of the other samples or groupings. This sample may have been influenced by the flooding of the Sanague River which enters the Zambezi River between sites ZAM2 and ZAM3; and The PCA ordination suggests some degree of seasonal change in the sediment chemistry of the Zambezi and Luia Rivers. The shift is represented primarily by a shift along the PC2 axis of the graph (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Ordination of sediment chemistry results showing groupings of sites from different surveys (suffix b presents Sep 2010 survey results, c presents Jan 2011 survey results)
The variables that contributed to the shift in the PC2 axis and that therefore characterised the seasonal change in the Zambezi and Luia River sediment included Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si) and Iron (Fe) concentrations. Figure 8 presents the PCA ordination of the sediment analysis results with the Al concentration superimposed. The PCA ordination shows the increase in Al concentration between the September 2010 survey (Group I) and the January 2011 survey (Group II) (Figure 8). Sediment sample ZAM3 was an exception as the Al concentration at this site decreased between September 2010 and January 2011 (Figure 8).
Figure 8: PCA ordination of sediment samples with Al concentration superimposed. Figure shows increase in Al concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph
Figure 9 shows the PCA ordination of the sediment results with the Iron (Fe) concentration superimposed. With the exception of ZAM3, concentrations of Fe in the sediment samples of the Zambezi and Luia Rivers increased between the September 2010 and January 2011 surveys (Figure 9).
Figure 9: PCA ordination of sediment samples with Fe concentration superimposed. Figure shows increase in Fe concentration along the PC2 axis of the graph
May 2011 Report No. 13051-10581-2
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5.2
5.2.1
Biological analysis
Phytoplankton identification
The number of major phytoplankton taxa in the Zambezi and Luia rivers ranged from :
6 to 7 during the April 2010 survey 16 to 21 during the September 2010 survey; and 6 to 10 during the January 2011 survey (Table 3).
During the September 2010 and January 2011 surveys the highest phytoplankton diversity was recorded in the Luia River (Table 3). Phytoplankton species diversity and abundance was generally poor at all of the sampling sites. The dominant phytoplankton division at all sites during all three surveys was Bacillariophyceae which normally characterize more turbulent conditions. Downstream of Cahora Bassa the Zambezi River flows through a narrow gorge before eventually widening out approximately 60 km downstream. Flow within the gorge section is fast and turbulent. All of the Zambezi River sites are situated within the gorge. These conditions are not considered ideal for phytoplankton growth. Table 3: Number of major phytoplankton taxa recorded at sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the 3 surveys Survey Apr-10 Sep-10 Jan-11
-
No sampling conducted
Table 4: Metrics that are based on autecological characteristics of selected species sampled at sampling sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers Division Bacillariophyceae Flagilaria ulna Synedra acus Synedra ulna Nitzschia radicula Nitzschia linearis Pinnularia viridiformus Melosira varians Melosira granulate Chlorophyta Chlorophyceae (Volvocales) Chlorophyceae (Chlorococcales) Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in mesotrophic to eutrophic alkaline water Found in slightly to moderately polluted electrolyte-rich water Found in moderated to high electrolyte water and tolerant to pollution Found in oligo to mesothrophic water Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in both benthos and plankton of eutrophic rivers Found in nutrient rich water Found in nutrient rich water Major taxa Autecological characteristics
11
5.2.2
Chlorophyll analysis
Table 5 presents the Chlorophyll a and b concentrations measured in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys. Table 5: Chlorophyll a and b concentrations measured at sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys Variables Chlorophyll a (g/l) Chlorophyll b (g/l) Apr-10 ZAM3 0.05 0.03 ZAM4 0.02 0.01 Sep-10 ZAM1 1.60 0.67 ZAM2 1.10 0.39 ZAM3 2.70 1.01 LUIA1 7.30 1.81 Jan-11 ZAM1 0.42 0.27 ZAM2 0.47. 0.21 ZAM3 0.29 0.18 LUIA1 0.83 0.31
Based on the Chlorophyll a concentrations the trophic state of the Zambezi and Luia rivers were ultraoligotrophic during the April 2010 and January 2011 surveys (Table 6). During the September 2010 survey the trophic state of the Zambezi River increased to oligotrophic and that of the Luia River to mesotrophic (Table 6). Ultraoligotrophic and oligotrophic states refer to the very low primary productivity levels as measured by algal growth. A mesotrophic state refers to a moderate level of primary productivity. The increases in trophic state during the September 2010 survey may be associated with the lower flow levels recorded in both rivers during that survey. The lower flow levels contribute to less turbulent flow, decreased turbidity and increased light penetration which results in increased trophic state. Based on the results of this assessment the trophic state of the section of the Zambezi River associated with the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa project under current flow conditions ranges from ultraoligotrophic during April and January to oligotrophic in September (Table 6). The trophic state of the Luia River ranges from ultraoligotrophic in January to mesotrophic in September (Table 6). Table 6: Trophic states measured at sampling sites in the Zambezi and Luia rivers based on Chlorophyll a concentrations Survey Apr-10 Site ZAM3 ZAM4 ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 LUIA1 ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 LUIA1 Trophic state Ultraoligotrophic Ultraoligotrophic Oligotrophic Oligotrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Ultraoligotrophic Ultraoligotrophic Ultraoligotrophic Ultraoligotrophic
Sep-10
Jan-11
5.2.3
Zooplankton analysis
Table 7 presents the zooplankton abundance and diversity recorded in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys. Zooplankton diversity and abundance was low throughout the study area and during all three surveys (Table 7). Species diversity ranged from 0 3 species per site (Table 7). The low zooplankton abundance and diversity can be related directly to food availability. The minimum food threshold for Daphnia is 6-15 g per litre chlorophyll which is higher than all the chlorophyll values measured
12
in the Zambezi River and only within the range measured in the Luia River during the September 2010 survey (Table 5). Therefore food availability can be considered a limiting factor of zooplankton diversity and abundance in the Zambezi and Luia Rivers. However, the flow regime of the Zambezi River may play a critical role in the low zooplankton abundance. Water discharge and other variables related to hydrology, i.e. suspended solids and turbidity, can act negatively and synchronously by diluting phytoplankton cells. Table 7: Zooplankton abundance and diversity recorded in the Zambezi and Luia rivers during the April 2010, September 2010 and January 2011 surveys Species Bosmina longirostris (Muller) Ceriodaphnia cornuta (Sars) Cyclopoid naupill Number of species Apr-10 ZAM3 10 6 ZAM4 4 5 Sep-10 ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 8 12 LUIA1 5 40 5 2 1 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 5 5 2 Jan-11 ZAM1 ZAM2 ZAM3 LUIA1
6.0
CONCLUSIONS
The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination indicated seasonal changes in water chemistry in the section of the Zambezi River associated with the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa project. The seasonal changes detected in the Zambezi River during this assessment included increased NO3 (mg/l) and NO3 as N (mg/l) concentrations during the September 2010 survey. Variables that showed no seasonal change in the Zambezi River included M Alkalinity, P Alkalinity and pH; The seasonal changes detected in the Luia River during this assessment included increases in M Alkalinity, P Alkalinity, pH, Total Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) concentrations during the September 2010 surveys and reduced concentrations of these variables during the January and April surveys; The PCA ordination suggests some degree of seasonal change in the sediment chemistry of the sections of the Zambezi and Luia rivers associated with the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa project. Variables that characterised the seasonal changes in the Zambezi and Luia River sediment included increased Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si) and Iron (Fe) concentrations during the January 2011 survey; Phytoplankton species diversity and abundance was generally poor at all of the sampling sites during all three surveys. The dominant phytoplankton division at all sites during all three surveys was Bacillariophyceae which normally characterize turbulent conditions. The fast and turbulent flow in the Zambezi River gorge below Cahora Bassa is not considered ideal for abundant or diverse phytoplankton growth; Based on the results of this assessment the trophic state of the section of the Zambezi River associated with the proposed Mphanda Nkuwa project under current flow conditions ranges from ultraoligotrophic during April and January to oligotrophic in September. The trophic state of the Luia River ranges from ultraoligotrophic in January to mesotrophic in September. The increases in trophic state during the September 2010 survey may be associated with the lower flow levels recorded in both rivers during that survey. The lower flow levels contributes to less turbulent flow, decreased turbidity and increased light penetration which results in increased algal growth and therefore trophic state;
13
Zooplankton diversity and abundance was poor throughout the study area and during all three surveys. The low zooplankton abundance and diversity measured in the project area can be attributed primarily to food availability. The minimum food threshold for Daphnia is 6-15 g per litre chlorophyll which is higher than all the chlorophyll values measured in the Zambezi River and only within the range measured in the Luia River during the September 2010 survey. Therefore food availability can be considered a limiting factor of zooplankton diversity and abundance in the sections of the Zambezi and Luia rivers associated with the Mphanda Nkuwa project.
7.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
The results of this assessment are based on the outcomes of 3 field surveys conducted between April 2010 and January 2011. The outcomes and conclusions should be verified by the implementation of an ongoing water and sediment quality monitoring programme. The following monitoring programme is recommended in order for a comprehensive and reliable baseline to be established: Table 8: Recommended ongoing monitoring programme Parameter Water quality Sediment quality Phytoplankton, zooplankton, chlorophyll Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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8.0
REFERENCES
Clarke,K.R., & Warwick, R.M., 1994. Change in Marine Communities: An approach to Statistical analysis and interpretation. Unpublished Manual for PRIMER statistical programme. Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom. Cyrus, D.P., Wepener, V., Mackay, C.F., Cilliers, P.M., Weerts, S.P. & Viljoen, A. 2000. The effects of Intrabasin Transfer on the Hydrochemistry, Benthic Invertebrates and Ichthyofauna on the Mhlathuze Estuary and Lake Nsezi. Water Research Commission Report No. 722, (1): 99. 253. Haney, J.F., Hall, D.J., 1973. Sugar-coated Daphnia: A preservation technique for Cladocera. Limnology and Oceanography, 18: 331-333. Hrnstrm, E., 1999. Long-term phytoplankton changes in acid and limed lakes in SW Sweden. Hydrobiology, 394: 93-102. Lund, J.W.G., Kipling, C., Le Cren, E.O., 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations by counting. Hydrobiology, 11: 143-170. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A. and Kriedemann, P.E. 1989. Determination of accurate extinction coefficient and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 975: 384-394. Taylor, J.C., Harding, W.R., Archibald, C.G.M., 2007. An illustrated guide to some common diatom species from South Africa. WRC Report, TT, 282/07. Pretoria: Water Research Commission, plates 1-178. Thorp, J.H., Covich, A.P., 2001. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Second Edition Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 1-992. Van Vuuren, S., Taylor, J.C., Gerber, A., Van Ginkel, C., 2006. Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae. North-West University and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 1-200. Willen, E., 1976. A simplified method of phytoplankton counting. Br. J. Phycol., 11: 265-278. Willen, E., 1991. Planktonic diatoms an ecological review. Algological Studies, 62: 69-106. Stuttgart, August 1991.
Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd 25 Main Avenue Florida Roodepoort South Africa T: [+27] (11) 672 0666
1 METODOLOGIA DE SIMULAO
1.1 ESCOLHA DO MODELO DE SIMULAO
Os modelos matemticos de simulao de qualidade da gua podem ser agrupados em funo de diferentes caractersticas sendo, habitualmente e de acordo com a sua conceptualizao, descritos como a zero, a uma, duas ou trs dimenses. Na simulao a zero dimenses, a abordagem mais simplificada, a massa de gua a simular considerada homognea, designando-se habitualmente estes modelos como de mistura completa. Nos modelos a uma ou duas dimenses assumida a homogeneidade da massa de gua nas dimenses no simuladas no modelo. Assim e como exemplo, no caso de um modelo unidimensional vertical assumida a homogeneidade longitudinal e lateral ou seja, admitem-se apenas variaes verticais de qualidade da gua. No caso de modelos bidimensionais apenas uma das dimenses considerada homognea. A escolha de um modelo ou metodologia de simulao deve ser consentnea com as caractersticas do sistema a simular assim como dos dados disponveis. De facto a maior complexidade de um determinado modelo de simulao no constitui por si s uma vantagem j que a disponibilidade de informao de base pode condicionar o funcionamento do modelo e assim tambm os resultados obtidos. Limitaes ao nvel dos dados de base tm tambm como consequncia maiores dificuldades na avaliao dos resultados obtidos, reduzindo tambm a eficcia na utilizao de modelos com maior resoluo espacial e/ou temporal, a que acresce frequentemente um esforo maior de implementao. Para o presente caso de estudo foi considerado adequado a utilizao de um modelo unidimensional, o WQRRS, desenvolvido pelo HEC, do U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Este modelo adequado para massas de gua que apresentam gradientes verticais de qualidade e nas quais a variao longitudinal e lateral no sejam determinantes para a caracterizao da qualidade da gua. A escolha do WQRRS foi determinada no s em funo das caractersticas da futura albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa mas tambm pelo facto de se dispor de muito reduzida informao sobre a qualidade da gua das afluncias albufeira, quer atravs do rio Zambeze, quer atravs dos seus principais afluentes. Esta situao constitui uma limitao significativa na medida em que prejudica a caracterizao do sistema a simular, quer em termos de variao temporal quer espacial Figura 1.1.1. Apesar das limitaes de dados que se verificam, considera-se que o WQRRS permite uma abordagem metodolgica adequada, com a qual sero atingidos todos os objectivos propostos para o presente estudo. Refira-se ainda que este modelo permite a simulao de mltiplos parmetros de qualidade da gua, face a regimes hdricos variados, incluindo a operao de rgos hidrulicos de barragens, tais como descargas de fundo, de superfcie e de tomadas de gua.
Figura 1.1.1 - Representao conceptual de uma albufeira estratificada no modelo WQRRS (HEC, 1978)
C 1 V = KC + I j + C t V t
em que: C = concentrao de fsforo [M L-3] I = massa afluente por unidade de tempo e por unidade de volume de gua [M L-3 T-1] V = volume da albufeira [L3] K = decaimento de fsforo [T-1]
[1]
Admitindo-se que o volume da albufeira no varia ao longo do tempo (e assim que caudal afluente igual ao caudal efluente - regime permanente) possvel concluir que a concentrao de fsforo converge assimptoticamente para o equilbrio (Metcalf & Eddy, 1995), obtendo-se:
Ce=M/ ( V) em que: Ce = concentrao de equilbrio de fsforo [M L-3]; M = carga afluente de fsforo [M T-1] V = volume da albufeira [L3]; = + ( Q0 + v/t ) / V [T-1]; sendo v/t = 0 e K o decaimento de fsforo [T-1].
[2]
O valor de K (taxa de decaimento), na ausncia de melhor estimativa, pode ser admitida igual como 0,003 dia-1 (Metcalf e Eddy, 1995). Novotny (2003) sugere tambm a sua estimativa com base na relao 10/H, sendo H a altura mdia da coluna de gua na albufeira. A metodologia de quantificao da concentrao de fsforo descrita foi no entanto desenvolvida essencialmente para lagos e albufeiras de pases de clima temperado. Salas e Martino (1991) refutam a sua aplicabilidade a lagos e albufeiras tropicais de clima quente e apresentam um modelo estatstico alternativo (equao [3]), desenvolvido com base em dados de albufeiras localizadas na Amrica latina. O modelo desenvolvido foi no entanto avaliado em 14 albufeiras do continente africano, tendo os resultados sido considerados satisfatrios. [P] = 0,290 x L(P)0,091 x T0,676 / Z0,934 em que: [P] = concentrao de fsforo na albufeira [M L-3] L(P) = carga de fsforo afluente, por rea superficial e por tempo [M L-2 T-1] T = tempo de reteno [T] Z = profundidade mdia da albufeira (altura mdia da coluna de gua) [L] Os modelos descritos foram implementados tendo em considerao, separadamente, afluncias a partir da Hidroelctrica de Cahora Bassa e da bacia intermdia, permitindo-se assim a avaliao da influncia relativa de cada uma das afluncias. [3]
Quanto aos aspectos relativos qualidade da gua constatou-se que os dados disponveis so muito escassos e apresentam uma fiabilidade reduzida, face a vrios problemas associados no s identificao do local de colheita mas tambm quanto preservao das amostras de campo. A reduzida disponibilidade de informao foi alis um dos motivos que justificou a escolha de um modelo unidimensional em detrimento de um modelo bidimensional. De facto e em funo dos dados disponveis no foi possvel obter uma caracterizao da qualidade da gua que permita distinguir adequadamente os principais afluentes da albufeira, designadamente os rios Zambeze, Luia, Sanangoe e Chirodezi. Em termos de localizao dispe-se de alguma informao recolhida na zona de construo da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa assim como relativa ao rio Luia, neste ltimo caso em zona muito a montante da confluncia com o rio Zambeze. Em relao caracterizao dos caudais no rio Zambeze, designadamente os descarregados em Cahora Bassa, apenas foi possvel a caracterizao na zona de confluncia com o rio Luia, pelo menos em funo do entendimento possvel dos vrios registos disponveis. Em sntese e no estudo realizado, foram considerados os seguintes dados de projecto: Regime de caudais efluentes a partir de Cahora Bassa Regime de operao do aproveitamento de Mphanda Nkuwa Caudais afluentes barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa a partir da bacia intermdia Caudais afluentes barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa a partir da bacia do rio Luia Relativamente caracterizao da qualidade da gua foram considerados dados disponibilizados pela Hidroelctrica de Cahora Bassa bem como os dados apresentados em dois relatrios produzidos pela em Golder Associados (2010a e 2010b). Os dados de escoamento e de qualidade da gua considerados nas simulaes so apresentados no captulo 1.5, relativo caracterizao dos cenrios de simulao. O WQRRS requer ainda a quantificao de alguns parmetros meteorolgicos, designadamente a temperatura do ar, a humidade relativa, nebulosidade e velocidade do vento. A temperatura do ar, a humidade relativa e a velocidade do vento foram obtidas no Estudo de Pr-viabilidade Ambiental e Definio do mbito (COBA, Impacto, 2009) do Aproveitamento de Mphanda Nkuwa. A nebulosidade mensal foi estimada de acordo com o mtodo descrito em Lencastre e Franco (2010) para relacionar nmero de horas de sol com a nebulosidade. Para o efeito foram recolhidos dados de insolao em http://pt.allmetsat.com/clima, (consultado em 10 de Maro de 2011), para os locais de Makanga, no Malawi e Chipinge, no Zimbabwe, identificados como os mais prximos com os dados necessrios,a admitindo-se para Mphanda Nkuwa a mdia dos valores registados para esses dois locais. Os parmetros meteorolgicos foram definidos em termos de valores mdios mensais, os quais se mantiveram constantes para todos os perodos de simulao considerados.
Face configurao do sistema a simular e aos dados de qualidade da gua disponveis, optou-se por considerar dois afluentes albufeira, correspondentes aos caudais afluentes a partir da barragem de Cahora Bassa e a partir da bacia intermdia. Os caudais afluentes atravs do rio Luia no foram individualizados por se ter admitido que a qualidade da gua observada neste rio representativa de toda a bacia intermdia, tornando desnecessria a desagregao de caudais em afluentes adicionais. Esta simplificao pode condicionar a anlise de resultados mas foi considerada a melhor soluo com vista necessria caracterizao dos caudais com origem na globalidade da bacia intermdia. No que se refere aos orgos de operao da barragem, foram consideradas tomadas de gua em profundidade, representando a tomada para o circuito hidrulico, descarga de fundo e descarregador superficial. Todas as caractersticas geomtricas destes orgos foram definidas em funo do projecto do empreendimento, inclusivamente as limitaes em termos de capacidade de escoamento (2 200 m3/s no caso da tomada para o circuito hidrulico, correspondendo a 4 tomadas com a capacidade mxima de 550 m3/s cada). O WQRRS requer ainda a definio de um descarregador de
cheias, o qual no se afigura relevante para o presente estudo na medida em que o regime de caudais afluentes, tomadas e descarregados foi definido tendo por base um volume armazenado constante.
Volume (hm 3)
Figura 1.4 - Identificao de perodos (1 ano) seco, mdio e hmido nos caudais efluentes de Cahora Bassa
1.0 0.9 0.8 prob de no exc 0.7 0.6 1987/88 0.5 0.4 1983/84 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 500 1980/81
Volume (hm 3)
Figura 1.5 - Identificao de perodos seco (1 ano), mdio e hmido nos caudais efluentes de Cahora Bassa
Em funo dos escoamentos registados para jusante de Cahora Bassa foram definidos 3 cenrios de simulao, referentes a perodo seco (LOW), mdio (BASE) e hmido (HIGH). Tendo em considerao que o escoamento em questo reflecte a regularizao introduzida pela barragem de Cahora Bassa e que os perodos referidos no so coincidentes com os perodos identificados para a bacia intermdia, foi definido um quarto cenrio adicional em que se consideram afluncias de Cahora Bassa referentes a perodo seco (1983/84) e afluncias da bacia intermdia relativas a perodo hmido (1980/81) cenrio MISC. Este cenrio, misto em termos de escoamento, foi definido de modo a ampliar a influncia do escoamento com origem na bacia intermdia, com vista avaliao de potenciais efeitos destes caudais na qualidade da gua da albufeira. Os resultados de simulao destes 4 cenrios foram comparados entre si e analisados tendo como referncia o cenrio BASE, correspondente a perodo hidrolgico mdio.
Quadro 1.2 - Cenrios e caudais mensais afluentes albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa
Cenrio Ms Julho Agosto Setembro Outubro Novembro Dezembro Janeiro Fevereiro Maro Abril Maio Junho Total LOW (1983/84) Afl. 1 4 854,30 4 869,42 4 672,43 4 780,34 4 208,80 3 677,60 3 709,58 3 479,67 3 450,38 2 769,47 2 818,89 2 980,11 46 270,98 Afl. 2 4,20 1,60 0,70 0,50 1,00 13,30 130,20 375,70 263,10 55,70 14,20 7,10 867,30 Afl. 1 3 587,33 5 103,56 7 034,43 7 443,62 4 792,00 6 836,66 5 948,12 4 034,88 3 225,40 1 975,36 2 046,30 1 986,25 54 013,91 BASE (1986/1987) Afl. 2 0,90 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,50 8,10 1,80 76,00 698,50 14,10 2,70 7,90 810,50 Afl. 1 9 058,78 6 308,93 6 589,64 7 146,40 10 179,04 13 072,84 7 822,16 3 731,44 3 676,93 4 084,08 4 852,14 4 108,92 80 631,31 HIGH (1981/82) Afl. 2 18,90 27,90 22,80 0,50 1,80 24,40 238,10 682,60 481,10 104,10 28,10 16,00 1 646,30 1983/84 Afl. 1 4 854,30 4 869,42 4 672,43 4 780,34 4 208,80 3 677,60 3 709,58 3 479,67 3 450,38 2 769,47 2 818,89 2 980,11 46 270,98 MISC 1980/81 Afl. 2 18,90 27,90 22,80 0,50 1,80 24,40 238,10 682,60 481,10 104,10 28,10 16,00 1 646,30
Em todos os cenrios os caudais efluentes mensais foram considerados iguais aos caudais totais afluentes, sendo distribudos pela tomada de gua para o circuito hidrulico at ao limite de 2 200 m3/s sendo o caudal eventualmente remanescente descarregado atravs da descarga de superfcie, de modo a assegurar volume constante na albufeira. O facto de se ter definido os cenrios de simulao numa base mensal conduziu a que se tenha optado pelo regime de operao do circuito hidrulico designado por base load.
devido provvel reduzida influncia dos caudais afluentes a partir do rio Luia na qualidade geral do rio Zambeze. No 00 so apresentados os valores mensais considerados o caudal afluente 1, referente ao rio Zambeze.
Quadro 1.3 - Caracterizao da qualidade da gua do rio Zambeze para simulao
Ms de simulao Data de amostragem pH T(C) CE (Umho/cm) Alk [mg/L] TDS [mg/L] SST [mg/L] NH3 [mg/L] NH4 [mg/L] NO3 [mg/L] PO4 [mg/L] (b) CBO [mg/L O2] (b) OD [mg/L O2] Chlorophyll a (g/l) Ms de simulao Data de amostragem pH T(C) CE (Umho/cm) Alk [mg/L] TDS [mg/L] SST [mg/L] NH3 [mg/L] NH4 [mg/L] NO3 [mg/L] PO4 [mg/L] (b) CBO [mg/L O2] (b) OD [mg/L O2] Chlorophyll a (g/l) 7 7,89 21,59 120,04 56,40 80,30 6,68 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,97 1,10 1 7,89 21,59 120,04 56,40 80,30 6,68 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,97 1,10 8 27/08/2009 7,30 20,00 100,00 56,40 67,00 10,00 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 6,70 1,10 2 25/02/2009 7,60 21,00 140,00 56,40 93,80 10,00 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 10,41 1,10 9 10-09-2008 2/09/2010 (a) 7,85 22,85 130,00 56,40 86,20 7,00 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,97 1,10 3 7,89 21,59 120,04 56,40 80,30 6,68 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,97 1,10 10 7,89 21,59 120,04 56,40 80,30 6,68 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,97 1,10 4 7,89 21,59 120,04 56,40 80,30 6,68 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,97 1,10 11 17/11/2006 05/11/2008 8,03 24,00 134,00 56,40 88,78 3,50 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,81 1,10 5 16/05/2006 23/05/2007 28/05/2007 7,98 21,25 111,25 56,40 74,54 7,51 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 8,72 1,10 12 14/12/2006 8,41 22,00 100,00 56,40 67,00 2,00 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 9,25 1,10 6 27/06/2006 7,98 20,00 125,00 56,40 83,75 7,00 <0,5 <0,5 2,98 9,90 1,10
Nota: 1) Fonte: Hidroelctrica de Cahora Bassa, excepto (a) Golder Associados Mozambique Lda Water quality assessment Results Report. (b) Assumidos valores considerados para a bacia intermdia (0).
Outra limitao relevante e tambm associada ao rio Luia, resulta do facto de no se dispor de qualquer informao sobre a qualidade da gua escoada na restante bacia intermdia (a jusante da confluncia do rio Luia), situao que conduziu necessidade de se associar a qualidade da gua do rio Luia a todo o escoamento da bacia intermdia, razo alis que determinou que, na implementao do modelo de simulao, apenas tenham sido considerados dois afluentes albufeira, considerando-se o afluente 2 representativo do rio Luia, apesar deste afluente que incluir na verdade toda a bacia intermdia. No 0 so apresentados os registos de qualidade da gua considerados para a caracterizao do caudal afluente 2. A caracterizao do estado inicial da massa de gua, referenciado ao ms de Julho, apresentada no 0
Quadro 1.4 - Caracterizao da qualidade da gua do rio Luia / bacia intermdia para simulao
Ms de simulao Data de amostragem pH T(C) CE (Umho/cm) Alk (mg/L) TDS (mg/L) 7 01-08-2010 7,77 21,20 160,00 68,16 96,00 8 01-08-2010 7,92 21,10 170,00 73,20 102,00 9 31/08/2010 8,50 22,90 200,00 91,00 90,00 10 8,1 21,3 100,0 77,5 88,8 11 8,1 21,3 100,0 77,5 88,8 12 8,1 21,3 100,0 77,5 88,8
SST (mg/L) NH3 (mg/L) (b) NH4 (mg/L) (b) NO3 (mg/L) PO4 (mg/L) CBO (mg/L 02) (c) OD (mg/L O2) Chlorophyll a (g/l) Ms de simulao Data de amostragem pH T(C) CE (Umho/cm) Alk (mg/L) TDS (mg/L) SST (mg/L) NH3 (mg/L) (b) NH4 (mg/L) (b) NO3 (mg/L) PO4 (mg/L) CBO (mg/L 02) (c) OD (mg/L O2) Chlorophyll a (g/l)
19,00 <0,5 <0,5 <0,3 8,11 < 10 5,30 7,30 1 8,1 21,3 100,0 77,5 88,8 13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,20 5,57 < 10 6,0 7,30
19,80 <0,5 <0,5 <0,3 3,03 < 10 5,40 7,30 2 8,1 21,3 100,0 77,5 88,8 13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,20 5,57 < 10 6,0 7,30
2,60 <0,5 <0,5 2,99 5,57 < 10 5,35 7,30 3 8,1 21,3 100,0 77,5 88,8 13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,20 5,57 < 10 6,0 7,30
13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,20 5,57 < 10 6,0 7,30 4 8,1 21,3 100,0 77,5 88,8 13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,20 5,57 < 10 6,0 7,30
13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,20 5,57 < 10 6,0 7,30 5 23/05/2007 (a) 8,20 20,00 100,00 77,45 67,00 11,00 <0,5 <0,5 1,2 5,57 < 10 7,33 7,30
13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,20 5,57 < 10 6,0 7,30 6 8,10 21,30 100,00 77,45 88,75 13,1 <0,5 <0,5 1,2 5,57 < 10 6,01 7,30
Nota: 1) Fonte: Hidroelctrica de Cahora Bassa, excepto (a) - Golder Associados Mozambique Lda Water quality assessment Results Report; 2) Para efeitos de simulao foi considerado (b) NH3 e NH4 = 0,5 mg/L e (c) CBO = 1 mg/L.
Quadro 1.5 - Caracterizao do estado inicial da albufeira de para todos os cenrios de simulao
Ms de simulao Data de amostragem pH T(C) CE (Umho/cm) Alk [mg/L] TDS [mg/L] SST [mg/L] NH3 [mg/L] NH4 [mg/L] NO3 [mg/L] PO4 [mg/L] CBO [mg/L O2] (c) OD [mg/L O2] Chlorophyll a (g/l) Ms de simulao Data de amostragem pH T(C) CE (Umho/cm) Alk [mg/L] TDS [mg/L] SST [mg/L] NH3 [mg/L] NH4 [mg/L] NO3 [mg/L] PO4 [mg/L] CBO [mg/L O2] (c) OD [mg/L O2] Chlorophyll a (g/l) 7 01-08-2010 7,80 22,70 140,00 56,60 84,00 4,00 0,06 0,06 <0,3 (b) 1,26 < 10 7,32 2,70 1 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92 8 1/08/2010 7,75 21,20 133,00 58,64 72,00 7,40 0,06 0,06 0,33 1,56 < 10 5,60 0,02 2 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92 9 2-09-2010 7,66 21,30 133,00 59,28 58,00 9,00 0,06 0,06 0,64 0,96 < 10 5,70 0,05 3 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92 10 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92 4 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92 11 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92 5 26/05/2010 7,30 23,00 110,00 58,17 73,7 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 10,67 0,92 12 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92 6 7,63 22,05 129,00 58,17 86,43 6,80 0,06 0,06 0,49 1,26 < 10 7,32 0,92
Nota: Fonte: Golder Associados Mozambique Lda Water quality assessment Results Report; 2) Para efeitos de simulao foi considerado (b) 0,3 mg/L e (c) CBO = 1 mg/L.
10
Tal como j referido, o cenrio BASE, referente a perodo hidrolgico mdio foi escolhido como cenrio de referncia para a anlise comparativa de resultados, no s face aos restantes cenrios de escoamento mas tambm a cenrios complementares, os quais foram definidos com o objectivo de avaliao de aspectos distintos do funcionamento da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa: variaes na concentrao de fosfatos nos caudais afluentes, variaes na quantidade de matria orgnica (expressa em termos de carncia bioqumica em oxignio) e utilizao de descargas de fundo para optimizao da qualidade da gua na albufeira e a jusante desta. Todos cenrios considerados so sucintamente descritos no 0.
Quadro 1.6 - Designao e descrio de cenrios de simulao considerados
Designao BASE LOW HIGH MISC P-10 P-05 P-01 OM-1 OM-2 DEEP-1 DEEP-2 Perodo hidrolgico (Julho a Julho do ano seguinte) 1986-1987 1983-1984 1981-1982 afluente 1 - 1983-84 afluente 2 - 1980-81 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 Descrio (alterao em relao ao cenrio BASE) Perodo de escoamento mdio Perodo de escoamento seco Perodo de escoamento hmido Perodo de escoamento misto Concentrao de fosfatos reduzida a 10% Concentrao de fosfatos reduzida a 5% Concentrao de fosfatos reduzida a 1% CBO no afluente 1 = 3 mg/L CBO no afluente 2 = 3 mg/L Caudal de 850m3/s na descarga de fundo Caudal de 450m3/s na descarga de fundo
2 DESCRIO DE CENRIOS
No presente anexo so apresentados resultados de simulao de vrios cenrios definidos no mbito do estudo de Simulao da qualidade da gua da albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa. Os cenrios considerados podem ser sucintamente descritos da seguinte forma:
Designao BASE LOW HIGH MISC P-10 P-05 P-01 OM-1 OM-2 DEEP-1 DEEP-2 Perodo hidrolgico (Julho a Julho do ano seguinte) 1986-1987 1983-1984 1981-1982 afluente 1 - 1983-84; afluente 2 1980-81 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 1986-1987 Descrio (alterao em relao ao cenrio BASE) Perodo de escoamento mdio Perodo de escoamento seco Perodo de escoamento hmido Perodo de escoamento misto Concentrao de fosfatos reduzida a 10% Concentrao de fosfatos reduzida a 5% Concentrao de fosfatos reduzida a 1% CBO no afluente 1 = 3 mg/L CBO no afluente 2 = 3 mg/L Caudal de 850m3/s na descarga de fundo Caudal de 450m3/s na descarga de fundo
11
Cenrio BASE, referente a perodo com escoamento mdio 1986/1987 Perfis verticais.
T (C) 15 0 10 20 profundidade (m)
profundidade (m) Oxignio dissolvido (mg/L) 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 15-07-1986 13-09-1986 11-01-1987 26-04-1987 25-07-1987 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Variao vertical de pH
Slidos Suspensos Totais (mg/L) 0.0 0 10 20 profundidade (m) profundidade (m) 30 40 50 15-07-1986 60 70 80 13-09-1986 11-01-1987 26-04-1987 25-07-1987 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10
12
Algae (mg/L)
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Temperatura a 3 profundidades
10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 pH 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.2
pH a 3 profundidades
12 10 8 mg/L 6 4 2 0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987 0,5 m 35,5 m 70,5 m
CBO a 3 profundidades
110 100 90 80 70 mg/L 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987
13
0,5 m
0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 NH3-N mg/L 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987 0,5 m 35,5 m 70,5 m
NO3 mg N /L
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 04-06-1986 24-07-1986 12-09-1986 01-11-1986 21-12-1986 09-02-1987 31-03-1987 20-05-1987 09-07-1987
35,5 m 70,5 m
Nitratos a 3 profundidades
2.0
0.0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987
Fosfatos a 3 profundidades
10
0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Variao vertical de pH
14
28-08-1987
Slidos suspensos totais (mg/L) 0.0 0 10 20 profundidade (m) profundidade (m) 30 40 50 60 70 80 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 15-07-1986 60 70 80 13-09-1986 11-01-1987 26-04-1987 25-07-1987 0 10 20 30
profundidade (m)
15
Carncia bioqumca de oxignio (mg/L) 0.00 0 10 20 profundidade (m) 30 40 50 60 70 80 15-07-1986 14-08-1986 28-09-1986 27-11-1986 25-07-1987 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Variao vertical de pH
Slidos suspensos totais (mg/L) 0.0 0 10 20 profundidade (m)
profundidade (m)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50 60 70 80
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
16
Oxignio dissolvido (mg/L) 0 0 10 20 profundidade (m) 30 40 50 60 70 80 15-07-1986 13-09-1986 11-01-1987 26-04-1987 25-07-1987 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Variao vertical de pH
Slidos suspensos totais (mg/L) 0.0 0 10 20 profundidade (m) profundidade (m) 30 40 50 15-07-1986 60 70 80 13-09-1986 11-01-1987 26-04-1987 25-07-1987 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10
17
Algae (mg/L)
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
11 10 9 8 7 mg/L 6 5 4
BASE LOW HIGH MISC 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987
20 15 10 5 0
3 2 1 0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987
18
30-09-1987
12 10 8
mg/L
6 4 2 0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987
18-05-1986
07-07-1986
26-08-1986
15-10-1986
04-12-1986
23-01-1987
14-03-1987
03-05-1987
22-06-1987
11-08-1987
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987 BASE LOW HIGH MISC
Algae (mg/L)
2.0
18-05-1986
07-07-1986
26-08-1986
15-10-1986
04-12-1986
23-01-1987
14-03-1987
03-05-1987
22-06-1987
11-08-1987
BASE
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
15 10 5 0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
610
Jday
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
mg/L
6 4 2 0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
mg/L
0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570
Jday
Jday
30-09-1987
30-09-1987
19
BASE
14
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
100
BASE
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
12 10 8
90 80 70
mg/L
60
mg/L
170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
6 4 2 0
50 40 30 20 10 0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
610
Jday
Jday
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
6.0
pH
0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570
Jday
Jday
LOW
HIGH
MISC
BASE
LOW
HIGH
MISC
Obser
Jday
Algae (mg/L)
Jday
2.50
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987 BASE P-10 P-05 P-01
1.00 c 0.50
0.00 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987
20
610
Base
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 170 210 250 290
P-10
P-05
P-01
Obser
0.35 0.30 0.25
Base
P-10
P-05
P-01
Algae (mg/L)
330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
PO4 (mg/L)
0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
dia juliano
dia juliano
12 10 8 mg/L 6 4 2 0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987 BASE OM-1 OM-2
2.00
1.50
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987 30-09-1987 BASE OM-1 OM-2
mg/L 1.00
0.00 18-05-1986 07-07-1986 26-08-1986 15-10-1986 04-12-1986 23-01-1987 14-03-1987 03-05-1987 22-06-1987 11-08-1987
21
T C
DEEP-2
Algae (mg/L)
18-05-1986
07-07-1986
26-08-1986
15-10-1986
04-12-1986
23-01-1987
14-03-1987
03-05-1987
22-06-1987
11-08-1987
DEEP-1
DEEP-2
Obser
12 10 8
Base
DEEP-1
DEEP-2
Obser
T (C)
15 10 5 0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
mg/L
6 4 2 0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
Jday
Jday
22
30-09-1987
Base
14
DEEP-1
DEEP-2
Obser
100
Base
DEEP-1
DEEP-2
Obser
12 10 8
90 80 70
mg/L
60
mg/L
6 4 2
50 40 30 20 10
0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
0 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
Jday
Jday
DEEP-1
DEEP-2
Obser
DEEP-1
DEEP-2
Algae (mg/L)
170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570 610
0.0
0.00 170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530 570
Jday
Jday
610
23
380000 GURUE
430000
480000
530000
580000
630000
680000
730000
780000
830000
880000
MARAVIA CHIUTA
Mpanda Nkuwa
5A ZA0
8250000
MAGOE
0 ZA
MALAWI
07 ZA
8
MILANGE MOATIZE
R io Za m be ze
CAHORA BASSA
0 ZA CIDADE DE TETE
9 ZA0
0
8200000
8200000
CHANGARA
ZA 1
LUGELA
11 ZA
Z A1
12 ZA
2A
8150000
ZA
13
LUENHA MUTARARA
ZA1 4
15 ZA
GURO TAMBARA
MOCUBA
MORRUMBALA
8100000
7 ZA1
NAMACURRA
1 ZA
8050000
CAIA MARINGUE
1 ZA
BARUE
ZA20
MACOSSA
8000000
21 ZA
ZA 22
Legenda
CHERINGOMA
MARROMEU
CHINDE
7950000
7950000
Localizao da Barragem
23 ZA A24 Z
GORONGOSA
Perfis Transversais
Rio Zambeze
Limite de Distrito
MANICA
Moambique
GONDOLA MUANZA
380000
430000
480000
530000
580000
ELAB. VERIF. APROV.
NHAMATANDA
630000
680000
730000
780000
830000
880000
MJF IG IG
ESCALAS
SUBST.
1:1400,000
0 12.5 25 Kms
Em cpias deste desenho com formato diferente do A3 atender escala grfica.
COBA
NMERO
Anexo
SUBST. POR
DATA
FOLHA
DEZ. 2010
1/1
8000000
INHASSUNGE
8050000
ZIMBABU
NICOADALA
8100000
CHEMBA
6 ZA1
8150000
8250000
NAMARROI
140
135
130
125
120
ME MD
115
110
Distncia (m)
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
LUENHA RIVER
N de Perfil :
ZA05A
Dezembro 2010
135
LUENHA RIVER
130
N
125
120
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
MD
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA06
Dezembro 2010
LUENHA RIVER
125
120
115
110
Distncia (m)
ME
MD
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA07
Dezembro 2010
130
LUENHA RIVER
125
N
120
115
110
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
MD
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA08
Dezembro 2010
LUENHA RIVER
ME
MD
130
125
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
120
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
115
110
N de Perfil :
ZA09
Distncia (m)
Dezembro 2010
120
115
110
105
100
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
MD
LUENHA RIVER
N de Perfil :
ZA10
Dezembro 2010
LUENHA RIVER
115
110
105
100
ME Distncia (m)
MD
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA11
Dezembro 2010
100
LUENHA RIVER
95
N
90
85
80
75
ME
Distncia (m)
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
MD
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA12
Dezembro 2010
LUENHA RIVER
ME
90
85
80
75
Distncia (m)
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
MD
(1962 / 2007)
ZA12A
Dezembro 2010
80
75
70
65
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
LUENHA RIVER
N de Perfil :
N
Dezembro 2010
ZA13
MD
75
LUENHA RIVER
70
N
ME
65
60
Distncia (m)
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
MD
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA14
Dezembro 2010
70
LUENHA RIVER
65
60
55
50
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
MD
N de Perfil :
ZA15
Dezembro 2010
60
55
50
45
40
Distncia (m)
LUENHA RIVER
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
MD
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA16
Dezembro 2010
45
40
35
30
Distncia (m)
ME
MD
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
LUENHA RIVER
N de Perfil :
ZA17
Dezembro 2010
40
LUENHA RIVER
35
30
25
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
MD
ZA18
Dezembro 2010
30
25
20
15
Distncia (m)
ME
LUENHA RIVER
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
MD
N de Perfil :
ZA19
Dezembro 2010
LUENHA RIVER
15
10
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA20
Dezembro 2010
MD
15
10
Distncia (m)
ME
LUENHA RIVER
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA21
Dezembro 2010
MD
LUENHA RIVER
10
N
5
-5
-10
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA22
Dezembro 2010
MD
LUENHA RIVER
N
0
-5
-10
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
MD
N de Perfil :
ZA23
Dezembro 2010
LUENHA RIVER
N
0
-5
-10
Distncia (m)
ME
LEGENDA
Linha de Perfil 2007 Linha de Perfil 1962 Linha de `gua 2007 Linha de `gua 1962 Margem do Rio 1962
MD
Sistema de coordenadas
Projeco: UTM Fuso 36 Datum planimtrico: WGS84 Referncia vertical: 1956 MGM
N de Perfil :
ZA24
Dezembro 2010
QuadroA1.5Caudalslidoporarrastamentono RioLuenha Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 5,40 7,72 6,30 7,21 5,50 5,40 5,92 4,96 4,64 4,53 4,36 3,99 4,06 3,97 3,80 3,84 3,73 3,69 3,52 3,40 3,44 3,48 3,97 3,71 3,49 3,86 4,11 3,81 3,72 3,60 3,50 3,49 3,41 3,39 3,37 3,42 3,31 3,23 3,18 3,18 3,46 5,10 9,07 6,65 5,98 5,47 5,37 4,77 4,36 4,05
Data 16Jan63 8Fev63 8Mar63 13Mar63 26Mar63 4Abr63 14Abr63 26Abr63 3Mai63 8Mai63 17Mai63 4Jun63 21Jun63 29Jun63 26Jul63 31Jul63 16Ago63 21Ago63 26Set63 15Out63 24Out63 2Out63 7Dez63 9Nov63 26Nov03 18Dez63 31Dez63 31Mar64 7Abr64 20Abr64 8Mai64 22Mai64 30Jun64 11Jul64 28Jul64 12Ago64 27Ago64 30Set64 23Out64 17Nov64 3Dez64 31Dez10 22Jan65 4Fev65 23Fev65 26Fev65 12Mar65 23Mar65 1Abr65 13Abr65
Caudalm /dia 63 498 119 225 269 142 334 5 26 179 383 69 43 28 21 45 8 24 29 2 4 1 24 46 11 62 54 69 4 9 13 7 13 10 5 44 35 14 1 4 104 938 6173 4275 1020 572 1666 593 271 395
QuadroA1.5Caudalslidoporarrastamentono RioLuenha Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 3,80 3,69 3,60 3,49 3,42 3,45 4,18 4,79 4,22 3,92 3,77 3,44 3,39 3,39 3,28 7,61 5,89 6,82 5,38 6,44 7,80 5,13 4,92 4,20 4,05 3,80 4,31 4,69 4,42 4,28 4,16 4,05 4,06 4,06 4,09 4,05 4,06 4,09 4,04 4,00 4,35 4,29 4,16 4,10 3,98 4,14 4,38 4,58
Data 7Mai65 16Jun65 15Jul65 23Ago65 29Set65 29Out65 21Jan66 25Mar66 27Abr66 20Mai66 28Jun66 24Ago66 28Set66 31Out66 6Dez66 31Jan67 8Fev67 17Fev67 27Fev67 7Mar67 25Mar67 25Abr67 9Mai67 7Jun67 29Jun67 20Dez67 24Jan68 2Fev68 29Fev68 15Mar68 22Mar68 24Mar68 12Abr68 15Mai68 30Mai68 27Jun68 29Jul68 27Ago68 17Set68 31Out68 26Nov68 3Jul69 30Jul69 26Ago69 30Set69 26Nov69 24Mar70 22Abr70
Caudalm /dia 583 6 197 44 17 7 200 881 275 220 162 45 13 20 28 998 612 477 987 1071 2852 160 372 69 23 8 73 114 82 20 52 45 2 8 15 10 23 29 25 20 45 39 16 16 3 5 38 33
QuadroA1.5Caudalslidoporarrastamentono RioLuenha Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 4,54 3,97 3,96 3,90 3,82 4,97 4,28 4,25 4,31 4,09 4,03
Data 15Mai70 25Jun70 16Jul70 11Ago70 15Set70 26Mar71 4Mai71 28Mai71 22Jun71 31Jul71 31Ago71
QuadroA1.2Caudalslidoporarrastamento RioZambezeemTete Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 7Mai68 29Mai68 19Jun68 12Jul68 9Ago68 23Set68 6Nov68 28Nov68 13Dez68 11Jul69 29Ago70 28Set70 27Out70 19Nov70 5Dez70 21Jan71 13Mai71 2,10 1,69 1,58 1,38 1,30 1,06 0,91 0,95 1,83 2,47 2,56 1,64 1,54 1,44 2,48 3,17 2,61 37 63 20 147 104 479 300 288 379 1153 194 16 163 482 1959 1909 284
Data
3 Caudalm /dia
QuadroA1.3Caudalslidoporarrastamento RIOZAMBEZEEMMARROMEU Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 6,69 6,73 6,83 7,73 8,81 8,80 8,85 8,19 8,00 9,25 7,78 7,58 7,53 7,29 7,12 6,58 6,48 8,70 8,67 7,86 7,81 7,21 8,60 8,09 7,99 7,80 7,72 7,50 7,31 7,29 7,37 9,65 9,26 8,88 8,97 9,50 9,97 8,10 9,05 8,91 8,78 8,22 8,28
Data 6Nov64 19Nov64 4Dez64 23Dez64 9Jan65 7Abr65 12Abr65 28Abr65 7Mai65 14Mai65 2Jun65 28Jun65 4Jul65 29Jul65 18Ago65 11Set65 28Set65 31Jan66 2Fev66 13Abr66 4Jun66 11Jun66 30Mai67 14Jun67 28Jun68 31Jul68 12Ago68 15Set68 24Out68 23Nov68 5Dez68 2Jul69 5Jul69 14Jul69 15Jul69 16Jul69 17Jul69 4Set69 13Out69 3Nov69 27Nov69 16Dez69 17Dez69
Caudalm3/dia 7,0 11,8 9,0 14,4 42,0 40,4 54,6 30,2 25,8 54,2 19,0 16,2 14,6 30,0 12,2 11,0 12,4 106,4 80,4 24,4 22,8 18,4 33,6 42,2 28,8 26,0 40,0 46,7 23,3 10,7 11,3 355,0 876,9 89,0 92,0 372,0 288,0 332,0 40,1 45,8 39,0 255,0 285,0
QuadroA1.3Caudalslidoporarrastamento RIOZAMBEZEEMMARROMEU Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 10,29 10,50 9,64 8,25 7,80 7,72 7,20 7,13 8,42
Data 31Jan70 28Abr70 21Mai70 7Jul70 26Ago70 3Set70 31Out70 8Nov70 11Dez70
3 Caudalm /dia
QuadroA1.4Caudaisslidosemsuspenso RIOZAMBEZEEMMARROMEU Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 2,46 2,19 2,00 3,42 5,93 5,95 6,03 6,00 7,17 7,24 7,50 7,55 7,65 6,36 3,58 2,08 4,56 5,08 5,06 5,16 5,92 6,09 7,12 7,21 7,07 6,57 4,42 4,23 6,69 6,73 6,83 7,73 8,81 9,45 9,53 9,51 11,24 10,36 9,95 9,29 8,80 8,19 8,01
Data 26Ago62 23Set62 12Out62 19Dez62 2Fev63 3Fev63 4Fev63 6Fev63 14Fev63 15Fev63 14Mar63 25Mar63 4Abr63 15Abr63 21Jun63 27Set63 29Out63 7Dez63 2Jan64 6Jan64 15Jan64 16Jan64 8Fev64 13Fev64 15Fev64 26Fev64 20Ago64 3Set64 15Fev64 15Fev64 4Dez64 23Dez64 9Jan65 29Jan65 5Fev65 9Fev65 20Fev65 4Mar65 6Mar65 23Mar65 7Abr65 28Abr65 7Mai65
Caudal ton/dia 23670 20960 14860 119750 685670 623720 781570 924050 1445470 1248310 1693870 1995060 2007680 878770 83810 22900 408590 592960 569380 547690 1055550 1051830 345690 580610 562220 486260 13130 12700 16930 19610 12442 45360 193882 286296 107547 169776 147779 166988 132556 107309 38534 69255 66519
QuadroA1.4Caudaisslidosemsuspenso RIOZAMBEZEEMMARROMEU Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 9,25 7,78 7,58 7,29 7,12 6,58 6,48 6,30 8,70 8,67 7,86 8,86 10,05 11,52 10,77 9,11 7,99 7,8 7,72 7,50 7,31 7,29 7,37 12,55 12,21 12,87 10,95 10,85 9,65 9,26 8,88 8,97 9,50 10,26 8,10 9,05 8,91 8,78 8,22 8,28 8,28 8,69 9,81
Data 14Mai65 2Jun65 28Jun65 29Jul65 18Ago65 11Set65 28Set65 28Nov65 31Jan66 2Fev66 13Abr66 27Jan68 3Fev68 22Mar68 17Abr68 8Mai68 28Jun68 31Jul68 12Ago68 15Set68 24Out68 23Nov68 5Dez68 22Fev69 14Mar69 26Mar69 2Jun69 19Jun69 2Jul69 5Jul69 14Jul09 15Jul69 16Jul69 18Jul69 4Set69 15Out69 3Nov69 27Nov69 16Dez69 17Dez69 17Dez69 31Jan70 9Fev70
Caudal ton/dia 263256 15860 13515 12773 22457 15033 17765 11636 44237 37152 19972 233392 508135 675302 526556 39079 18256 16951 13072 13245 9481 6268 12355 689731 699149 918834 598199 398045 65820 91187 115171 165197 89424 118022 76723 70330 18818 47968 35165 37670 54691 183341 266112
QuadroA1.4Caudaisslidosemsuspenso RIOZAMBEZEEMMARROMEU Cota Hidromtrica(m) Mdia 8,42 9,64 8,25 7,80 7,72 7,20 7,13
QuadroA1.1MediodeCaudaisLiquidos,SlidoseporArrastamento emMarromeu Caudalslido em suspenso (ton/dia) 689781 699149 918864 691632 600861 598199 398045 65820 91187 115171 165197 89424 118022 198288 76723
Datada medio 22Fev69 14Mar69 26Mar69 9Mai69 20Mai69 2Jun69 19Jun69 2Jul69 5Jul69 14Jul69 15Jul69 16Jul69 17Jul69 18Jul69 4Ago69 4Set69
Cota(m) 12,55 12,21 12,87 11,01 10,99 10,95 10,85 9,65 9,26 8,88 8,97 9,50 9,97 10,26 10,44 9,80
Caudalliquido 3 (m /s) 8,625 7,951 9,496 5,946 5,928 5,771 5,787 3,339 2,776 2,566 2,631 3,264 4,072 4,820 4,911 3,795
QuadroA1.6MediodeCaudaisSlidosemsuspenso emMarromeu(1962a1964) Caudalslido Caudalliquido em Datadamedio suspenso (m3/s) (ton/dia) 26Ago62 1900 0,151 23Set62 1650 0,133 12Out62 1500 0,095 19Dez62 3000 0,762 2Fev63 7700 4,36 3Fev63 7725 3,966 4Fev63 8020 4,97 6Fev63 7875 5,876 14Fev63 11375 9,192 15Fev63 11500 7,938 14Mar63 12400 10,772 25Mar63 12575 12,433 4Abr63 12950 12,768 15Abr63 8900 5,588 21Jun63 3175 0,533 27Set63 1575 0,146 29Out63 4725 2,598 7Dez63 5775 3,771 3,621 2Jan64 6Jan64 6175 3,483 15Jan64 8175 6,713 16Jan64 7700 6,689 8Fev64 2,198 13Fev64 3,692 15Fev64 5750 3,575 26Fev64 3,092 20Ago64 1425 0,083 3Set64 1350 0,081
QuadroA1.7MediodeCaudaisSlidosemSuspenso emMarromeu(1969) Caudalslido em suspenso (ton/dia) 689781 699149 918864 691632 600861 598199 398045 65820 91187 115171 165197 89424 118022 198288 76723
Datada medio 22Fev69 14Mar69 26Mar69 9Mai69 20Mai69 2Jun69 19Jun69 2Jul69 5Jul69 14Jul69 15Jul69 16Jul69 17Jul69 18Jul69 4Ago69 4Set69
Cota(m) 12,55 12,21 12,87 11,01 10,99 10,95 10,85 9,65 9,26 8,88 8,97 9,50 9,97 10,26 10,44 9,80
Caudalliquido 3 (m /s) 8,625 7,951 9,496 5,946 5,928 5,771 5,787 3,339 2,776 2,566 2,631 3,264 4,072 4,820 4,911 3,795
QuadroA1.9CaudaisslidosemsuspensoemMarromeu(1962/63) (103t/dia) Qmed=4250m3s1 Dias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nov 11,5 11,4 11,4 11,4 11,2 11,0 11,0 10,9 10,9 10,8 10,8 10,8 10,8 10,5 10,5 10,5 10,5 10,5 10,8 10,9 11,0 10,8 10,5 10,5 10,9 10,8 10,9 10,9 10,9 10,8 Dez 11,4 11,8 13,1 13,1 12,7 11,7 11,7 11,7 12,7 13,4 13,4 14,0 15,0 23,8 26,2 31,2 36,2 48,1 60,0 64,4 87,5 100,0 100,0 122,5 123,8 123,8 126,2 157,5 170,0 225,0 277,5 Jan 337,5 348,8 411,2 440,0 475,0 507,5 490,0 490,0 465,0 410,0 376,2 350,0 330,0 312,5 250,0 225,0 187,5 175,0 170,0 150,0 148,8 176,2 266,2 337,5 375,0 393,8 411,2 411,2 411,2 437,5 437,5 Fev 450,0 485,0 500,0 538,8 561,2 538,8 610,0 700,0 793,8 862,5 925,0 1061,2 1061,2 1045,0 1100,0 1110,0 1110,0 1100,0 1100,0 1100,0 1100,0 1135,0 1150,0 1212,5 1237,5 1308,8 1308,8 1331,2 Mar 1331,2 1331,2 1331,2 1385,0 1360,0 1331,2 1331,2 1308,8 1308,8 1285,0 1308,8 1237,5 1212,5 1212,5 1212,5 1285,0 1308,8 1331,2 1331,2 1308,8 1285,0 1260,0 1212,5 1212,5 1212,5 1212,5 1212,5 1212,5 1212,5 1193,8 1150,0 Abr 1145,0 1145,0 1135,0 1100,0 1061,2 1045,0 1045,0 1045,0 1026,5 1025,0 1001,2 971,2 925,0 898,8 862,5 837,5 812,5 781,2 762,5 731,2 712,5 720,0 712,5 712,5 700,0 677,5 665,0 656,2 637,5 650,0 Maio 600,0 612,5 625,0 625,0 612,5 610,0 610,0 612,5 625,0 650,0 656,2 665,0 665,0 656,2 637,5 593,8 600,0 587,5 610,0 656,2 575,0 357,5 251,2 188,8 170,0 150,0 137,5 124,4 122,5 111,2 108,8 Jun 98,8 90,0 87,5 85,0 85,0 85,0 75,6 75,0 75,0 70,0 68,8 64,4 64,4 64,0 64,0 64,0 63,8 62,5 61,2 60,0 60,0 57,5 57,5 56,2 55,0 51,2 51,2 51,2 50,0 48,8 Jul 48,1 45,0 43,8 43,8 43,8 42,5 40,0 40,0 38,8 38,7 38,7 38,7 38,7 37,7 37,5 36,2 36,2 35,6 35,6 35,6 32,5 32,5 32,5 32,5 31,2 27,5 27,0 26,2 26,2 26,2 26,2 Ago 26,2 26,2 25,6 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 23,8 23,8 23,8 23,8 23,8 23,5 23,5 23,5 23,5 23,5 23,5 23,5 18,8 18,5 18,5 18,5 18,5 18,5 18,5 17,8 16,2 16,0 16,0 16,0 Set 16,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,8 14,3 14,3 13,8 13,8 13,8 13,8 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 Out 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,0 13,0 13,0 12,7 12,7 12,3 12,3 12,3 12,3 12,3 11,5 11,4 11,2 11,2 11,0 11,0 10,9 10,8 10,8 10,5 10,5 14,8 64,0 100,0 180,0 200,0 212,5
QuadroA1.8CaudaisslidosemsuspensoemMarromeu(1961/62) (103t/dia) Qmed=2800m3s1 Dias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nov 7,7 8,0 7,7 7,7 7,6 7,7 7,8 7,6 7,7 7,9 8,1 8,2 8,2 8,0 7,9 8,3 8,1 8,1 8,1 8,1 8,1 8,1 8,2 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,8 8,8 8,8 8,8 Dez 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,3 9,2 9,1 9,0 9,0 9,0 8,8 8,8 8,6 8,8 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,8 10,1 11,8 12,5 14,0 14,0 14,3 15,0 17,5 25,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 Jan 26,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 25,0 31,3 37,0 36,0 35,5 35,5 35,6 38,8 62,0 68,7 81,2 93,8 112,5 137,5 180,0 193,8 262,5 293,8 325,0 337,5 368,8 368,8 356,2 350,0 337,5 325,0 Fev 333,8 325,0 347,5 368,8 407,5 490,0 607,5 687,5 650,0 587,5 518,8 475,0 462,5 446,9 446,9 475,0 475,0 426,5 392,5 385,0 407,5 385,0 400,0 435,0 506,2 537,5 550,0 568,8 Mar 568,8 550,0 506,2 446,9 407,5 375,0 350,0 325,0 288,8 260,0 237,5 225,0 208,8 193,7 187,5 200,0 248,8 237,5 293,8 368,8 347,5 333,8 312,5 368,8 537,5 687,5 805,0 813,8 791,2 440,0 523,8 Abr 490,0 465,0 446,9 435,0 426,2 426,2 426,2 412,5 385,0 356,2 356,2 407,5 465,0 518,8 523,8 537,5 537,5 490,0 435,0 451,2 482,5 576,2 501,2 438,8 356,2 385,0 407,5 368,8 337,5 325,0 Maio 318,8 312,5 300,0 293,8 293,8 288,8 276,2 251,2 193,7 180,0 168,8 161,2 151,2 142,5 132,5 130,0 125,0 120,0 112,5 88,8 68,8 62,0 51,9 48,8 45,0 43,8 38,8 38,1 36,9 36,2 35,6 Jun 35,6 35,6 35,6 35,5 33,8 31,3 33,8 33,8 31,3 26,2 26,2 26,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 26,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 25,0 24,4 25,0 Jul 25,0 24,4 24,4 23,8 23,8 23,8 23,8 23,1 23,1 23,1 22,5 22,5 22,5 22,5 22,5 22,5 22,7 21,2 20,6 20,6 19,4 20,6 20,6 20,6 19,4 19,4 19,4 19,4 18,1 18,0 18,0 Ago 18,0 18,0 18,1 18,1 18,1 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 17,5 17,5 17,5 17,5 17,5 17,5 17,5 17,5 17,5 16,9 15,6 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 Set 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 15,0 14,4 14,4 14,4 14,4 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 Out 14,0 14,0 14,0 14,0 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,4 13,1 13,1 13,1 13,1 13,1 12,7 12,7 11,8 11,8 11,7 11,5 11,7 11,7 11,5 11,5
QuadroA1.10CaudaisslidosporarrastamentoemMarromeu(1961/62) (m3/dia) Dias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nov 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Dez 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Jan 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 20,0 20,0 22,0 22,0 26,0 30,0 35,0 36,0 42,0 43,0 96,0 94,0 91,0 89,0 Fev 36,0 35,0 38,0 42,0 51,0 72,0 103,0 122,0 153,0 144,0 132,0 122,0 119,0 116,0 116,0 122,0 122,0 112,0 104,0 102,0 107,0 102,0 48,0 57,0 77,0 85,0 89,0 93,0 Mar 93,0 138,0 129,0 116,0 108,0 97,0 94,0 87,0 78,0 69,0 63,0 60,0 54,0 49,0 47,0 22,0 25,0 24,0 30,0 42,0 38,0 36,0 33,0 42,0 86,0 122,0 150,0 152,0 174,0 115,0 133,0 Abr 126,0 120,0 116,0 114,0 112,0 112,0 112,0 109,0 102,0 96,0 96,0 50,0 66,0 80,0 81,0 86,0 86,0 126,0 114,0 62,0 70,0 95,0 128,0 115,0 96,0 102,0 107,0 98,0 91,0 89,0 Maio 86,0 84,0 82,0 80,0 80,0 78,0 74,0 67,0 49,0 43,0 40,0 36,0 34,0 31,0 28,0 27,0 27,0 25,0 24,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 Jun 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Jul 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Ago 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Set 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Out 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0
QuadroA1.10CaudaisslidosporarrastamentoemMarromeu(1962/63) (m3/dia) Dias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nov 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Dez 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Jan 36,0 38,0 51,0 59,0 68,0 77,0 126,0 126,0 120,0 108,0 100,0 94,0 89,0 85,0 67,0 60,0 46,0 42,0 40,0 33,0 32,0 21,0 26,0 36,0 43,0 47,0 51,0 51,0 51,0 57,0 57,0 Fev 61,0 70,0 75,0 85,0 91,0 85,0 103,0 125,0 147,0 161,0 175,0 198,0 198,0 196,0 204,0 207,0 207,0 204,0 204,0 204,0 204,0 211,0 214,0 225,0 228,0 240,0 240,0 244,0 Mar 244,0 244,0 244,0 250,0 240,0 237,0 237,0 235,0 235,0 232,0 235,0 228,0 226,0 226,0 226,0 236,0 240,0 243,0 243,0 235,0 232,0 230,0 226,0 226,0 226,0 226,0 226,0 226,0 226,0 223,0 218,0 Abr 218,0 218,0 217,0 213,0 208,0 207,0 207,0 207,0 205,0 204,0 202,0 198,0 192,0 188,0 184,0 180,0 177,0 173,0 169,0 165,0 163,0 164,0 163,0 163,0 160,0 158,0 156,0 154,0 152,0 154,0 Maio 147,0 104,0 108,0 108,0 104,0 103,0 103,0 104,0 108,0 114,0 116,0 118,0 118,0 155,0 152,0 146,0 147,0 145,0 103,0 116,0 142,0 96,0 67,0 47,0 40,0 33,0 30,0 26,0 25,0 24,0 23,0 Jun 21,0 21,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 Jul 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 19,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Ago 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Set 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 Out 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 19,0 20,0 22,0 23,0 23,0
ANEXO II.3.2 ESTUDO DA INFLUNCIA DA BARRAGEM DE MPHANDA NKUWA NA RETENO DE SEDIMENTOS NA ALBUFEIRA
RESUMO
No presente estudo procede-se anlise da influncia da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, a construir no rio Zambeze, na reteno de sedimentos na albufeira. O estudo assenta em trs vertentes complementares: i) anlise da informao de base; ii) definio de cenrios de simulao; e iii) simulao em modelo computacional de situaes consideradas relevantes para a compreenso da influncia da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa na reteno de sedimentos na albufeira. A anlise da informao de base revelou a escassez de dados existentes sobre transporte slido no rio Zambeze e no rio Luia e sobre as caractersticas dos sedimentos transportados. Atendendo aos limites da informao de base, efectuaram-se vrias hipteses de trabalho no estudo e na definio dos cenrios de simulao. A simulao em modelo computacional permitiu obter resultados que, embora no conclusivos face s lacunas de informao de base, so indicativos da influncia da barragem na reteno de sedimentos.
ii
NDICE
1. 2.
INTRODUO .............................................................................................................................. 1 INFORMAO DE BASE ............................................................................................................ 2 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. Informao solicitada ......................................................................................................2 Informao disponibilizada.............................................................................................3 Anlise da informao disponibilizada .........................................................................4 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 2.3.4. 2.3.5. 2.3.6. 2.3.7. Consideraes gerais ...........................................................................................4 Seces transversais e perfis longitudinais..........................................................5 Caudais lquidos .................................................................................................10 Cheias histricas.................................................................................................12 Transporte slido e granulometria dos sedimentos............................................14 Caractersticas do aproveitamento de Mphanda Nkuwa....................................16 Consideraes finais...........................................................................................17
3.
ABORDAGEM DO PROBLEMA ................................................................................................ 17 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. Hipteses consideradas neste estudo ........................................................................17 Transporte e deposio de sedimentos finos em albufeiras ....................................19 Breve descrio do modelo computacional ...............................................................20
4.
APLICAO DO MODELO. ANLISE DOS RESULTADOS ................................................... 21 4.1. 4.2. Identificao dos cenrios de simulao....................................................................21 Anlise dos resultados..................................................................................................22 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.4. Consideraes gerais .........................................................................................22 Resultados obtidos considerando D50 = 40 m.................................................22 Resultados obtidos considerando D50 = 10 m.................................................25 Resultados obtidos considerando D50 = 2 m...................................................27
5.
CONCLUSES E RECOMENDAES..................................................................................... 28
iii
iv
NDICE DE QUADROS
Quadro 1 reas das bacias hidrogrficas em diferentes seces do rio Zambeze e do rio Luia ............................................................................................................................10 Quadro 2 Caudais associados s maiores cheias histricas no rio Zambeze em vrias seces ......................................................................................................................13 Quadro 3 Caudais de cheia registados nas estaes E345, E395 e E360C no rio Capoche, entre 1958/59 e 1967/68............................................................................................13 Quadro 4 Caractersticas granulomtricas dos materiais transportados em suspenso no rio Luia e no rio Capoche, relativas a medies pontuais efectuadas em Dezembro de 2010 ....................................................................................................15 Quadro 5 Caractersticas do aproveitamento de Mphanda Nkuwa ............................................16 Quadro 6 ndice de regularizao das albufeiras de Kariba, Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa ........................................................................................................................18 Quadro 7 Cenrios de simulao................................................................................................21
NDICE DE FIGURAS
Figura 1 Localizao da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (extrado de COBA, 2010a)..................1 Figura 2 Implantao das seces transversais do rio Zambeze e do rio Luia resultantes dos levantamentos efectuados ....................................................................................5 Figura 3 Perfis das seces transversais do rio Zambeze entre a barragem de Cahora Bassa e a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa ...................................................................6 Figura 4 Perfil longitudinal do rio Zambeze entre a barragem de Cahora Bassa e a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa.....................................................................................9 Figura 5 Escoamento anual efluente de Cahora Bassa no perodo de 1975/1976 a 2009/2010 ..................................................................................................................11 Figura 6 Escoamento mensal efluente de Cahora Bassa no perodo de 1975/1976 a 2009/2010 ..................................................................................................................11 Figura 7 Caudais mdios mensais gerados na bacia intermdia entre Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa e no rio Luia, no perodo de 1907/1908 a 1997/1998....................12 Figura 8 Processos de transporte e deposio de sedimentos em albufeiras ...........................19 Figura 9 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 3 (QCB = 2000 m /s, QL = 1400 m /s e CsL = 10,0 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente ........................................................................................23
3 3
Figura 10 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 5 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 3200 m3/s e CsL = 10,0 g/l) ao fim de 24 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente ........................................................................................24 Figura 11 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 7 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 1400 m3/s e CsL = 0,6 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente ........................................................................................25 Figura 12 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 9 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 3200 m3/s e CsL = 1,0 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente ........................................................................................26 Figura 13 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 11 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 1400 m3/s e CsL = 0,6 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente ........................................................................................27
vi
1. INTRODUO
Foi solicitado ao Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), pela COBA, Consultores para Obras, Barragens e Planeamento S.A., a elaborao de um estudo sobre a influncia da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, na reteno de sedimentos. A barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, a construir no rio Zambeze, na provncia de Tete, localiza-se 61 km a jusante da barragem de Cahora Bassa (Figura 1). A capacidade de armazenamento da albufeira de 2544 hm3, representando cerca de 5% da capacidade da albufeira de Cahora Bassa (65000 hm3). A albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa estende-se ao longo de cerca de 61 km no rio Zambeze e de 18 km no rio Luia, afluente da margem esquerda.
Cahora Bassa
Mphanda Nkuwa
Tete
De acordo com o Estudo de Pr-Viabilidade Ambiental da Hidroelctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa, as grandes barragens de armazenamento na bacia hidrogrfica do rio Zambeze, como so os casos de Kariba e Cahora Bassa retm a maioria dos sedimentos afluentes nas respectivas albufeiras. Assim, assume-se que a maioria dos sedimentos afluentes albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa resultam da contribuio do rio Luia, afluente da margem esquerda do rio Zambeze. No mbito dos Termos de Referncia para a realizao do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (HMN, 2009) est previsto caracterizar e avaliar as alteraes ao regime de sedimentos que possam resultar da construo e operao da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa e formular medidas de mitigao para a preveno ou minimizao dos impactos negativos e valorizao dos impactos positivos. A referida anlise assenta em duas tarefas principais: I Caracterizao da Situao de Referncia e II Avaliao de Impactos e Recomendao de Medidas de Mitigao. O presente estudo insere-se no mbito da tarefa II. A tarefa I est a cargo da COBA. O objectivo do presente estudo a avaliao da capacidade de reteno de sedimentos na albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa de modo a estimar a quantidade de sedimentos que podem passar para jusante da barragem e o efeito das diferentes alternativas das descargas de cheias. Este relatrio foi organizado em cinco captulos. Aps a introduo, analisa-se no Captulo 2 a informao de base disponibilizada para a realizao do estudo. Os limites da informao de base so identificados. No Captulo 3 apresentada a abordagem ao problema, incluindo a descrio das hipteses consideradas no estudo, a referncia aos principais processos de sedimentao em albufeiras e a descrio do modelo computacional. No Captulo 4 so definidos os cenrios de simulao e apresentados os resultados da aplicao do modelo computacional. No Captulo 5 apresentam-se as concluses e recomendaes do estudo.
i) Levantamentos do leito do rio Levantamento do leito do rio Zambeze entre Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa na situao actual. Levantamento do leito do rio Luia numa extenso de 30 km a partir da confluncia com o rio Zambeze, na situao actual. ii) Regime de caudais Srie de caudais mdios mensais na Foz do rio Luia, na situao actual. Srie de caudais mdios mensais efluentes da barragem de Cahora Bassa.
iii) Cheias Srie de caudais de cheia no rio Luia. Srie de caudais de cheia efluentes em Cahora Bassa.
iv) Sedimentos Valores de caudal slido em suspenso e por arrastamento nos rios Zambeze e Luia na situao actual e na situao anterior construo da barragem de Cahora Bassa. Caractersticas granulomtricas dos materiais transportados em suspenso e por arrastamento pelos rios Zambeze e Luia na situao actual e na situao anterior construo da barragem de Cahora Bassa. Caractersticas granulomtricas dos materiais do leito dos rios Zambeze e Luia na situao actual e na situao anterior construo da barragem de Cahora Bassa. v) Caractersticas da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa Caractersticas da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, incluindo os descarregadores de cheia.
ii) Regime de caudais Srie de escoamentos mensais e anuais efluentes da barragem de Cahora Bassa, no perodo de 1975/76 a 2009/10. Srie de escoamentos mensais e anuais gerados na bacia intermdia entre as barragens de Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa, no perodo de 1907/08 a 1997/98. Caudais mdios mensais na foz do rio Luia, na situao actual.
iii) Cheias Caudais de cheia registados nas estaes E345, E395 e E360C no rio Capoche, afluente do rio Luia, entre 1958/59 e 1967/68. Caudais associados s maiores cheias histricas no rio Zambeze nas seces de Victoria Falls, Kariba, Cahora Bassa, Tete e Mutarara. iv) Sedimentos Valores de caudal slido em suspenso medidos por Hall et al. (1977) no perodo de 1973-75 em vrias seces do rio Zambeze e afluentes. Valores de caudal slido em suspenso no rio Zambeze, a jusante e a montante da confluncia com o rio Luia, relativos a medies efectuadas entre 2006 e 2010. Caractersticas granulomtricas dos materiais transportados em suspenso no rio Luia, referentes a medies pontuais efectuadas em Dezembro de 2010. v) Caractersticas da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa Caractersticas da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, incluindo os descarregadores de cheia.
vi) Outra informao Para alm da informao referida foram fornecidos outros elementos (por exemplo, cpia de carta geolgica) e foram realizadas reunies de trabalho e efectuadas trocas de impresses no mbito do estudo.
A anlise da informao de base teve como objectivo identificar cenrios e situaes relevantes para a compreenso dos processos de transporte e deposio na albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa e fornecer
os elementos necessrios aplicao do modelo computacional, nomeadamente, as condies iniciais e de fronteira do problema em estudo.
2.3.2.
Na Figura 2 indica-se a implantao, em planta, das seces transversais utilizadas na caracterizao do trecho do rio Zambeze situado entre a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa e a confluncia com o rio Luia e na caracterizao do rio Luia numa extenso de cerca de 20 km a partir da confluncia. Por questes de legibilidade, apenas se encontram representadas algumas seces identificadas pela designao utilizada aquando dos levantamentos.
Rio Luia
Cahora Bassa
P50
P45
Mphanda Nkuwa
Figura 2 Implantao das seces transversais do rio Zambeze e do rio Luia resultantes dos levantamentos efectuados
As seces transversais do rio Zambeze baseiam-se nos levantamentos do leito do rio de 2003 e na topografia de 2007. No caso das seces transversais do rio Luia, no se dispe de levantamentos do leito do rio mas apenas da topografia de 2007. Neste caso, a geometria do leito foi obtida por extrapolao da topografia das margens. Na Figura 3 representam-se os perfis das seces transversais do rio Zambeze entre Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa. No trecho referido, o vale do rio Zambeze muito encaixado com margens ngremes. A geometria das seces bastante varivel reflectindo a natureza rochosa do vale. A largura mdia da seco do rio, sem a albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa, da ordem de 185 m.
230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 -400 -200 0 200 P45 400 600
230 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 P50 1000
Cota (m)
Cota (m)
Distncia (m) 240 220 Cota (m) 180 160 140 120 100 -500 0 500 P46 1000 Cota (m) 200 225 205 185 165 145 125 105 -2000 -1000
Distncia (m)
Distncia (m) 230 210 Cota (m) Cota (m) 190 170 150 130 110 -500 0 500 P47 1000 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 -3000
Distncia (m) 225 205 Cota (m) Cota (m) 185 165 145 125 105 -10000 -5000 0 Distncia (m) P48 5000 230 210 190 170 150 130
Distncia (m)
110 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 Distncia (m) 240 220 Cota (m) 200 180 160 140 120 100 -3000 -2000 -1000 0
225 205 Cota (m) 185 165 145 125 105 -400 -200 0 200 400 P49 600
Distncia (m)
Distncia (m)
Figura 3 Perfis das seces transversais do rio Zambeze entre a barragem de Cahora Bassa e a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa
230 210 Cota (m) Cota (m) P55 -1000 0 Distncia (m) 230 210 Cota (m) Cota (m) 190 170 150 130 110 90 -1000 0 1000 P56 2000 1000 2000 190 170 150 130 110 -2000
220 200 180 160 140 120 -1000 P60 -500 0 Distncia (m) 230 210 190 170 150 130 -500 P61 -250 0 Distncia (m) 230 210 Cota (m) 190 170 150 130 -500 P62 0 500 1000 250 500 500 1000
Distncia (m) 220 200 Cota (m) 180 160 140 120 -400 P57 -200 0 200 400 600
Distncia (m) 230 210 Cota (m) Cota (m) 190 170 150 130 110 -500 0 500 P58 1000 230 210 190 170 150 130 110 -500
Distncia (m)
Distncia (m) 230 210 Cota (m) Cota (m) 190 170 150 130 110 -1500 -1000 -500 0 Distncia (m) 500 P59 1000 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 -1000
Figura 3 Perfis das seces transversais do rio Zambeze entre a barragem de Cahora Bassa e a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (cont.)
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 -400
220 200 Cota (m) 180 160 140 120 -200 P70 0 200 Distncia (m) 400
Cota (m)
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 -1000
220 200 Cota (m) P66 -500 0 Distncia (m) 500 180 160 140 120 -200 P71 0 200 Distncia (m) 400
Cota (m)
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 -400
230 210 Cota (m) P67 -200 0 200 Distncia (m) 400 190 170 150 130 110 -200 0 200 400 Distncia (m) P72 600
Cota (m)
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 -400
Cota (m)
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 -200
220 210 200 Cota (m) Cota (m) P69 0 200 400 Distncia (m) 600 190 180 170 160 150 140 -200
220 200 180 160 140 120 -100 P74 0 100 200 Distncia (m) 300
Figura 3 Perfis das seces transversais do rio Zambeze entre a barragem de Cahora Bassa e a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (cont.)
225 215 205 195 185 175 165 155 145 -200 P75 0 200 400 Distncia (m) 600 Cota (m) Cota (m)
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 -200 P77 0 200 Distncia (m) 400
220 210 Cota (m) 190 180 170 160 150 -400 -200 0 200 Distncia (m) P76 400 Cota (m) 200
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 -100 P78 0 100 200 Distncia (m) 300
Figura 3 Perfis das seces transversais do rio Zambeze entre a barragem de Cahora Bassa e a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (cont.)
Na Figura 4 apresenta-se o perfil longitudinal do talvegue do rio Zambeze, entre as barragens de Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa, obtido com base na informao disponvel. Como se pode observar, o desenvolvimento do perfil do fundo muito irregular, reflectindo a variabilidade das seces transversais.
200 Cota do talvegue 180 (m) 160 140 120 100 80 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Figura 4 Perfil longitudinal do rio Zambeze entre a barragem de Cahora Bassa e a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa
O declive mdio do fundo, correspondente ao declive da recta ajustada pelo mtodo dos mnimos quadrados aos valores das cotas do talvegue observados em 2003, igual a 0,08%. Refira-se que, a jusante da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, o declive do rio Zambeze diminui acentuadamente, primeiro para valores de 0,05% e depois para valores de 0,01% no trecho final, com a aproximao da foz (Ronco 2008). O declive mdio do rio Luia de 0,2%.
2.3.3.
Caudais lquidos
As afluncias albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa resultam da contribuio do sistema associado bacia hidrogrfica definida na barragem de Cahora Bassa e da contribuio da bacia intermdia entre as duas barragens. Na bacia intermdia, o principal afluente do rio Zambeze o rio Luia, na margem esquerda do rio. Como se pode verificar no Quadro 1, a albufeira da barragem de Cahora Bassa recebe as afluncias geradas em cerca de 75,5% da bacia hidrogrfica do Zambeze. A bacia intermdia entre Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa, com cerca de 36000 km2, representa apenas 2,6% da bacia do rio Zambeze, sendo que 77% resulta da contribuio da bacia hidrogrfica do rio Luia (27650 km2).
Quadro 1 reas das bacias hidrogrficas em diferentes seces do rio Zambeze e do rio Luia
rea da bacia hidrogrfica (km2) 1390000 27650 14800 663000 1050000 1086000 % da rea total da bacia do rio Zambeze 100 2,0 1,1 47,7 75,5 78,1
Seco Foz do rio Zambeze Foz do rio Luia Foz do rio Capoche Barragem de Kariba Barragem de Cahora Bassa Barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa
Para a caracterizao dos caudais afluentes albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa foi necessrio identificar o perodo de tempo que, do ponto de vista da anlise de caudais, traduzisse a situao actual. Os principais aproveitamentos hidroelctricos existentes na bacia do rio Zambeze so, por ordem da data da sua construo, Kariba, em 1959, Kafue Gorge, em 1972, Itezhi Tezhi, em 1977, e Cahora Bassa, em 1975. As albufeiras com maior capacidade de armazenamento so Kariba (180000 hm ) e Cahora Bassa (65000 hm3). As albufeiras de Kafue Gorge e Itezhi Tezhi possuem volumes de armazenamento de 785 hm e de 5624 hm , respectivamente. Atendendo evoluo da capacidade de armazenamento na bacia do Zambeze optou-se por considerar o perodo de 1975/76 a 2009/10 (35 anos hidrolgicos) como representativo da situao actual.
3 3 3
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De acordo com os elementos fornecidos pela COBA, o escoamento anual efluente de Cahora Bassa (Figura 5) apresenta relativa variabilidade no perodo em anlise. Os anos hidrolgicos mais hmidos correspondem a 1978/79 e a 2000/01 e os anos mais secos a 1993/94 e a 1994/95.
180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1975/76 1977/78 1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 1991/92 1993/94 1995/96 1997/98 1999/00 2001/02 2003/04 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10
Caudal mdio efluente de Cahora Bassa (hm 3)
Ano
Em termos da distribuio do escoamento ao longo do ano, verifica-se que, em mdia, o escoamento a jusante de Cahora Bassa praticamente constante conforme mostra a Figura 6. O caudal mdio mensal efluente de Cahora Bassa cerca de 2000 m /s.
3
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Abril Novembro Dezembro Fevereiro Outubro Maro Maio Junho Julho Janeiro Agosto Setembro Escoamento Caudal
Ms
Relativamente contribuio da bacia hidrogrfica intermdia entre as barragens de Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa, observa-se que os caudais mensais mdios apresentam grande variabilidade ao longo do ano (Figura 7). Os caudais mais elevados concentram-se no perodo de Janeiro a Abril, sendo praticamente nulos no resto do ano.
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500 400 300 200 100 0 Abril Fevereiro Outubro Maro Maio Janeiro Novembro Dezembro Agosto Junho Julho Setembro Bacia intermdia Rio Luia
Ms
Figura 7 Caudais mdios mensais gerados na bacia intermdia entre Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa e no rio Luia, no perodo de 1907/1908 a 1997/1998
Como foi referido, a bacia do rio Luia representa cerca de 77% da bacia intermdia pelo que expectvel que a distribuio do escoamento mensal seja semelhante da bacia intermdia (Figura 7). Estima-se que o caudal mdio anual no rio Luia seja de 70 m3/s.
2.3.4.
Cheias histricas
As cheias em cursos de gua so, geralmente, eventos mobilizadores de quantidades apreciveis de sedimentos, dada a capacidade de transporte do escoamento. Devido elevada capacidade de transporte, podero ocorrer eroses significativas do leito e das margens e a eventual deposio de sedimentos a jusante. Neste contexto, interessa analisar os caudais de cheia no rio Zambeze e no rio Luia. No Quadro 2 identificam-se os caudais das cheias histricas ocorridas no rio Zambeze entre 1926 e 2008. Os valores so referidos a vrias seces ao longo do Zambeze. Como se pode observar, aps a construo das barragens de Kariba (1959) e Cahora Bassa (1975), verificou-se a ocorrncia de cheias elevadas, em particular nos meses de Maro de 1978 e em Fevereiro/Maro de 2001. Apesar da capacidade de armazenamento das albufeiras de Kariba e Cahora Bassa, continua a registar-se a ocorrncia de grandes cheias ao longo do rio Zambeze.
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Quadro 2 Caudais associados s maiores cheias histricas no rio Zambeze em vrias seces
Caudal em Caudal efluente Victoria Falls de Kariba 3 3 (m /s) (m /s) 4497 3016 5035 2724 6074 6084 3753 11800 7011 6297 Caudal afluente a Cahora Bassa 3 (m /s) Caudal efluente Caudal em de Cahora Bassa Tete 3 3 (m /s) (m /s) Caudal em Mutarara 3 (m /s)
Data
1926 1939 1940 1944 1948 1952 1955 Mar. 1958 1963 1969 Mar. 1978 Fev. 1989 Fev. 1997 Fev-Mar. 2001 Fev. 2007 Jan-Fev 2008
12971 21469 12775 23552 12151 9378 18842 6289 6662 14849 9475 11443
18700 13200 18200 12600 22300 12300 22500 13200 19500 11000 12500 17000 13800
No que respeita ocorrncia de cheias no rio Luia, no esto disponveis valores de caudais de cheias na confluncia do rio Luia com o rio Zambeze. Os elementos disponveis dizem respeito a medies efectuadas no rio Capoche, afluente do rio Luia (Quadro 3), entre 1958/59 e 1967/68. Apesar da dimenso reduzida da srie de caudais de cheia, verifica-se que no rio Capoche podem ocorrer cheias entre 1000 m /s e 1600 m /s com alguma frequncia.
3 3
Quadro 3 Caudais de cheia registados nas estaes E345, E395 e E360C no rio Capoche, entre 1958/59 e 1967/68
Caudais de cheia (m /s) Ano hidrolgico 1958/1959 1959/1960 1960/1961 1961/1962 1962/1963 1963/1964 1964/1965 1965/1966 1966/1967 1967/1968 225 126 147 102 231 128 353 20 Estao hidromtrica E345 (A = 1917 km2) Estao hidromtrica E360C (A = 12871 km2) 1581 66 282 651 890 378 844 411 820 136 Estao hidromtrica E395A (A = 14686 km2) 1604 98 374 797 1207 435 909 345 1047 299
3
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2.3.5.
Os elementos disponveis sobre a produo de sedimentos na bacia hidrogrfica do rio Zambeze e o transporte slido no rio e seus afluentes, em particular no rio Luia, incluindo a granulometria dos sedimentos transportados so muito escassos. A escassez de informao condiciona a caracterizao do regime de transporte slido e da dinmica fluvial do rio Zambeze e, em particular, a resposta s intervenes realizadas e a realizar na bacia hidrogrfica. i) Transporte slido em suspenso e por arrastamento Hall et al. (1977) procederam medio do caudal slido em suspenso no perodo de 1973-75 no rio Zambeze e no rio Luangwa, afluente da margem esquerda cuja confluncia com o rio Zambeze se localiza a montante da albufeira de Cahora Bassa. Apesar do perodo de medies ser muito reduzido, e na ausncia de outra informao, os valores de Hall et al. (1977) tm sido utilizados na estimativa da quantidade de sedimentos em suspenso afluentes ao baixo Zambeze. Com base nos dados de Hall et al. (1977), Ronco (2008) estima que a quantidade anual de sedimentos em suspenso afluente ao baixo Zambeze seja de 28,6 hm3/ano. Destes, 14 hm3/ano correspondem contribuio do rio Luangwa. Em Tete, a afluncia anual de sedimentos em suspenso de 34 hm3/ano. Isto significa que, a bacia intermdia contribui aproximadamente com cerca de 6 hm3/ano. Os dados de Hall et al. (1977) e as estimativas de Ronco (2008) so apresentadas no Anexo I. Refira-se que, no rio Luangwa, a concentrao mdia de sedimentos em suspenso varia entre 54 mg/l (no perodo seco) a 1016 mg/l (no perodo hmido, compreendido entre Janeiro e Abril). Em Tete, as concentraes mdias so de 70 mg/l (perodo seco) e 588 mg/l (perodo hmido). Entre Maio de 2006 e Setembro de 2010 foram efectuadas medies de turbidez no rio Zambeze, a jusante e a montante da confluncia com o rio Luia, e estimados os valores de concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso. No entanto, constata-se que estes valores so muito reduzidos o que poder resultar da converso dos valores de turbidez (NTU) para valores de concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso (mg/l). Devido s dvidas que os dados suscitam, optou-se por no os considerar neste estudo. Em relao ao tipo de sedimentos produzidos na bacia hidrogrfica do rio Luia, interessa referir o enquadramento geolgico da bacia. De acordo com a carta geolgica, as formaes geolgicas da bacia so maioritariamente granticas, ocorrendo em menor escala formaes de xistos. Neste contexto, e em termos gerais, expectvel uma maior produo de areias do que sedimentos finos.
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Por ltimo, faz-se referncia a medies de transporte slido por arrastamento realizadas no rio Luenha e no rio Zambeze, em Tete e em Marromeu, entre 1963 e 1970. Na seco de Marromeu, foram tambm efectuadas medies de caudais slidos em suspenso. A comparao entre os valores de caudal slido por arrastamento e em suspenso permitiu concluir que o transporte de sedimentos se faz essencialmente em suspenso (Ronco 2008). ii) Granulometrias dos sedimentos transportados A disponibilidade de informao sobre a granulometria dos sedimentos transportados no rio Zambeze e no rio Luia praticamente inexistente. Os nicos dados disponveis resultam da anlise de amostras recolhidas no rio Luia e no rio Capoche em Dezembro de 2010 (Quadro 4). Importa referir que as amostras foram recolhidas superfcie da gua, junto margem direita (MD), no centro da seco (C) e junto margem esquerda (ME), em situaes de caudais baixos. Dadas as circunstncias em que foram recolhidas, as amostras no podem ser consideradas representativas da granulometria dos sedimentos transportados pelo rio Luia, afluentes albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa. No Quadro 4 apresentam-se as caractersticas granulomtricas dos sedimentos, designadamente a percentagem de areias, siltes e argilas, os dimetros caractersticos (D50, D16 e D84) e o coeficiente de graduao que traduz a maior ou menor uniformidade da distribuio granulomtrica. Note-se que a classificao dos sedimentos em areias, siltes e argilas depende do dimetro das partculas. No presente caso, e de acordo com o boletim de anlise das amostras, foram considerados os seguintes limites: Areia: 63 m D < 2 mm, Silte: 2 m D < 63 m, Argila: 0,2 m D < 2 m.
Verifica-se que as amostras so constitudas essencialmente por siltes, com dimetros medianos entre 4 m e 16,7 m. Uma vez que as amostras foram recolhidas superfcie, expectvel que os sedimentos transportados junto ao fundo e no seio do escoamento possuam dimetros superiores.
Quadro 4 Caractersticas granulomtricas dos materiais transportados em suspenso no rio Luia e no rio Capoche, relativas a medies pontuais efectuadas em Dezembro de 2010
Local Rio Luia (MD) Rio Luia (C) Rio Luia (ME) Rio Capoche (MD) Rio Capoche (C) Rio Capoche (ME) % Areias % Siltes 73,3 89,0 90,4 86,2 79,4 88,0 % Argilas 26,7 10,8 9,6 8,2 20,6 12,0 D50 (m) 4,0 8,7 10,0 16,7 5,1 8,3 D16 (m) 1,3 2,8 3,2 3,8 1,6 2,6 D84 (m) 8,9 23,9 22,7 43,6 13,8 19,3 Coeficiente de graduao (-) 2,71 2,92 2,69 3,52 2,93 2,77
0,2 5,6
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Refira-se que, em 1964, foram recolhidas amostras de sedimentos transportados em suspenso no rio Zambeze, no local da Ponte Dona Ana. A anlise granulomtrica das amostras revelou a seguinte composio: 20% de argila, 25% de silte e 55% de areia. Os sedimentos possuem os seguintes dimetros caractersticos: D10 = 0,12 m, D50 = 73 m e D90 = 116 m.
2.3.6.
Como foi referido na Introduo, a barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, localiza-se 61 km a jusante da barragem de Cahora Bassa. A capacidade de armazenamento da albufeira de 2544 hm , representando cerca de 5% da capacidade da albufeira de Cahora Bassa (65000 hm3). O Nvel de Pleno Armazenamento (NPA) 207 m, e o Nvel Mnimo de Explorao (Nme) de 204,5 m. No Quadro 5 so apresentadas as caractersticas do aproveitamento de Mphanda Nkuwa.
Quadro 5 Caractersticas do aproveitamento de Mphanda Nkuwa
Bacia hidrogrfica rea: 1 086 000 km2 Caudal mdio do rio Zambeze: 2578 m3/s Nvel de Pleno Armazenamento (NPA): 207 m Albufeira Nvel de Mxima Cheia (NMC): 210 m Nvel Mnimo de Explorao (Nme): 204,5 m Capacidade de armazenamento (NPA): 2544 hm3 Tipo: beto compactado a rolo Barragem Altura: 101 m Cota do coroamento: 211 m Desenvolvimento do coroamento: 594 m Descarregador de cheias Tipo: descarregador de superfcie com comportas Nmero de comportas: 13 Caudal de dimensionamento: 31 000 m /s (T = 10000 anos)
3
A barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa ser de beto compactado a rolo e ter cerca de 101 m de altura. O coroamento estar cota 211. O descarregador de cheias, implantado sobre o corpo da barragem, de superfcie, com um total de 13 comportas. O caudal de cheia de dimensionamento do descarregador 31000 m /s, correspondente a um perodo de retorno de 10000 anos. A central hidroelctrica ser construda na margem esquerda, junto barragem. De acordo com elementos fornecidos pela COBA, o regime de explorao da Hidroelctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa basear-se- na operao designada por mid-merit, com maior produo de energia durante 15 horas do dia em resposta ao perodo de maior procura. Assim, prev-se o caudal mximo de
3
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2100 m3/s a turbinar em 15 horas e o caudal mnimo de 196 m3/s a turbinar em 9 horas. A esta variao de caudal corresponder uma diferena de 0,4 m no nvel da albufeira.
2.3.7.
Consideraes finais
A informao existente sobre transporte slido no rio Zambeze muito escassa e refere-se apenas a valores pontuais da concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso. Exceptuando as medies realizadas em Marromeu, no esto disponveis valores de transporte slido por arrastamento no rio Zambeze. A ausncia de informao limita a quantificao sustentada da quantidade de sedimentos transportados no rio e a anlise da sua evoluo no tempo com o aumento da capacidade de armazenamento na bacia do rio Zambeze. Um dos aspectos importantes para a caracterizao do transporte slido as granulometrias dos sedimentos transportados. Neste caso, os valores disponveis no rio Luia no podem ser considerados representativos dos sedimentos afluentes a Mphanda Nkuwa. Por ltimo, importa realar que, para alm das lacunas na informao sobre transporte slido, a informao sobre caudais no rio Luia muito limitada. Efectivamente, no se dispem de caudais de cheia na foz do rio Luia nem de hidrogramas de cheia. Estes elementos so fundamentais para caracterizar os eventos de cheia no rio Luia, e avaliar a sua contribuio nas afluncias de caudal slido albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa.
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armazenamento das albufeiras (ndice de regularizao), que muito elevado no caso de Kariba (Quadro 6). A confirmao desta hiptese s poder ser realizada caso existam levantamentos do fundo dessas albufeiras ou outros indcios de problemas de sedimentao.
Quadro 6 ndice de regularizao das albufeiras de Kariba, Cahora Bassa e Mphanda Nkuwa
rea da bacia 2 hidrogrfica (km ) 663000 1050000 1086000 Capacidade de armazenamento da 3 albufeira (hm ) 180000 65000 2544 Escoamento anual 3 afluente (hm ) 40200 71076 63210 ndice de regularizao da albufeira 4,48 0,91 0,04
2) Por outro lado, e de acordo com os poucos elementos disponveis, tambm expectvel que a maioria dos sedimentos produzidos na bacia do rio Luia sejam transportados em suspenso. Esta hiptese, j considerada no estudo da caracterizao da situao de referncia (COBA 2011) e no estudo de Ronco (2008), baseia-se no facto de as medies de transporte slido disponveis serem de sedimentos em suspenso e na baixa relao entre transporte slido em suspenso e por arrastamento observada em Marromeu. 3) Considera-se possvel a ocorrncia de concentraes de sedimentos em suspenso no rio Luia da mesma ordem de grandeza, ou eventualmente superior, aos valores observados no rio Luangwa. No entanto, dado o enquadramento geolgico da bacia hidrogrfica do rio Luia, no expectvel a ocorrncia de valores excepcionalmente elevados. 4) Na ausncia de informao sobre a granulometria dos sedimentos em suspenso, admite-se que a maioria dos sedimentos em suspenso se encontra na gama dos siltes, ou seja, caracterizados por dimetros medianos entre 2 m e 63 m. 5) Na simulao do transporte de sedimentos em suspenso na albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa ser utilizado um modelo numrico unidimensional. Uma vez que a referida albufeira est localizada num trecho do vale do rio Zambeze bastante encaixado, considera-se admissvel a hiptese de o escoamento ser unidimensional. Tendo em considerao as hipteses do estudo, descreve-se sumariamente nas seces seguintes os conceitos fundamentais sobre transporte e deposio de sedimentos finos em albufeiras e o modelo computacional a utilizar no estudo. No Captulo 4 identificam-se os cenrios de simulao considerados.
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Em situaes em que a quantidade de sedimentos em suspenso transportados pelo curso de gua elevada, a diferena de peso volmico entre o escoamento afluente e a gua retida na albufeira pode dar origem formao de escoamentos estratificados (designados por correntes de turbidez). Estes escoamentos so capazes de transportar grandes quantidades de material em suspenso a grandes distncias e atingir a zona da barragem (Alves, 2008). No seu movimento para jusante, as correntes de turbidez podem erodir e depositar sedimentos no fundo e arrastar e incorporar fluido ambiente (gua na albufeira) na corrente. A ocorrncia de correntes de turbidez pode verificar-se em albufeiras, lagos e oceanos. A causa principal da sua formao pode ser a afluncia de elevadas quantidades de sedimentos em suspenso (e.g., durante a ocorrncia de uma cheia, o lanamento de resduos de minrio, operaes de dragagem, aco de deslizamentos subaquticos). Do ponto de vista da capacidade de transporte de sedimentos, interessa analisar as correntes geradas por fontes permanentes de sedimentos em suspenso, decorrentes de eventos de cheias com durao de horas ou dias. O estudo de correntes de turbidez em albufeiras atravs das observaes de campo tem sido condicionado pelos aspectos operacionais e custos associados. No entanto so referidas na literatura a observao de correntes de turbidez na albufeira de Elephant Butte, em 1919, e em 1935 na albufeira Lake Mead, ambas nos EUA (Morris e Fan, 1997). Na China foram efectuadas medies sistemticas de correntes de turbidez nas albufeiras de Guanting na dcada de 1950 e nas albufeiras de Sanmenxia e Liujiaxia, respectivamente, nas dcadas de 1960 e 1970. Mais recentemente, na dcada de 1990, as campanhas de medio realizadas na albufeira de Luzzone (Sua), confirmaram
19
que a ocorrncia de correntes de turbidez o principal mecanismo de transporte e deposio de sedimentos nessa albufeira (De Cesare, 1998 in Alves 2008). Importa referir que as correntes de turbidez podem deslocar-se a grandes distncias: cerca de 100 km no caso do Lake Mead e cerca de 80 km na albufeira de Sanmenxia (Morris e Fan, 1997). Por ltimo, interessa realar que os estudos de sedimentao em albufeiras foram conduzidos no passado com base em metodologias de natureza emprica, em levantamentos de campo ou recorrendo a modelos fsicos. Mais recentemente, passou tambm a recorrer-se utilizao de modelos computacionais. A maioria dos modelos propostos aborda separadamente os problemas da formao e propagao do delta e da formao e movimento das correntes de turbidez, devido dificuldade em compatibilizar hipteses de base e graus de pormenor na anlise, resultantes das diferentes escalas de tempo e de espao inerentes aos dois casos (Alves 2008).
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4. APLICAO DO MODELO. ANLISE DOS RESULTADOS 4.1. Identificao dos cenrios de simulao
Tendo como objectivo analisar o transporte e a deposio de sedimentos finos na albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa resultantes da contribuio do rio Luia, foram considerados nas simulaes em modelo computacional os cenrios apresentados no Quadro 7. Neste quadro, QCB representa o caudal efluente de Cahora Bassa, QL o caudal no rio Luia, CsL a concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso no rio Luia e D50 o dimetro mediano dos sedimentos transportados em suspenso.
Quadro 7 Cenrios de simulao
QCB 3 (m /s) 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 QL 3 (m /s)
Cenrio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
CsL
0,6 1 10 1 10 40 0,6 10 1 10 0,6 10 10
(g/l)
D50 (m) 40 40 40 40 40 40 10 10 10 10 2 2 2
1400 1400 1400 3200 3200 3200 1400 1400 3200 3200 1400 1400 3200
Os cenrios de simulao traduzem as hipteses consideradas no estudo (ver 3.1). Admite-se que os sedimentos afluentes albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa resultam essencialmente da contribuio do rio Luia. Neste contexto, consideraram-se caudais de cheia no rio Luia compreendidos entre 1400 m3/s e 3200 m /s, valores que se assume poderem traduzir eventos de cheia relativamente frequentes e com capacidade de transporte de sedimentos. Assume-se que a durao mxima das cheias 48 h, correspondente ao tempo total de simulao. Isto significa que findo o evento que deu origem formao da corrente de turbidez, os sedimentos por ela transportados sero depositados na albufeira. Em relao granulometria dos sedimentos transportados, admite-se que a fraco dominante a dos siltes, com dimetros medianos de 40 m e de 10 m. Atendendo eventual importncia da fraco de argilas, efectuaram-se ainda simulaes considerando um dimetro das partculas de 2 m. Neste ltimo caso, os resultados devem ser encarados com reserva uma vez que o modelo no considera fenmenos de coeso entre partculas, presentes nas fraces muito finas dos sedimentos (argilas).
3
21
Relativamente ao escoamento proveniente de Cahora Bassa, considerou-se o caudal mdio mensal efluente de 2000 m3/s (ver 2.3.3). No se consideraram caudais efluentes de Cahora Bassa em perodos de cheia, uma vez que nessas situaes no expectvel a formao de escoamentos estratificados na albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa. As seces transversais utilizadas no modelo, com espaamento constante, foram obtidas por interpolao linear a partir das seces referidas em 2.3.2.
Foram realizadas vrias simulaes utilizando o modelo computacional e considerando os cenrios referidos em 4.1. Atendendo s limitaes da informao de base e incerteza das hipteses consideradas neste estudo, os resultados aqui apresentados devem ser considerados apenas como estimativas da tendncia nos fenmenos de transporte e deposio de sedimentos na albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa. Nos pontos seguintes procede-se anlise dos resultados das simulaes. Nesta anlise apenas sero apresentados os resultados dos cenrios considerados mais relevantes para a compreenso da influncia da albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa no transporte de sedimentos no rio Zambeze.
4.2.2.
Tendo por base os cenrios de simulao considerados com o caudal no rio Luia de 1400 m /s (cenrios 1 a 3), constatou-se que a formao dos escoamentos estratificados (correntes de turbidez) iniciada no rio Luia, na zona influenciada pela albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa, a uma distncia da confluncia com o rio Zambeze da ordem dos 8 km a 14 km. No caso do cenrio correspondente menor concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso e ao menor caudal no rio Luia (cenrio 1: QCB = 2000 m /s; QL = 1400 m /s e CsL = 0,6 g/l) a corrente de turbidez dissipa-se antes de atingir a confluncia com o rio Zambeze. Isto deve-se reduo da velocidade da corrente no interior da albufeira e consequente deposio parcial dos sedimentos nessa zona. No cenrio 2, correspondente a QCB = 2000 m /s, QL = 1400 m /s e CsL = 10,0 g/l, a corrente de turbidez progride para o interior da albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa. Na Figura 9 apresentam-se os resultados da simulao em termos da altura mdia da corrente ao longo da albufeira (a), da velocidade mdia da corrente (b) e da concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso (c). Conforme se
3 3 3 3
22
pode observar, ao fim de 41 h de durao do evento de cheia no rio Luia, as velocidades mdias da corrente e as concentraes de sedimentos em suspenso so muito baixas. Neste caso, a corrente no atinge a zona da barragem e expectvel que se deposite na albufeira.
230 210 190 z (m) 170 150 130 110 90 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 leito da albufeira a)
NPA
2,0 1,5 U (m/s) 1,0 0,5 b) 0,0 0 12,0 10,0 Cs (g/l) 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 c) 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50
Figura 9 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 3 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 1400 m3/s e CsL = 10,0 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente
No caso do caudal de cheia no rio Luia ser QL = 3200 m /s, os resultados das simulaes (cenrios 4 a 6) apontam para que os sedimentos em suspenso possam atingir o local da barragem quando as concentraes de sedimentos em suspenso no rio Luia so superiores a cerca de 10 g/l. Embora a capacidade de transporte de sedimentos seja elevada, a concentrao dos sedimentos na vizinhana
23
da barragem poder ser reduzida como mostra a Figura 10. Ao cessar o evento de cheia que deu origem corrente de turbidez, os sedimentos iro depositar-se na albufeira.
230 210 190 z (m) 170 150 130 110 90 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 leito da albufeira a)
NPA
2,5 2,0 U (m/s) 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 b)
12,0 10,0 Cs (g/l) 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 c)
Figura 10 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 5 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 3200 m3/s e CsL = 10,0 g/l) ao fim de 24 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente
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4.2.3.
Nos cenrios 7 a 11 foi admitido um dimetro mediano dos sedimentos de 10 m, de forma a avaliar a influncia deste parmetro nos resultados do modelo, em particular nas concentraes de sedimentos em suspenso ao longo da albufeira. Na Figura 11 e na Figura 12 so apresentados os resultados dos cenrios 7 e 9, respectivamente.
230 210 190 z (m) 170 150 130 110 90 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 leito da albufeira a)
NPA
2,0 1,5 U (m/s) 1,0 0,5 b) 0,0 0 0,7 0,6 0,5 Cs (g/l) 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50
c)
50
Figura 11 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 7 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 1400 m3/s e CsL = 0,6 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente
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NPA
leito da albufeira
a)
50
2,5 2,0 U (m/s) 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 b)
1,2 1,0 Cs (g/l) 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 c)
Figura 12 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 9 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 3200 m3/s e CsL = 1,0 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente
Constata-se que, nas simulaes efectuadas com D50 = 10 m, o decrscimo da concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso ao longo do trajecto da corrente muito menor do que nas simulaes com D50 = 40 m. Este resultado, embora expectvel priori, traduz o facto da velocidade de queda das partculas ser muito baixa para os sedimentos com D50 = 10 m. Assim, no caso da cheia no rio Luia ser suficientemente prolongada no tempo, os resultados do modelo prevem que os sedimentos atinjam o local da barragem.
26
4.2.4.
Na Figura 13 apresentam-se os resultados do modelo para o cenrio 11, onde se admitiu um caudal no rio Zambeze de 2000 m /s, a cheia no rio Luia de 1400 m /s, uma concentrao de 0,6 g/l e um dimetro das partculas de 2 m. Como foi anteriormente referido, estes resultados devem ser considerados com reserva uma vez que no so simulados os fenmenos de coeso entre as partculas.
230 210 190 z (m) 170 150 130 110 90 0 2,0 1,5 U (m/s) 1,0 0,5 b) 0,0 0 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 10 20 30 40 Distncia barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa (km) 50 NPA
3 3
leito da albufeira
a)
Cs (g/l)
c) 50
Figura 13 Resultados da simulao do cenrio 11 (QCB = 2000 m3/s, QL = 1400 m3/s e CsL = 0,6 g/l) ao fim de 41 h. a) altura mdia da corrente no interior da albufeira da corrente, b) velocidade mdia da corrente, e c) concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso na corrente
Os resultados obtidos nas simulaes dos cenrios com D50 = 2 m so semelhantes aos resultados considerando D50 = 10 m. Prev-se que assim, as fraces argilosas atinjam o local da barragem.
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5. CONCLUSES E RECOMENDAES
O estudo integrado da sedimentao em albufeiras envolve aspectos que vo desde a previso da eroso e produo de sedimentos na bacia hidrogrfica, ao estudo do transporte desses sedimentos nos cursos de gua, previso dos volumes depositados nas albufeiras, modelao das descargas ou gesto das mesmas no contexto da explorao das albufeiras e do respeito de exigncias ambientais a jusante (Alves, 2008). No presente estudo procedeu-se anlise da influncia da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa, a construir no rio Zambeze, na reteno de sedimentos na albufeira. O estudo baseou-se na aplicao de um modelo computacional na simulao do transporte de sedimentos em suspenso na albufeira. A metodologia considerada no estudo assentou nas seguintes vertentes: i) anlise da informao de base; ii) definio de cenrios de simulao; e iii) simulao em modelo computacional de situaes consideradas relevantes para a compreenso da influncia da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa na reteno de sedimentos na albufeira. A anlise da informao de base revelou que os dados disponveis sobre sedimentos e transporte slido no rio Zambeze e no rio Luia so muito escassos e insuficientes para o estudo completo da influncia da barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa na reteno de sedimentos. Atendendo aos limites da informao de base, efectuaram-se vrias hipteses de trabalho que s podero vir a ser confirmadas com a recolha futura de informao no campo. A simulao em modelo computacional permitiu obter resultados que, embora no conclusivos face s lacunas de informao de base, so indicativos da influncia da barragem na reteno de sedimentos. Os cenrios de simulao mostraram que: Em situaes em que se verifique a ocorrncia de cheias no rio Luia, com caudais superiores a 1400 m3/s e com elevadas concentraes de sedimentos em suspenso, sem que se registem simultaneamente cheias no rio Zambeze, prev-se que possam ocorrer escoamentos estratificados com sedimentos em suspenso (correntes de turbidez) na albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa. Estima-se que, se a durao do evento de cheia for suficientemente prolongada no tempo, estes escoamentos possam atingir o local da barragem. A concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso ao longo da albufeira depende naturalmente da granulometria dos sedimentos transportados. No caso de sedimentos com dimetro mediano da ordem de 40 m, as concentraes de sedimentos em suspenso so relativamente baixas ao longo da albufeira de Mphanda Nkuwa. Nestas situaes prev-se que, findo o evento de cheia, os sedimentos sejam depositados na albufeira.
28
As fraces finas dos sedimentos, com dimetros inferiores a cerca de 10 m (fraces finas de siltes e as argilas), so transportadas em suspenso pelo escoamento, podendo depositar-se na albufeira ou passar para jusante atravs das turbinas.
Tendo em considerao os resultados obtidos, equacionou-se a possibilidade de utilizao da descarga de fundo para a passagem dos sedimentos finos para jusante. Neste caso, a operao de abertura da descarga de fundo deveria ser realizada aquando da ocorrncia de cheias no rio Luia. No entanto, dos casos relatados na bibliografia (Morris e Fan, 1997), a eficcia desta medida depende de vrios factores, entre os quais da concentrao de sedimentos em suspenso que atinge a barragem, do caudal descarregado atravs da descarga de fundo e da correcta abertura das comportas, nomeadamente, o instante em que feita a abertura e a durao dessa operao. Uma vez que o caudal de dimensionado da descarga de fundo no dever ser superior a 300 m3/s e, por outro lado, o caudal turbinado da ordem dos 2500 m /s e a tomada de gua da central fica localizada a meia altura da barragem, expectvel que o efeito da chamada do escoamento origine que as fraces finas dos sedimentos passem atravs das turbinas e eventualmente pelo descarregador de cheias e no pela descarga de fundo. Por ltimo, importa realar que a limitao da informao de base evidencia a necessidade de se proceder monitorizao dos caudais slidos por arrastamento e em suspenso de forma sistemtica, registando em simultneo os caudais lquidos e a granulometria dos sedimentos. Estas medies devero ser realizadas no rio Zambeze e nos seus afluentes, incluindo o rio Luia. Lisboa, Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Julho 2011
3
VISTOS
AUTORIA
Teresa Viseu Investigador Auxiliar Chefe do Ncleo de Recursos Hdricos e Estruturas Hidrulicas
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BIBLIOGRAFIA
Alves, E. (2008) Sedimentao em albufeiras por correntes de turbidez. Dissertao de Doutoramento, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Lisboa, Dezembro de 2008. Alves, E.; Ferreira, R.; Cardoso, A.H. (2010) One-dimensional numerical modelling of turbidity currents: hydrodynamics and deposition. River Flow 2010 International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Braunschweig, Alemanha, 8 a 10 de Setembro de 2010, pp. 1097 -1104. COBA (2010a) Hidroelctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa. Estudo de pr-viabilidade ambiental e definio do mbito (EPDA), Cap. 4 reas de estudo. COBA, Lisboa. COBA (2010b) Hidroelctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa. Estudo de pr-viabilidade ambiental e definio do mbito (EPDA), Cap. 5 Caracterizao do empreendimento. COBA, Lisboa. COBA (2011) Hidroelctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa. Estudo de Impacto Ambiental. Caracterizao da situao de referncia. Regime de sedimentos no rio Zambeze. Evoluo da geometria do leito. COBA, Lisboa. Hall, A.; Valente, I.; Davies, B.R. (1977) The Zambezi River in Mozambique: the physicochemical status of the Middle and Lower Zambezi prior to the closure of the Cabora Bassa Dam. Freshwater Biology 7, p. 187206. HMN (2009) Hidroeltrica de Mphanda Nkuwa. Termos de referncia para o EIA. ICOLD (1989) Sedimentation control of reservoirs. Guidelines. Bulletin 67, International Commission on Large Dams. ICOLD (1999) Dealing with reservoir sedimentation. Guidelines and case studies. Bulletin 115, International Commission on Large Dams. Morris, G. L.; Fan, J. (1997) Reservoir sedimentation handbook: design and management of dams, reservoirs and watershed for sustainable use. McGraw Hill, New York. Ronco, P. (2008) Sediment budget of unserveyed rivers at watershed scale: the case of Lower Zambezi. Dissertao de Doutoramento. Universit degli Studi di Padova, Itlia. Ronco, P.; Fasolato, G.; Di Slvio, G. (2009) Modelling evolution of bed profile and grain size distribution in unsurveyed rivers. International Journal of Sediment Research, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 127144. Ronco, P.; Fasolato, G.; Nones, M.; Di Slvio, G. (2010) Morphological effects of damming on lower Zambezi river. Geomorphology, 115, pp. 43-55.
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Veiga da Cunha, L. (1974) A hidrulica dos escoamentos com fundo mvel. Natureza, evoluo e prospectiva de alguns problemas. Memria 449, Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa.
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Anexo I
33
34
Transporte slido em suspenso na bacia do rio Zambeze. Dados de Hall et al. (1977) extrados de Ronco (2008)
Parmetro Qeq (m /s) Conc (g/m ) Qs (m3/s) Vs (10 m ) Qeq (m /s) Conc (g/m ) Qs (m3/s) Vs (10 m )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Estao de medio Out 287 64 0,018 49,3 237 54 0,013 34,3 40,6 92,3 3148,3 3801,9 3828,4 0,016 0,034 1,175 1,572 1,429 1,05 2722,3 54 54 1016 1016 1016 1016 290 638 1157 1547 1407 1034 696 54 0,038 100,7 47,7 175,7 1980,3 3943,9 4028,6 3347,4 452 0,018 0,066 0,739 1,630 1,504 1,291 0,169 0,111 287,7 528 54 0,029 73,9 64 64 344 344 344 344 64 64 288 1025 2149 4739 4372 3754 2637 1734 895 64 0,057 153,4 440 54 0,024 63,7 Nov Dez Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul
Zambezi
(85 0915 km )
14,6
Luangwa
(148 286 km )
Transporte slido em suspenso no Baixo Zambeze Qeq (m s) Conc (g/m ) Qs (m3/s) 0,047
3 3 3
Chicoa 525 89 0,051 133,4 607 70 0,043 110,2 334,2 0,125 70 588 2,099 5623,2 1783 3571 396,4 4339,2 0,148 1,620 3,080 7451,4 6684 588 3,930 9507,5 89 89 490 490 578 1663 3306 6286
(1 020 000 km )
125,1
Anacardiaceae
Bombacaceae
Bignoneaceae
Caesalpinaceae
4. Combretaceae
9. Euphorbiaceae
Nome cientfico Cadaba natalensis Cladostemon kirkii Cleome monophylla Maytenus senegalensis Garcinia livingstonii Combretum imberbe Combretum adenogonium Combretum apiculatum Combretum hereroensi Combretum molle Combretum zeyheri Commelina sp. Pteleopis mirtytfolia Terminalia sericea Ipomeia sp. Cucumis sp Cyperus sp Diospyros quiloensis Diospyros sp. Diospyros mespiliformis Diospyros lycioides Bridelia cathartica Euphorbia sp. Bridelia mollis Antidesma venosum Phylanthus sp. Phyllanthus reticulates Abrus precatorius
10. Fabaceae
Acacia nigrescens Acacia nilotica Acacia pollyacantha Acacia tortilis Albizia gumifera Albizia petersiana Brachystegia sp. Cassia abbreviate Colophospermum mopane Dalbergia melanoxylon Dichrostachis cinerea Faidherbia albida Indigofera ocidentalis Lonchocarpus capassa Mimosa pigra Pterocarpus sp. Senna abreviatta Senna petersiana
Famlia
Nome cientfico
Sesbania sesban Tamarindus indica Tephrosia purpurea Tephrosia sp. Xeroderis sthulmannii Flacourtia indica Kirkia acuminata Ocimum basilicum Ocimum sp. Strychnos spinosa Strychnos madagascarensis Urena lobata Trichilia dracaena Sida acuta Sida cardifolia Ficus capreifolia Turrea nilotica Boerhavia diffusa Nymphaea nouchali Cardiogyne Africana Olax dissitiflora Ximenia Americana Argemona Mexicana Aristida sp. Cymbopogon contortus Cymbopogon sp. Cynodon dactilon Dactyloctenium aegyptium Digitaria milagiana Digitaria sp. Eragostis sp. Eragrostis capensis Hyparrhenia cymbaria Hyparrhenia dissolute Melinis repens Panicum maximum Phragmites mauritianus Sporobolus virginicus Urocloa mosambisensis Ziziphus mauritiana Rothmannia globosa Deinbolia oblongifolia
14. Loganiaceae
15. Malvaceae
16. Meliaceae 17. Nyctaginaceae 18. Moraceae 19. Olacaceae 20. Papaveraceae
21. Poaceae
Famlia
Nome cientfico
Dombeya burgessiae Manilkara discolor Striga sp. Waltheria indica Hermania boraginiflora Sterculia africana Sterculia quinqueloba Solanum sp. Grewia monticola Grewia bicolor Grewia caffra Grewia occidentalis Grewia sp. Grewia triangularis Triumpheta petandra Vites harveiana Vites sp.
29. Tiliaceae
30. Verbenaceae
Tchovi Sucamono Mipimbi Kagolo Tsimbite Muave Mdodo Quebe Capsipsa Kunku Nzio Mzunga Msanha Mupacassa Msica Catandabuda Inkuyo Chitimbinbe Doza Mutsema Mtete Msau Mgosa Utongola
Construo Construo Lenha Fruteira Medicinal Artesanato Fruteira Alimentao Medicinal Fruteira
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Artesanato Construo Construo Construo, artesanato Construo Fruteira Construo Medicinal Fruteira
Liana
Construo
brachyspetalus Combretaceae Ebenaceae Euphorbiaceae Combretum apiculatum Terminalia sericea Diospyros lycoides Phylanthus reticulatus Acacia nilotica Acacia tortilis Dichrostachys cinerea Lonchocarpus capassa Senna abreviata Ziziphus mauritiana Deinbolia obolongifolia Manilkara discolor Grewia monticola Vites harveyana Vites sp. Kagolo Gonono Mdodo Quebe Capsipsa Mzunga Mupacassa Msau rvore Arbusto Arbusto Arbusto rvore rvore rvore rvore rvore Construo Lenha e Medicinal Comestvel Comestvel Lenha Construo Lenha Comestvel
Fabaceae
Utongola
Arbusto
Ebenaceae
Fabaceae
Olacaceae Papaveraceae
Poaceae
Rhamnaceae Tiliaceae
Nome cientfico Sida acuta Cardiogyne africana Commiphora africana Ficus capreifolia Olax dissitiflora Ximenia americana Argemona mexicana Cynodon dactylon Digitaria sp. Eragrostis capensis Hyparrhenia cymbaria Phragmites mauritianus Ziziphus mauritiana Grewia occidentalis
Nome local
Bayatindona Inkuyo Chitimbinbe Doza Mutsema Nhacapanda Tsekua Mtete Msau Utongola
Hbito Arbusto rvore Liana rvore Arbusto Arbusto Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea rvore Arbusto
Usos Artesanato Medicinal Medicinal Fruteira Medicinal Fruteira Artesanato Construo Construo Construo Construo, artesanato Fruteira Medicinal, Fruteira
Psototo Psototo
Bignoniaceae
Famlia
Convolvulaceae Ebenaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Flacourtiaceae Logoniaceae
Poaceae
Nome cientfico Combretum adenogonium Combretum hereroensi Terminalia sericea Pteleopsis myrtifolia Commelina sp. Ipomeia sp. Diospyros lycioides Diospyros quiloensis Diospyros mespiliformis Euphorbia sp. Bridelia cathartica Antidesma venosum Albizia gumifera Brachystegia sp. Lonchocarpus capassa Senna petersiana Dichrostachys cinerea Dalbergia melanoxylon Tephrosia purpurea Abrus precatorius Flacourtia indica Strychnos madagascariensis Strychnos spinosa Strychnos decussata Sida cardifolia Melhania prostata Trichilia dracaena Ficus capreifolia Boerhavia diffusa Digitaria milagiana Digitaria mlongiflora Panicum maximum Aristida sp. Cynodon dactilon Hyparrhenia dissoluta Urocloa mosambisensis Dactyloctenium aegyptium Melinis repens Rothmannia globosa Deinbolia oblongifolia Manilkara discolor Striga sp. Solanum sp. Sterculia africana Sterculia quinqueloba
Nome local
Gonono Mauve
Hbito rvore rvore rvore rvore Herbcea Herbcea Arbusto Arbusto rvore Herbcea Arbusto rvore Arbusto rvore rvore Arbusto Arbusto Burkea africana Herbcea Herbcea Arbusto Arbusto Arbusto Arbusto Herbcea Herbcea Arbusto
Usos Construo, lenha Construo, lenha Medicinal, lenha Construo Rao Fruteira Fruteira Fruteira Fruteira Construo Artesanato Lenha Medicinal Lenha Madeira, artesanato Medicinal Fruteira rvore rvore Artesanato
Inkuyo
rvore Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea rvore Arbusto rvore Herbcea Herbcea
Mutsema Tsekua
Mgosa Mgosa
rvore rvore
Construo Construo
Famlia
Tiliaceae
Verbenaceae
Nome cientfico Dombeya burgessiae Hermania boraginiflora Triumpheta petandra Grewia monticola Grewia bicolor Grewia caffra Grewia occidentalis Grewia triangularis Vitex sp. Vitex harveyana
Nome local
Hbito rvore Herbcea Herbcea Arbusto Arbusto Arbusto Arbusto Arbusto Herbcea Herbcea
Usos
Utongola
Fabaceae
Medicinal
Famlia Olacaceae
Poaceae
Nome cientfico Ficus capreifolia Olax dissitiflora Cymbopogon contortus Digitaria sp. Eragrostis capensis Hyparrhenia cymbarica Panicum maximum Phragmites mauritianus
Nome local Inkuyo Chitimbinbe Tchinge Nhacapanda Tsekua Mtete Msau Utongola
Hbito rvore Arbusto Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea Herbcea rvore Herbcea Arbusto
Usos Fruteira Medicinal Construo Construo Construo Construo Construo Construo, Artesanato Fruteira Medicinal, Fruteira
10
Ziziphus mauritiana
10
100
Total
10
100
0.004 0.0004 0.006 0.0015 0.0017 0.0008 0.014 0.0004 0.005 0.003 0.04 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 160.0
11
Terminalia sericea
0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.006 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0008 0.003 0.05 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 208.0
38
1 1 2 1 13
8 8 15 8 100
Ziziphus mauritiana
Terminalia sericea Sclerocarya birrea Phyllanthus reticulatus Acacia nilotica Vitex sp. Senna abreviata Combretum apiculatum Deinbolia oblongifolia Lannea edulis Total
0.005 0.004 0.006 0.0009 0.006 0.008 1.57 0.008 0.0004 0.002 0.0004 0.0004 0.0009 0.0004 0.002 1.6 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 240.0
27.2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15
13.3 13.3 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 100
12
Acacia tortilis
Lannea sp.
Ziziphus mauritiana
Total
1.98 0.02 0.60 2.26 0.38 0.24 0.63 0.44 0.15 0.77 0.87 0.25 0.28 0.28 0.22 0.95 0.17 0.43 10.92 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 288.0
4.0
22.2
1.0
5.5
13.0
72.2
18.0
100.0
Colophospermum mopane
13
52
Diospyros sp.
20
13
QUADRCULA 6 MATA ABERTA Espcie Altura (m) 2,5 4 3 1 2 2 3 3 2,5 DAP (cm) 3 15 10 10 10 5 10 5 3 Volume (m3) Biomassa (t) 0.0007 0.05 0.02 0.005 0.01 0.002 0.02 0.004 0.001 0.6 N de indivduos %
Grewia sp.
0.001 0.07 0.02 0.007 0.02 0.003 0.02 0.006 0.002 0.9 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 400.0
24
1 25
4 100
0.04 0.10 0.22 1.58 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.58 2.14 0.02 4.77 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 160.0
Acacia tortilis
37,5
Acacia nilotica
12,5
14
QUADRCULA 8 MATA ABERTA Espcie Acacia karoo Grewia caffra Grewia bicolor Mayetenus senegalensis Total Altura (m) 1,9 1,5 2 2 2 1,5 DAP (cm) 10 8 15 20 8 5 Volume (m3) Biomassa (t) 0.014 0.006 0.03 0.042 0.007 0.002 0.3 N de indivduos 1 1 1 3 16 % 6,25 6,25 6,25 18,75 100
0.02 0.008 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.003 0.7 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 256.0
Diospyros sp.
0.001 0.005 0.02 0.003 0.04 0.02 0.0002 0.42 2.4 0.01 0.06 0.10 0.29 0.03 0.29 0.02 3.7 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 272.0
29,4
1 1 1 4
3 17
17,6 100
3 2
23,07 15,4
15
QUADRCULA 10 MATA ABERTA Espcie Acacia nigrescens Grewia sp. Combretum imberbe Pterocarpus sp. Garcinia livingstonei Total Altura (m) 2,5 6 4 5 5 4,5 DAP (cm) 50 25 50 75 (4) 80 (8) 80 (8) Volume (m3) Biomassa (t) 0.34 0.20 0.55 1.54 1.76 1.58 6.9 N de indivduos 1 1 1 1 1 13 % 7,7 7,7 7,7 7,7 7,7 100
0.49 0.29 0.79 2.20 2.51 2.26 9.8 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 208.0
Sclerocarya birrea
Combretum sp. Diospyros sp. Pteliopsis myrtifolia Colophospermum mopane Strychnos sp. Total
0.9 0.18 1.57 1.90 0.25 0.24 0.08 0.02 0.59 0.29 0.06 0.69 6.8 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 192.0
33,4
2 2 2 1 1 12
16
QUADRCULA 12 MATA SEMI-FECHADA Espcie Altura (m) 4 1,5 2 2 1,5 2,5 2 2 2,5 2,3 2,3 2,5 3 2,5 DAP (cm) 20 6 7 10 (2) 2 15 (2) 15 (3) 10 (2) 20 (2) 10 3 15 25 8 Volume (m3) Biomassa (t) 0.09 0.003 0.006 0.014 0.004 0.030 0.030 0.010 0.060 0.014 0.001 0.03 0.11 0.09 1.9 N de indivduos %
Ximenia americana
Diospyros sp. Grewia sp. Kadaba natalensis Olax dissitiflora Comiphora sp. Combretum apiculatum Total
0.13 0.004 0.008 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.002 0.04 0.15 0.013 2.4 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 416.0
19,4
2 1 1 2 1 26
100
Ziziphus mauritiana
0.21 0.16 0.34 0.38 0.96 0.24 0.09 0.95 2.65 5.98 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 144
4.0
44.4
Acacia albida
16.6
Combretum imberbe
2.0
8.3
17
QUADRICULA 14 MATA SEMI-FECHADA Espcie Altura (m) 4.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 DAP (cm) 40.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 40.0 35.0 25.0 65.0 30.0 15.0 15.0 35.0 15.0 25.0 10.0 Volume (m3) Biomassa (t) 0.35 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.26 0.20 0.09 0.70 0.20 0.03 0.03 0.24 0.03 0.10 0.01 2.95 N. de indivduos %
Dalbergia melanoxylon
Lonchocarpus sp.
Strychnos sp.
Ziziphus mauritiana
Total
0.50 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.38 0.29 0.12 0.99 0.28 0.04 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.15 0.02 4.21 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 384.0
8.0
33.3
5.0
20.8
1.0
4.1
5.0
20.8
24.0
100.0
0.14 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.38 0.73 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 128.0
18
Combretum imberbe
Diospyros mespiliformis Diospyros quiloensis Flacourtia indica Maytenus senegalensis Strychnos spinosa Tamarindus indica Torreia sp. Ziziphus mauritiana Total
0.38 0.04 0.09 0.02 0.19 35.0 0.00 30.0 0.60 35.0 0.63 30.0 0.35 35.0 0.34 50.0 0.49 25.0 0.52 3.0 0.00 15.0 0.05 5.0 0.00 10.0 0.02 15.0 0.04 10.0 0.02 20.0 0.11 10.0 0.02 25.0 0.12 40.0 38.31 42.34 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 336.0
7.0
33.3
Comiphora sp.
6.0
33.3
19
QUADRICULA 17 MATA FECHADA Espcie Sterculia sp. Strychnus sp. Altura (m) 8.5 5.0 5.0 3.0 7.0 DAP (cm) 60.0 50.0 35.0 15.0 55.0 Volume (m3) Biomassa (t) 1.68 0.69 0.34 0.04 1.16 24.39 N. de indivduos 1.0 4.0 % 5.5 22.2
Total
18.0
100.0
Combretum imberbe
Sclerocarrya birrea
Strychnos sp. Terminalia sericea Torreia floribunda Xerideris stulmani Ziziphus mauritiana Total
0.53 0.09 0.02 0.82 0.25 0.12 0.05 0.57 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.35 0.50 0.87 0.53 0.27 0.02 0.43 0.15 0.01 0.06 0.34 0.17 0.05 6.39 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 384.0
7.0
29.1
7.0
29.1
20
Acacia nilotica
Acacia tortilis Bridelia cathartica Combretum imberbe Grewia caffra Maytenus senegalensis Olax dissitiflora
Ziziphus mauritiana
Total
0.11 0.21 0.15 0.18 0.55 1.33 0.43 0.44 0.29 0.25 3.46 0.05 0.00 13.25 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.21 0.19 0.04 0.44 0.09 21.78 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 352.0
10.0
45.4
5.0
22.7
22.0
100.0
Comiphora sp.
4.0
9.0
21
QUADRICULA 20 MATA FECHADA Espcie Kirkia acuminata Lonchocarpus capassa Manilkara discolor Olax dissiflora Altura (m) 3.5 4.0 3.5 1.5 1.8 2.7 3.0 5.0 1.5 3.0 3.0 1.5 4.0 3.5 2.5 5.0 1.0 1.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 2.0 3.0 DAP (cm) 42.0 32.0 28.0 5.0 3.0 1.0 25.0 25.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 45.0 25.0 25.0 50.0 10.0 8.0 25.0 22.0 40.0 15.0 40.0 Volume (m3) Biomassa (t) 0.34 0.23 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.17 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.45 0.12 0.09 0.69 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.07 0.35 0.02 0.26 9.27 N. de indivduos 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 % 2.2 4.5 2.2 6.8
Pteliopsis myrtifolia
0.48 0.32 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.25 0.00 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.64 0.17 0.12 0.98 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.09 0.50 0.04 0.38 13.25 Densidade (rvores/ha) = 704.0
11.0
25.0
22
ANEXOS DE FAUNA
Quadro 1 - Evidncias fotogrficas dos tipos de habitats de fauna identificados durante o levantamento de inverno (Agosto 2010)
Vegetao de Aluvio Mopane nas Encostas Matagal ao Longo da Linha de Costa
Brao Arenoso
Matagal
Garganta
Quadro 2 - Evidncias fotogrficas dos impactos na area do projecto durante o periodo de levantamento
Gado bovino Gado suno Gado caprino
Ces
Desmatamento
Queimadas
Plantaes
Desmatamento
Caa de subsistncia
Caa de subsistncia
Quadro 3 - Evidncias fotogrficas dos tipos de habitats de fauna identificados durante o levantamento de inverno durante o levantamento dos habitats do Capoche/Luia (Janoeiro 2011).
Habitats Ripreos Vegetao Ripria / Afluente Mata Aberta Mista
Passagem de elefante
Excremento de chacal
Pegada de leopardo
Pegada de geneta
Pegada de hipoptamo
Pegada de elefante
Excremento de elefante
Pegada de changane
Pegada de cudu
Musaranho almiscarado
Rato uniraiado
Rato espinhoso
Hipoptamos
Morcego orelhudo
Crnio de Piva
Cabrito cinzento
Morcego-de-nariz-enfolhado da Cafraria
Quadro 6 - Lista completa de espcies de mamferos identificadas no estudo de 2001 (Wilson 2001)
Nome Comum CHIROPTERA Morcego frugvoro de Peters* Morcego frugvoro gigante* Morcego-frugvoro de Peters * Morcego frugvoro de Egipto* Morcego frugvoro- Wahlbergs Epauletted * Morcego-meridional-de-caudaembainhada * Morcego-das-sepulturas * Morcego-de-cauda-livre-manchado* Morcego-de-nariz-enfolhado de Commerson* Morcego-de-nariz-enfolhado da Cafraria* Morcego-Persa-de-nariz-enfolhado* Morcego-grande-orelhudo* Morcego-orelhudo-piloso* Morcego-orelhudo * Morcego-orelhudo (comum) de Egipto* Morcego-ferradura de Darling* Morcego-ferradura de Damaralndia* Morcego-ferradura de Hildebarandt* Morcego-ferradura-gigante* Morcego-ferradura de Lander* Morcego-ferradura de Swinny* Morcego de Schreiber* Morcego-caseiro Hottentot* Morcego-caseiro do Cabo* Morcego-lanudo do Cabo* Morcego-de-ano de Kuhl * Morcego-de-bananeiras * Morcego de Rppell * Morcego Cape Serotine Morcego- Rendalls Seratine Morcego-borboleta* Morcego de Schlieffens * Morcego-caseiro-amarelo* Morcego-amarelo-pequeno* Morcego-lanoso de Damaralndia* Morcego-de-cauda-livre do Egipto* Morcego-pequeno-de-cauda-livre* Morcego-de-cauda-livre de Angola* Morcego-de-cabea-achatada* Morcego-de-cauda-livre (Giant African)* Epomophorus cryturus Eidolon helvum Epomophorus gambianus Rousettus aegyptiacus Epomophorus wahlvergi Coleura afra Taphozous mauritianus Chaerephon bivittatus Hipposideros commersoni Hipposideros caffer Triaenops persicus Nycteris grandis Nycteris hispida Nycteris macrotus Nycteris thebaica Rhinolophus darlingii Rhinolophus fumigatus Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Rhinolophus clivosus Rhinolophus landeri Rhinolophus swinnyi Miniopterus schreibersii Eptesicus hottentotus Eptesicus capensis Myotis tricolor Pipistrellus kuhlii Pipistrellus nanus Pipistrellus rueppellii Pipistrellus capensis Pipistrellus rendalli Chalinolobus variegatus Nycticeius schlieffenii Scotophilus dingaanii Scotophilus viridis Kerivoula argentata Tadarida aegyptiaca Tadarida pomila Mops condylurus Mormopterus petrophilus Tadarida ventralis Nome Cientifico
Nome Comum INSECTIVORA Musaranho-almiscarado-gigante Musaranho-almiscarado-ano Musaranho-trepador Musaranho-almiscarado-vermelho MACROSCELIDEA Musaranho-elefante-de-quatro-dedos Musaranho-elefante-de-focinho curto Musaranho-elefante-das-rochas RODENTIA Arganz-arbreo Rato-grande-das-canas Rato-bochechudo Rato-gorducho Gerboa de Peters Rato-gigante Rato-espinhoso Rato-da-Namaqua-das-rochas Rato-vermelho-da-savana Rato-de-gua Rato-uniraiado Rato-raiado Rato-pigmeu Rato-arbreo-da-savana Rato-comum-da-floresta Rato-de-dentes-canelados Rato-multimamilado de Natal Esquilo-da-savana Porco espinho Lebre-saltadora LAGOMORPHA Lebre-de-nuca-dourada HYRACOIDEA Hirax-de-malha-amarela PROBOSCIDAE Elefante-africano PERISSODACTYLA Zebra de Burchell ARTIODACTYLA Hipoptamo Porco selvagem/bravo Javali africano Bfalo Imbabala
Nome Cientifico Crocidura flavescens Crocidura fuscomurina Sylvisorex magalura Crocidura hirta Petrodromus tetradactylus Elephantulus brachyrhynchus Elephantulus myurus Graphiurus murinus Thryonomys swinderianus Saccostomus campestris Steatomys pratensis Tatera leucogaster Cricetomys gambianus Acomys spinosissimus Aethomys namaquensis Aethomys chrysophilus* Dasymys incomtus Lemmiscomys rosalia* Rhabdomys pumilio Mus minutoides Thallomys paedulcus Grammomys dolichurus Pelomys fallax Mastomys natalensis Paraxerus capapi Hystrix africaeaustralis Pedetes capensis Lepus saxatillis Heterohyrax brucei Loxodonta africana Equus quagga Hippopotamus amphibius Potamochoerus larvatus Phacochoerus africanus Syncerus caffer Tragelaphus scriptus
Nome Comum Inhala Cudu Elande Cabrito-cinzento Cabrito-das-pedras Cabrito-azul Cabrito-vermelho Changane Chipene-grisalho Chango Piva Impala Palapala-cinzenta Palapala-negra CARNIVORA Hiena-malhada Mabeco Chacal-raiado Doninha-de-nuca-branca Texugo-de-mel Lontra do Cabo Lontra-de-pescoo-malhado Doninha-de-cheiro Civeta-arbrea Manguo-gigante-cinzento Manguo-vermelho Manguo-ano Manguo-listrado Manguo-de-gua Manguo-de-cauda-branca Manguo de Meller Manguo-de-cauda-tufada Manguo de Selous Geneta-de-malhas-grandes Geneta de Angola Civeta-africana Gato selvagem Gato-serval Caracal Gato-selvagem-africano Leopardo Leo Chita PRIMATES
Nome Cientifico Tragelaphus angasi Tragelaphus strepsiceros Taurotragus oryx* Sylvicapra grimmia Oreotragus oreotragus Cephalophus monticola Cephalophus natalensis Neotragus moschatus Raphicerus sharpie Redunca arundinum Kobus ellipsiprymnus Aepyceros melampus Hippotragus equinus* Hippotragus niger* Crocuta crocuta Lycaon pictus* Canis adustus Poecilogale albinucha* Mellivora capensis Aonyx capensis Lutra maculicollis Ictonyx striatus Nandinia binotata Herpestes ichneumon Herpestes ochracea Helogale parvula Mungos mungo Atilax paludinosus Ichneumia albicauda Rhynchogale melleri Bdeogale crassicauda Paracynictis selousi Genetta tigrina Genetta angolensis Civettictis civetta Felis sylvestris Felis serval Felis caracal Felis lybica Panthera pardus Panthera leo Acinonyx jubatus*
Nome Comum Macaco-co-cinzento Macaco-de-cara-preta Galago-grande Galago-pequeno Galago de Grant TUBILIDENTATA Urso-formigueiro PHOLIDOTA Pangolim
Nome Cientifico Papio ursinus Sercopithecus aethiops Otolemur crassicaudatus Otolemur moholi Galagoides grantii Orycteropus afer Manis temminckii
10
Quadro 7 - Lista de espcies de aves confirmada durante o levantamento de campo realizado nos periodos de 8 20 de Agosto de 2010 e 15-25 Janeiro de 2011
Famlia ORDEM 4 Phasianidae 12 14 16 Numididae Anatidae 20 25 27 44 Indicatoridae 45 46 49 53 57 Picidae 58 65 Lybiidae 68 69 71 73 Bucerotidae 74 76 77 Bucorvidae Upupidae Phoeniculidae Rhinopomastidae Trogonidae 79 80 81 83 84 85 86 Coraciidae 88 89 Alcedinidae 91 94 Dacelonidae 96 97 R6 189 196 199 201 203 102 116 475 474 476 478 483 486 487 470 464 473 458 459 460 457 455 463 451 452 454 427 446 447 449 450 431 433 435 437 Nome cientifico Dendroperdix sephaena Pternistis natalensis Pternistis swainsonii Coturnix delegorguei* Numida meleagris Alopochen aegyptiaca Plectropterus gambensis* Indicator variegatus Indicator indicator Indicator minor Prodotiscus regulus Campethera abingoni Dendropicos fuscescens Dendropicos namaquus Pogoniulus chrysoconus Lybius torquatus Trachyphonus vaillantii Tockus erythrorhynchus Tockus leucomelas Tockus alboterminatus Tockus nasutus Bycanistes bucinator Bucorvus leadbeateri* Upupa africana Phoeniculus purpureus Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Apaloderma narina Coracias garrulus Coracias caudatus Coracias naevius Eurystomus glaucurus Alcedo cristata Halcyon senegalensis Halcyon albiventris Halcyon chelicuti Nome Comum (Portugus) Perdiz-de-crista Perdiz do Natal Perdiz de Swainson Codorniz-arlequim Galinha-do-mato Ganso do Egipto Pato-ferro Indicador-de-peitoescamoso Indicador-grande Indicador-pequeno Indicador-de-bico-aguado Pica-pau-de-cauda-dourada Pica-pau-cardeal Pica-pau-de-bigodes Barbadinho-de-fronteamarela Barbaas-de-colar-preto Barbaas-de-crista Calau-de-bico-vermelho Calau-de-bico-amarelo Calau-coroado Calau-cinzento Calau-trombeteiro Calau-gigante Poupa Zombeteiro-de-bicovermelho Bico-de-cimitarra Republicano Rolieiro-europeu Rolieiro-de-peito-lils Rolieiro-de-sobrancelhasbrancas Rolieiro-de-bico-grosso Pica-peixe-de-poupa Pica-peixe-de-poupa Pica-peixe-de-barretecastanho Pica-peixe-riscado 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 W 1 1 S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Th Dr Al Mp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mw Ri 1 1 Sh
11
Famlia Cerylidae
ORDEM 98 99 100
R6 429 428 443 444 440 438 426 382 377 378 374 375 385 384 386 390 946 943 364 363 421 411 412 417 415 371 373 392 396 401 402 398 399 405 408 410
Nome cientifico Megaceryle maximus Ceryle rudis Merops bullockoides Merops pusillus Merops persicus* Merops apiaster Urocolius indicus Clamator jacobinus Cuculus solitarius Cuculus clamosus Cuculus canorus Cuculus gularis Chrysococcyx klaas Chrysococcyx cupreus Chrysococcyx caprius Centropus senegalensis Centropus superciliosus Poicephalus fuscicollis Poicephalus meyeri Poicephalus cryptoxanthus Cypsiurus parvus Apus apus* Apus barbatus Apus affinis Apus caffer Gallirex porphyreolophus Corythaixoides concolor Tyto alba Otus senegalensis Bubo africanus Bubo lacteus Glaucidium perlatum Glaucidium capense Caprimulgus pectoralis Caprimulgus tristigma Macrodipteryx vexillarius
Nome Comum (Portugus) Pica-peixe-gigante Pica-peixe-malhado Abelharuco-de-frontebranca Abelharuco-dourado Abelharuco-persa Abelharuco-europeu Rabo-de-junco-de-facesvermelhas Cuco-jacobino Cuco-de-peito-vermelho Cuco-preto Cuco-canoro Cuco-canoro-africano Cuco-bronzeado-menor Cuco-esmeraldino Cuco-bronzeado-maior Cucal do Senegal Cucal de Burchell Papagaio-de-bico-grosso Papagaio de Meyer Papagaio-de-cabeacastanha Andorinho-das-palmeiras Andorinho-preto-europeu Andorinho-preto-africano Andorinho-pequeno Andorinho-cafre Turaco-de-crista-violeta Turaco-cinzento Coruja-das-torres Mocho-de-orelhas-africano Corujo-africano Corujo-leitoso Mocho-perlado Mocho-barrado Noitib-de-pescoo-dourado Noitib-sardento Noitib-de-estandarte
W 1 1 1 1
S 1 1 1 1 1 1
Th
Dr
Al
Mp
Mw
Ri
Sh 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
Meropidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
Coliidae
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
Cuculidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
Centropodidae
130 133
Psittacidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
Apodidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Musophagidae Tytonidae
Strigidae
Caprimulgidae
12
Famlia
R6 348 349 355 353 354 352 358 356 361 212 213 226 347 270 265 266 264 240 298 295 249 246 258 259 255 302 304 306 315 339 170 128 126 148 123 142 145 146
Nome cientifico Columba livia Columba guinea Streptopelia senegalensis Streptopelia decipiens Streptopelia capicola Streptopelia semitorquata Turtur chalcospilos Oena capensis Treron calvus Crecopsis egregia Amaurornis flavirostris Gallinula chloropus* Pterocles bicinctus Tringa nebularia Tringa ochropus Tringa glareola Actitis hypoleucos Actophilornis africanus Burhinus vermiculatus Himantopus himantopus* Charadrius tricollaris Charadrius marginatus Vanellus armatus* Vanellus albiceps Vanellus coronatus Rhinoptilus cinctus Glareola pratincola* Glareola nuchalis Larus cirrocephalus* Chlidonias leucopterus* Pandion haliaetus* Aviceda cuculoides Milvus [migrans] parasitus Haliaeetus vocifer Gyps africanus Circaetus cinereus Circaetus cinerascens* Terathopius ecaudatus
Nome Comum (Portugus) Pombo-domstico Pombo da Guin Rola do Senegal Rola-gemedora Rola do Cabo Rola-de-olhos-vermelhos Rola-esmeraldina Rola-rabilonga Pombo-verde Codornizo-africano Franga-de-gua-preta Galinha-de-gua Cortiol-de-duas-golas Perna-verde-comum Maarico-escuro Maarico-bastardo Maarico-das-rochas Jacana Alcaravo-de-gua Perna-longa Borrelho-grande-de-coleira Borrelho-de-fronte-branca Tarambola-preta-e-branca Tarambola-de-coroa-branca Tarambola-coroada Corredor-de-trs-coleiras Perdiz-do-mar Perdiz-do-mar-escura Gaivota-de-cabea-cinzenta Gaivinha-de-asa-branca guia-pesqueira Falc Cuco Milhafre-preto-africano guia-pesqueira-africana Abutre-de-dorso-branco Aguia-cobreira-castanha guia-cobreira-de-caudabranca guia-bailarina
W 1 1
S 1
Th
Dr
Al 1
Mp
Mw
Ri 1
Sh
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
Columbidae
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
Rallidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pteroclidae
Scolopacidae
Charadriidae
Glareolidae
304 306 316 340 344 345 350 351 356 362 364 365
1 1 1 1 1
Laridae Accipitridae
13
Famlia
ORDEM 371 372 373 375 376 377 378 382 385 389 390 391 404
R6 169 154 163 161 160 159 157 149 153 134 131 137 185 180 173 172 60 58 55 67 66 62 63 64 65 71 72 74 76 78 81 87 84 85 83 88 89 490
Nome cientifico Polyboroides typus Kaupifalco monogrammicus Melierax metabates Melierax gabar Accipiter tachiro Accipiter badius Accipiter minullus Buteo vulpinus Buteo augur* Aquila pomarina Aquila verreauxii Aquila spilogaster Falco dickinsoni Falco amurensis* Falco subbuteo Falco biarmicus Anhinga rufa Phalacrocorax africanus Phalacrocorax lucidus Egretta garzetta Egretta alba Ardea cinerea* Ardea melanocephala Ardea goliath* Ardea purpurea* Bubulcus ibis Ardeola ralloides* Butorides striata Nycticorax nycticorax* Ixobrychus minutus* Scopus umbretta Anastomus lamelligerus Ciconia nigra Ciconia abdimii Ciconia ciconia* Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Leptoptilos crumeniferus Smithornis capensis
Nome Comum (Portugus) Secretrio-pequeno Gavio-papa-lagartos Aor-cantor-escuro Aor-palrador Aor-africano Gavio-shikra Gavio-pequeno Btio-das-estepes Btio-augur guia-pomarina guia-preta guia-domino Falco de Dickinson Falco-de-pes-vermelhosoriental Falco-tagarote Falco-alfaneque Mergulho-serpente Corvo-marinho-africano Corvo-marinho-de-facesbrancas Gara-branca-pequena Gara-branca-grande Gara-real Gara-de-cabea-preta Gara-gigante Gara-vermelha Carraceira Gara-caranguejeira Gara-de-dorso-verde Gara-nocturna Garcenho-pequeno Pssaro-martelo Bico-aberto Cegonha-preta Cegonha-de-barriga-branca Cegonha-branca Jabiru Marabu Bocarra
W 1 1
S 1 1 1
Th
Dr
Al
Mp
Mw 1
Ri 1
Sh
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Falconidae
Anhingidae Phalacrocoracidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ardeidae
Scopidae
Ciconiidae
Eurylaimidae
533
14
Famlia Oriolidae
ORDEM 534 535 537 539 541 543 544 546 547
R6 543 544 545 541 710 741 740 744 743 737 748 751 753 754 701 548 733 539 538 554 533 518 522 526 527 529 530 568 572 574 569 575 627 631 633 628 629
Nome cientifico Oriolus oriolus Oriolus auratus Oriolus larvatus Dicrurus adsimilis Terpsiphone viridis Nilaus afer Dryoscopus cubla Tchagra senegalus Tchagra australis Laniarius aethiopicus Telophorus sulfureopectus Malaconotus blanchoti Prionops plumatus Prionops retzii Batis molitor Corvus albus Lanius collurio Coracina pectoralis Campephaga flava Parus niger Riparia paludicola Hirundo rustica Hirundo smithii Hirundo cucullata Hirundo abyssinica Hirundo fuligula Delichon urbicum Pycnonotus tricolor Andropadus importunus Chlorocichla flaviventris Phyllastrephus terrestris Nicator gularis Locustella fluviatilis Acrocephalus baeticatus* Acrocephalus palustris Acrocephalus arundinaceus Acrocephalus griseldis
Nome Comum (Portugus) Papa-figos-europeu Papa-figos-africano Papa-figos-de-cabea-preta Drongo-de-cauda-forcada Papa-moscas do Paraso Brubru Picano-de-almofadinha Picano-assobiador-decoroa-preta Picano-assobiador-decoroa-castanha Picano-tropical Picano-de-peito-laranja Picano-de-cabea-cinzenta Atacador-de-poupa-branca Atacador-de-poupa-preta Batis-comum Seminarista Picano-de-dorso-ruivo Lagarteiro-cinzento-ebranco Lagarteiro-preto Chapim-preto-meridional Andorinha-das-barreirasafricana Andorinha-das-chamins Andorinha-cauda-de-arame Andorinha-de-cabeavermelha Andorinha-estriadapequena Andorinha-das-rochasafricana Andorinha-dos-beirais Tutinegra Tuta-sombria Tuta-amarela Tuta-de-terra Tuta-de-garganta-branca Felosa-fluvial Rouxinol-dos-caniosafricano Felosa-palustre Rouxinol-grande-doscanios Felosa do Iraque
S 1 1
Th
Dr 1 1 1
Al
Mp 1
Mw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ri 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sh
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Dicruridae Monarchidae
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Malaconotidae
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
Hirundinidae
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pycnonotidae
Sylviidae
1 1 1
15
Famlia
R6 635 651 643 560 619 797 674 672 681 664 683 648 948 496 515 576 694 689 690 691 693 609 600 617 613 593 610 769 765 763 761 791 793 787 780 799
Nome cientifico Acrocephalus gracilirostris* Sylvietta rufescens Phylloscopus trochilus Turdoides jardineii Sylvia borin* Zosterops senegalensis Cisticola erythrops Cisticola chiniana Cisticola fulvicapilla Cisticola juncidis* Prinia subflava Apalis flavida Camaroptera brevicaudata Mirafra rufocinnamomea Eremopterix leucotis Turdus libonyanus Melaenornis pammelaina Muscicapa striata Muscicapa adusta Muscicapa caerulescens Myioparus plumbeus Luscinia luscinia Cossypha natalensis Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Cercotrichas leucophrys Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris Pinarornis plumosus Onychognathus morio Lamprotornis chalybaeus Lamprotornis mevesii Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Chalcomitra senegalensis Hedydipna collaris Cinnyris talatala Cinnyris bifasciatus Plocepasser mahali
Nome Comum (Portugus) Rouxinol-pequeno-dospantnos Rabicurta-de-bico-comprido Felosa-musical Zaragateiro-castanho Felosa-das-figueiras Olho-branco-amarelo Fuinha-de-faces-vermelhas Fuinha-chocalheira Fuinha-de-cabea-ruiva Fuinha-dos-juncos Prnia-de-flancos-castanhos Apalis-de-peito-amarelo Felosa-de-dorso-verde Cotovia-de-nuca-vermelha Cotovia-pardal-de-dorsocastanho Tordo-chicharrio Papa-moscas-preto-africano Papa-moscas-cinzento Papa-moscas-sombrio Papa-moscas-azulado Papa-moscas-rabo-deleque Rouxinol-grande Pisco do Natal Rouxinol-do-mato-debigodes Rouxinol-do-mato-estriado Chasco-poliglota Merlo-preto-das-rochas Estorninho-de-asa-castanha Estorninho-grande-deorelha-azul Estorninho-metlicorabilongo Estorninho-de-dorso-violeta Beija-flor-de-peito-escarlate Beija-flor-de-colar Beija-flor-de-barriga-branca Beija-flor-de-peito-roxo Tecelo-de-sobrancelhabranca
S 1
Th
Dr
Al
Mp
Mw
Ri
Sh 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
Zosteropidae
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Cisticolidae
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
Alaudidae
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
Muscicapidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sturnidae
Nectariniidae
1 1 1
Ploceidae
838
16
Famlia
ORDEM 840 841 846 847 851 854 856 857 861 867 870 878 881 882
R6 815 810 814 811 819 821 825 824 829 854 855 846 844 839 834 833 842 840 841 857 867 865 862 863 801 0 805 711 716 869 886 884
Nome cientifico Ploceus intermedius Ploceus ocularis Ploceus velatus Ploceus cucullatus Anaplectes rubriceps Quelea quelea Euplectes hordeaceus Euplectes orix Euplectes albonotatus Amandava subflava Amadina fasciata Estrilda astrild Uraeginthus angolensis Hypargos niveoguttatus Pytilia melba Pytilia afra Lagonosticta senegala Lagonosticta rubricata Lagonosticta rhodopareia Spermestes cucullatus Vidua chalybeata Vidua purpurascens Vidua paradisaea Vidua obtusa Passer domesticus Passer griseus Petronia superciliaris Motacilla aguimp Anthus cinnamomeus Serinus mozambicus Emberiza tahapisi Emberiza flaviventris
Nome Comum (Portugus) Tecelo de Cabanis Tecelo-de-lunetas Tecelo-de-mscara Tecelo-malhado Tecelo-de-cabeavermelha Quelea-de-bico-vermelho Cardeal-tecelo-de-coroavermelho Cardeal-tecelo-vermelho Viva-de-asa-branca Bico-de-lacre-de-peitolaranja Degolado Bico-de-lacre-comum Peito-celeste Pintadinha-de-peitovermelho Aurora-melba Aurora-de-dorso-amarelo Peito-de-fogo-de-bicovermelho Peito-de-fogo-de-bico-azul Peito-de-fogo de Jameson Freirinha-bronzeada Viva-azul Viva-prpura Viuvinha do Paraso Viuvinha-de-cauda-larga Pardal-comum Pardal-de-cabea-cinzento Pardal-de-garganta-amarela Alvola-preta-e-branca Petinha-do-capim Xerico Escrevedeira-das-pedras Escrevedeira-de-peitodourado Total
W 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S 1 1 1 1 1
Th 1
Dr
Al 1 1
Mp
Mw
Ri
Sh 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
Estrildidae
884 885 886 888 889 890 893 896 899 900 901
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
Viduidae
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 89 1 90 1 95 77 1
Passeridae
Motacillidae
Fringilidae
950
# - novos nmeros de SA; R6 - numerous antigos de Roberts. * - designa espcies registadas apenas em Cahora Bassa Dr Linhas de Drenagem no perenes; Al vegetao de aluvio; Mp Mata de Mopane;
17
Mw Mata decidua indeferenciada em reas planas; Ri Mata transitria nas encostas; Sh Habitat da Linha de Costa ao Longo do Rio Zambezi e Thi Matagal. Espcies em bold so espcies no comuns no registadas anteriormente por Parker (2005). Os nomes cientficos e comuns for usados de acordo com Hockey et al. (2005).
18
Quadro 8 - Lista de espcies de aves confirmada por Parker (2005), mas ausentes durante os levantamentos realizados nos periodos de 8-20 Agosto 2010 e 15-25 Janeiro 2011
ORDEM 93 108 114 168 300 388 394 395 413 630 802 939 942 R6 436 441 380 394 303 132 135 140 171 639 766 877 882 Nome Cientfico Halcyon leucocephala Merops nubicoides Clamator glandarius Strix woodfordii Rhinoptilus chalcopterus Aquila rapax Aquila wahlbergi Polemaetus bellicosus Falco peregrinus Bradypterus barratti Lamprotornis elisabeth Serinus sulphuratus Serinus mennelli Nome Comum Pica-peixe do Senegal Abelharuco-rseo Cuco-rabilongo Coruja-da-floresta Corredor-asa-de-bronze guia-fulva guia de Wahlberg guia-marcial Falco-peregrino Felosa de Barratt Estorninho-pequeno-de-orelha-azul Canario-grande Chamario-de-mascarilha
# - novos numeros de SA; R6 - nmeros antigos de Roberts. Os nomes cientficos e comuns for usados de acordo com Hockey et al. (2005)
19
Quadro 9 - Lista de espcies prvaveis de ocorrer na rea de estudo com base na ocorrncia de habitats, mas ausentes
durante os levantamentos realizados nos periodos de 8-20 Agosto 2010 e 15-25 Janeiro 2011
ORDEM 41 87 90 102 113 115 177 175 252 312 346 347 348 359 361 387 401 410 414 449 463 532 625 628 647 794 792 R6 205 448 430 445 381 383 404 409 274 343 130 129 127 124 143 133 181 173 176 77 90 491 707 638 653 594 589 Nome Cientfico Turnix sylvaticus Coracias spatulatus Alcedo semitorquata Merops hirundineus Clamator levaillantii Pachycoccyx audeberti Caprimulgus europaeus Caprimulgus fossii Calidris minuta Rynchops flavirostris Pernis apivorus Macheiramphus alcinus Elanus caeruleus Aegypius tracheliotus Circaetus pectoralis Aquila nipalensis Falco rupicolis Falco subbuteo Falco fasciinucha Gorsachius leuconotus Mycteria ibis Pitta angolensis Erythrocercus livingstonei Bradypterus baboecala Eremomela icteropygialis Myrmecocichla arnoti Cercomela familiaris Nome Comum Toiro-comum Roleiro-de-sobrancelhas-brancas Pica-peixe-de-colar Abelharuco-andorinha Cuco de Levaillant Cuco-de-bico-grosso Noitib da Europa Noitib de Moambique Pilrito-pequeno Bico-de-tesoura-africano Btio-abelheiro Falco-morcegueiro Paneireiro-cinzento Abutre-real guia-cobreira-de-peito-preto guia-das-estepes Peneireiro-vulgar Falco-tagarote Falco de Taita Gara-de-dorso-branco Cegonha-de-bico-amarelo Pita de Angola Papa-moscas de Livingstone Felosa-dos-juncos-africana Eremomela-de-barriga-amarela Chasco de Arnott Chasco-familiar Viuvinha
898 860 Vidua macroura # - novos numerous de SA; R6 - nmeros antigos de Roberts. Os nomes cientficos e comuns for usados de acordo com Hockey et al. (2005).
20
MZ3
MZ4
MZ5
MZ6
MZ7
MZ8
MZ9
MZ10
MZ11
21
MZ12
MZ13
MZ14
MZ15
MZ16
MZ17
MZ18
MZ19
MZ20
MZ21
MZ22
MZ23
22
1.1
A metodologia aplicada consistiu numa combinao de mtodos quantitativos e qualitativos, com base em ferramentas de investigao tpicas da pesquisa socioeconmica, e foi elaborada em duas vertentes distintas:
Trabalho de campo, orientado para a recolha de dados primrios para caracterizar a rea de influncia directa do projecto, actualizando e estabelecendo uma comparao com os resultados de estudos prvios; e Trabalho de gabinete, orientado para a recolha e anlise de dados secundrios relevantes, disponveis em bibliografias e publicaes com referncia s reas de influncia do projecto mais abrangentes, nomeadamente as reas de influncia regional e indirecta. Trabalho de Campo
i.
Inqurito aos Agregados Familiares, mtodo quantitativo aplicado a uma amostra de agregados familiares das aldeias/povoados de Chirodzi-Sanangwe, Kalibote e Nhamidima (determinadas como amostra da rea de inundao da futura albufeira). Avaliao Rural Rpida, mtodo qualitativo aplicado ao nvel de todas as aldeias/povoados seleccionados como amostra, quer da rea de inundao da futura albufeira, quer da rea a jusante da futura barragem. Seleco dos Povoados para a Amostra de Estudo
1.
A recolha de dados primrios centrou-se exclusivamente sobre a rea de Influncia Directa do projecto, tendo sido realizada ao nvel de uma amostra representativa das aldeias/povoados e agregados familiares ao nvel da AID. De notar que em termos de definio e seleco das unidades amostrais, o critrio aplicado foi o de seleccionar aldeias/povoados dentro da AID, ou cujos limites em termos de ocupao humana abrangem a AID. Um factor determinante na seleco da amostra foi relacionado condio das vias de acesso s potenciais aldeias/povoados da AID. Assim, foram seleccionadas para fazer parte da amostra de estudo as seguintes aldeias/povoados:
Chirodzi-Sanangw, no distrito de Changara, Posto Administrativo de Marara (na margem Sul do Rio Zambeze, situada a montante da proposta Barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa); Kalibote, no Distrito de Cahora Bassa, Posto Administrativo de Songo (na margem Sul do Rio Zambeze, situada a montante da proposta Barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa); Nhamidima no Distrito de Cahora Bassa, Posto Administrativo de Songo (na margem Sul do Rio Zambeze, situada a montante da proposta Barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa); e Chacocoma, no Distrito de Changara, Posto Administrativo de Marara (na margem Sul do Rio Zambeze, situada a montante da proposta Barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa);
Mwanawangombe, no Distrito de Chiuta, Posto Administrativo de Manje (na margem Norte do Rio Zambeze, situada a jusante da proposta Barragem de Mphanda Nkuwa).
Tendo em conta que o nvel de afectao do empreendimento em cada uma destas aldeias/povoados ser diferenciado, foi ainda estabelecido um critrio para definio de sub nveis de influncia directa. Assim, foram determinados trs sub nveis diferentes:
AID de Nvel 1, que corresponde aos assentamentos populacionais que sero totalmente submergidos pelo estabelecimento da albufeira, implicando o reassentamento de toda a populao; AID de Nvel 2, que corresponde aos assentamentos populacionais que sero parcialmente submergidos pelo estabelecimento da albufeira (i.e. podero ser inundadas apenas algumas habitaes e machambas ribeirinhas), implicando o reassentamento de apenas algumas famlias dentro do assentamento populacional j existente e o restabelecimento de zonas de cultivo nas imediaes desses assentamentos; e AID de Nvel 3, que corresponde aos assentamentos populacionais a jusante que podero vir a ser alvo dos impactos associados s variaes dirias do caudal do rio durante a fase de operao da Hidroelctrica de Mphanda Nkuwa.
Os assentamentos populacionais que compuseram a amostra de estudo foram distribudos de acordo com estas categorias (ver Tabela 1), tendo sido aplicadas tcnicas de amostragem e de pesquisa diferenciadas para cada categoria, conforme explicado adiante.
Tabela 1: Distribuio das Aldeias Amostradas com Base nas Subcategorias da AID AID de Nvel 1 Chirodzi Sanangwe Nhamidima Mwanawangombe AID de Nvel 2 Kalibote AID de Nvel 3 Chacocoma
De notar que em termos de apresentao dos resultados da pesquisa, os povoados da AID de nveis 1 e 2 enquadram-se na rea definida como rea de inundao da futura albufeira, que corresponde ao subcaptulo 5 do presente relatrio. Os resultados da pesquisa, essencialmente qualitativa, dos povoados da AID de nvel 3 encontram-se apresentados no subcaptulo 6 do presente relatrio, e so agregados como rea a jusante da futura barragem. 2. Inqurito Quantitativo
O Inqurito Quantitativo foi administrado a uma amostra de agregados familiares (AF) das aldeias que se enquadram nas subcategorias AID de Nvel 1 e AID de Nvel 2, isto ChirodziSanagwe, Kalibote e Nhamidima. O tamanho da amostra para cada uma destas aldeias foi definido consoante as subcategorias da AID (ver Tabelas 2 e 3 adiante). Este inqurito (ver Anexo 1) foi adaptado do inqurito utilizado na pesquisa de 2001 (UTIP, 2002), para permitir uma comparao das condies socioeconmicas de referncia dos AF da AID ao longo dos 9 anos que decorreram desde a elaborao do estudo mencionado. O inqurito quantitativo incidiu essencialmente sobre os seguintes aspectos: Informaes sobre os membros individuais dos AF, tais como sexo, idade, estado civil, grau de parentesco com o chefe do AF, habilitaes literrias, idiomas falados, ocupao/profisso, religio e grupo tnico. Historial de permanncia do AF na actual zona de residncia, vontade de permanecer no local e motivos que concorrem para as preferncias identificadas. Infra-estruturas habitacionais e auxiliares propriedade do AF e posse de bens materiais. Fontes de abastecimento de gua, formas de transporte e distncia percorrida para ter acesso fonte. Infra-estruturas e servios sociais disponveis e utilizados, respectivas localizao e distncia percorrida para os aceder e nveis de satisfao do AF relativamente aos servios prestados. Meios de transporte mais utilizados pelos AF e respectivas frequncias. Principais doenas que afectam os AF e primeiro servio de sade que estes recorrem em caso de doena. Formas de enterro dos mortos e localizao de potenciais cemitrios. Estruturas de saneamento disponveis e utilizadas pelos AF. Fontes e nveis de rendimento, actividades de subsistncia e uso e acesso a recursos produtivos.
Tipos e nveis de despesas dos AF. Preferncias e Atitudes em relao potencial compensao e reassentamento Percepes e atitudes relativamente a ITS e HIV/SIDA. Expectativas dos AF em relao ao projecto.
O inqurito foi administrado em duas fases. A primeira decorreu em Agosto de 2010 e incidiu sobre a AID de Nvel 1 (i.e. aldeia de Chirodzi Sanangwe). De acordo com as autoridades locais (Adjunto do Rgulo) a populao de Chirodzi Sanangwe totaliza em 1,857 habitantes, o que, de acordo com a mesma fonte, corresponde a 279 agregados familiares. O tamanho da amostra de AF foi definido a partir do universo de 279 AF, conforme ilustrado na Tabela 2 seguinte. A amostra definida para Chirodzi-Sanagwe foi de 39.4%, o que corresponde a um total absoluto de 110 AF.
Tabela 2: Definio da Amostra de AF na Aldeia de Chirodzi Sanangwe (AID de nvel 1) Populao Total 1.857 456 324 380 526 171 N. Total de AFs 279 63 50 80 58 28 Amostra (%) 39,4 25,5 16,4 21,8 26,4 10,9 N. Absoluto de AFs na Amostra 110 28 18 24 29 12
Aldeia/Bairro
Chirodzi-Sanangwe Chirodzi Sede - Bairro 1 Chirodzi Sede - Bairro 2 Cassambapsina - Bairro 3 Zambeze - Bairro 4 Kudw - Bairro 5
No terreno identificou-se que a populao de Chirodzi-Sanangwe se encontra distribuda por cinco bairros, pelo que se optou por distribuir a amostra total calculada para este bairro de forma proporcional, conforme ilustrado na Tabela 2 acima. A segunda fase de recolha de dados primrios decorreu em Novembro de 2010 e incidiu sobre a AID de Nvel 2, isto Kalibote e Nhamidima. A amostra calculada para o universo combinado destas duas aldeias foi de 26.8%, o que corresponde a um total absoluto de 91 AF (ver Tabela 3 abaixo).
Tabela 3: Definio da Amostra de AF na Aldeia de Kalibote e Nhamidima (AID de nvel 2) Populao Total 2.553 n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d N. Total de AFs 340 n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d n/d Amostra (%) 26,8 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 N. Absoluto de AFs na Amostra 91 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Aldeia/Bairro
Kalibote e Nhamidima Chigolende (Kalibote) Chiuyo (Kalibote) Ncondedziwe (Kalibote) Kalibote (Kalibote) Nhamidima Sede (Nhamidima) Chindewe (Nhamidima) Kudw (Nhamidima)
n/d informao no disponvel
No terreno identificou-se que a aldeia de Kalibote encontra-se dividida em 4 bairros, enquanto que a aldeia de Nhamidima est dividia em trs. Ao nvel de ambas as aldeias no h informao concreta relativamente distribuio desta populao por cada um dos bairros, pelo que se optou por distribuir a amostra total calculada para a populao combinada das duas aldeias de forma equitativa por cada um dos bairros, conforme ilustrado na Tabela 3 acima. A seleco dos AF no terreno, em todas as aldeias da amostra obedeceu a um mtodo de amostragem sistemtica, atravs do qual foram seleccionados AF de duas em duas casas. No entanto, devido grande disperso encontrada em algumas zonas, particularmente em Nhamidima, esta regra nem sempre pode ser aplicada. A localizao geogrfica de todos os AF inquiridos foi registada com recurso a aparelhos de GPS. A Figura 5 seguinte ilustra a distribuio geogrfica destes.
3.
A pesquisa socioeconmica recorreu ainda aplicao de mtodos de Avaliao Rural Rpida (ARP), como mtodo de pesquisa qualitativa, com o objectivo de adquirir a perspectiva da comunidade acerca da suas prprias condies socioeconmicas, dando nfase ao conhecimento local e permitindo que as comunidades locais contribuam de forma participativa na elaborao do estudo. Os mtodos de ARP foram aplicados em todas as comunidades dentro da rea de influncia directa, com excepo da povoao de Mwanawangombe. Foram utilizados os seguintes mtodos de ARP:
Discusses de Grupos de Foco As Discusses de Grupos de Foco (DGF) foram realizadas em pequenos grupos de pessoas influentes e pessoas chave (lderes comunitrios, homens, mulheres, curandeiros, grupos vulnerveis) dentro das comunidades da amostra nas zonas de influncia directa do projecto.
Interdependncias econmicas entre grupos de actividades, Factores sazonais, Estratgias de sobrevivncia e recursos produtivos, Vulnerabilidades e problemas enfrentados pelas comunidades Necessidades prioritrias em termos de desenvolvimento econmico e social (oportunidades locais para negcios, emprego, especializao profissional, educao, acesso a servios bsicos, entre outros) Percepes e expectativas relativamente ao projecto.
O nvel de detalhe e o nmero de discusses de grupos de foco realizadas diferiu consoante as subcategorias da AID (ver Tabela 4 seguinte).
Tabela 4: DGF realizadas nas diferentes Subcategorias da AID Grupo Lderes Comunitrios Homens Mulheres Curandeiros Grupos Vulnerveis AID de Nvel 1 X X X X X AID de Nvel 2 X X X AID de Nvel 3 X
A A B
Figura 2: Discusses de Grupo de Foco: grupo de homens em Kalibote (A) grupo de mulheres em Nhamidima (B) 7
Mapeamento Esquemtico Participativo Durante as discusses de Grupo de Foco foram produzidos mapas esquemticos das comunidades. Estes mapas foram elaborados pelos participantes, com orientao da moderadora. O principal objectivo da aplicao desta tcnica conhecer, de forma rpida e participativa, a organizao territorial dos assentamentos populacionais e ainda determinar:
Os padres de uso e ocupao da terra, As infra-estruturas mais importantes das aldeias, Os acessos mais utilizados e as distancias percorridas, A localizao de reas residncias e produtivas, As reas de extraco de recursos produtivos, Elementos da paisagem com valor scio cultural, e Outros assentamentos populacionais importantes para a populao local, sua relao com estes, distncias e formas de acesso.
Calendrios de Actividades e Agrcolas Os calendrios agrcolas foram realizados para ilustrar de forma participativa a sazonalidade das actividades de subsistncia da populao, bem como a diviso do trabalho em termos de gnero. ii. Trabalho de Gabinete
Para determinao da situao socioeconmica de referncia das reas de influncia do projecto mais abrangentes (i.e. AII e AIR) a pesquisa incidiu apenas sobre a recolha e anlise de dados secundrios. Para alm dos documentos listados na Seco 8 (Bibliografia e Referencias), o trabalho de gabinete incidiu ainda sobre a anlise de fotografias areas da rea de estudo, mapas e bases de dados para a provncia de Tete referentes a (a) uso e cobertura de terra, (b) licenas de prospeco mineira, (c) localizao e distribuio de assentamentos populacionais, (d) rede viria e (e) rede de transmisso e distribuio de energia.
PROJECTO MPHANDA NKUWA INQURITO SOCIOECONMICO 1. Informao Geral (Preenchimento: Total_____ Parcial_____)
Nome do Inquiridor________________________ Data do Inqurito ____/____/2010 2. Identificao do Agregado Familiar 2.1.Nome do Chefe do Agregado Familiar___________________________________ 2.2. Pessoa Entrevistada________________________________________________ 2.3. Grau de Parentesco p/ com o Chefe____________________________________ 2.4. Agregado Familiar No.: ________________ 2.5. Localizao (GPS) :Latitude _______________ Longitude ______________
2.6. Margem: 2.6.1.esquerda ___/direita___ do Rio Zambeze 2.6.2 esquerda___/direita___ do Rio:____________________________ 2.7. Distrito:___________________________________________________________ 2.8. Posto Administrativo: ________________________________________________ 2.9. Localidade: ___________________________________________________
2.10. Aldeia/Bairro: _____________________________________________________ 2.11. Regulo:(Nome)____________________________________________________ 2.12 MFumo: (Nome)__________________________________________________ 2.13. Secretrio do GD: (Nome) ___________________________________________ 2.14. Tipo de Assentamento: aldeia conjunta__/aldeia espalhada___/famlia isolada__ 2.15. Trao social ______ (ver cdigos) 2.16. Tipo de Famlia ______ (ver cdigos)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16
3.2. Sexo 3.3. Idade 3.4. Estado civil 3.5 Presente/Ausente 3.6. Grau de parentesco com o chefe do AF
3.9. Profisso
4. Tempo de Permanncia na Zona H Quanto Tempo que o Agregado Familiar vive neste local? 4.1. Nmero de geraes (anos/meses) 4.2. Zona de provenincia 4.3. Porque esto neste lugar? 4.4. Onde estiveram durante as Colonial Cheias de 1978 guerras e cheias? Indicar local/pas 4.5. Tm inteno de permanecer? 4.6. Porqu?
5. Bens e/ou Propriedade do Agregado Familiar Infraestruturas: Casas habitacionais e seus tipos: Palhotas circulares Palhotas rectangulares Casas de blocos/tijolos cobertura de zinco: Casas de canio cobertura de zinco Casas de madeira e zinco: 5.1. Infra-estruturas habitacionais 5.1.1. N. 5.1.2. N. de divises 5.1.3.Observaes
5.2. Outras Infra-estruturas (tipos, quantidades e valores aproximados) Designao 5.2.1. Quantidade 5.2.2. Observaes Cozinhas Celeiros Currais de vacas Currais de cabritos/ovelhas Pocilgas Capoeiras Bases para loia/utenslios Pavilho de sombra/proteco Vedao em redor da habitao Latrinas Casas de banho Lavadouros Poos
5.3. Outros bens: Designao Carro Motorizada Carroa de bois/burros Carrinho de mo Enxada Bicicleta Cangas Redes de pesca Armadilhas para peixe Canoas Canas de pesca Radio Televisor Outros (especificar) ____________ 6. Abastecimento de gua Onde, como e a que distncia que o agregado familiar busca a gua? ( possvel que para cada caso haja mais do que uma resposta) Tipo de Fonte 6.1. Forma de transporte da gua 6.2. Distncia em relao ao agregado familar (Minutos) 5.3.1. Quant. 5.3.2. Estado de Conservao Bom Razovel Mau
Cova de pouca profundidade ao ar livre e pertena da famlia Cova de pouca profundidade coberta e pertena da famlia Poo profundo da famlia Cova de pouca profundidade ao ar livre pertena da comunidade Cova de pouca profundidade, coberta e pertena da comunidade Poo profundo da comunidade Furo da comunidade Fonte natural da comunidade Fontanrio da comunidade Rio Zambeze ou outro (especificar)_______________
7. Outras Infra-estruturas e Servios Sociais 7.1. Infra-estruturas e servios sociais, localizao e distncias:
Infra-estruturas/ Servios Sociais 7.1.1. Nome 7.1.2. Localizao (Bairro/Aldeia e Margem) 7.1.3. Distncia (Minutos) Percorrida 7.1.4. Nveis de Satisfao
Escola primria Escola secundria Unidade sanitria Moageira Loja (geral) Banca Fornecedor semente Mercado Posto policial Telefone Estrada Paragem de transportes pblicos Igreja/local de culto Tanque carracicida Mdico tradicional Parteira tradicional Bares, quiosques, locais de diverso de
8.1. Sade 8.1.1. Em caso de doena aonde que os membros da famlia normalmente se tratam?_________________________________________________________________ 8.1.2. Principais Doenas Que Afectaram os Membros do Agregado Familiar nos ltimos 12 meses (para ser complementado por informao recolhida junto de agentes de sade moderna e tradicional) Doenas Muito frequente Moderadamente frequente Pouco frequente Incidncia nula
Malria Sarampo Doenas respiratrias Diarreia Outra/Qual? 8.1.3. Em Que Local Que So Enterrados os Mortos da Famlia? Perto de Casa No Cemitrio Familiar No Cemitrio da Comunidade Outro/Qual?
8.2 Saneamento Onde que as pessoas deste Agregado Familiar fazem as suas necessidades? 8.2.1. 8.2.2. Esta Escolher opo estrutura do AF ou de vizinhos? No mato/rio N/A Latrina Tradicional (construda com materiais locais) Latrina melhorada (com laje) Casa de banho com sanita sem gua Casa de banho com sanita com gua Outros (especificar) O que fazem as pessoas deste Agregado Familiar com o lixo que produzem? 8.2.3. Escolher opo Enterram Queimam Deitam numa lixeira da aldeia Deitam em qualquer lugar
Deitam no rio Outros (especificar) 9.Produo, Produtividade, Acesso e Uso de Recursos 9.1 rvores de fruta (incluindo rvores exticas no de fruta): Designao 9.1.1 Quant. 9.1.2 Localizao Casa Baixa Machamba
Mangueira Citrinos (laranja, limo, etc) Bananeira Papaeira Maaniqueira (ziziphus spp) rvore de sombra Plantas medicinais Outras 9.2 Utilizaes Mais Comuns das Frutas Designao Consumo Citrinos Bananas Mangas Papaias Maanicas 9.3 Utilizao da Floresta e dos Recursos Naturais: 9.3.1 O que fazem Designao Produzem sim Mel Plantas medicinais Insectos Artesenato Mobilirio Materiais de construo Lenha Carvo Caa/armadilhas Colheita de capim no Compram sim no Vendem sim no Consomem sim no 9.2.1 Utilizaes Mais Comuns Venda Fabrico de bebidas
Outras/Quais?
9.4 Produo Pesqueira: Para agregados Familiars que Capturam Peixe de Forma Regular: 9.4.1. Designao 9.4.2. Quantidade por semana (KG) 9.4.3. Valor aproximado (Meticais) 9.4.4. Consumo domstico (KG) 9.4.5. Colocado no mercado (KG)
Tipos de Peixe Total por semana Fresco Sco 9.5. Uso da Terra (estao em curso, distinguindo o total cultivado e em pousio):
Designao 9.5.1. Distncia de casa (Minutos) 9.5.2. rea (Ha) 9.5.3. Destroncada 9.5.4. Em pousio 9.5.5. Cultivada 9.5.6. Vedada 9.5.7 Culturas na presente poca
Terra (munda) 1 Terra (munda) 2 Terra (munda) 3 Terra (munda) 4 Baixa No. 1 Baixa No. 2
Gado bovino Burros Cabritos Carneiros Porcos Galinhas Galinhas selvagens Perus Patos Porquinhos da ndia Pombos Ces Outros (especificar) ___________ 9.7. Produo e Consumo de Produtos Agrcolas: Designao 9.7.1. rea 9.7.2. Volume plantada de Produo (Ha) p/ano (KG) Milho Mapira Mexoeira Amendoim Feijes Mandioca Arroz Algodo Tabaco Meles Pepinos Abobra Cana de acar Frutas Batata doce Tomate Cebola 9
Vegetais 9.8. Prticas agrcolas prticas mais comuns Designao Lavragem com traco animal Lavragem com enxada Contratao de mo-de-obra Ajuda mtua Sementeira em linha Sementeira em covachos reas destroncadas Uso de fertilizantes Uso de qumicos Proteco das culturas 9.9. Rendimentos do Agregado Familiar (nos ltimos doze meses): Designao Venda de produtos vegetais (Kgs) Venda de animais (Unidades) Venda de bebidas (Litros) Venda de peixe (Unidades) Venda de mo-de-obra (Dias de trabalho) Aluguer de traco animal (N. de dias) Aluguer de terras lavradas (hectares) Emprego local (N. de dias) Dinheiro enviado por familiares a trabalhar fora de Tete (N. de vezes) Lobolo (n. de vezes) Artesanato (Unidades) Venda de mel (Frascos) Venda de lenha (Molhos) Venda de carvo (Sacos) Venda de fruta (Kgs) 9.9.1. Quantidades 9.9.2. Valor Aproximado (Meticais) 9.8.1. reas (em Ha) 9.8.2.Culturas
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9.10. Gastos/Despesas da Famlia (nos ltimos doze meses): Designao Compra de sementes/qumicos Aluguer de traco animal Pagamento de mo-de-obra Compra de comida Transporte Educao Sade Roupa Habitao Equipamento Redes de pesca Combustvel (e.g. carvo, lenha, petrleo) Fruta Valor Aproximado (Meticais)
10. Preferncias e Atitudes em Relao Compensao e Reassentamento (questes a ser respondidas pelo chefe do agregado familiar): 10.1. Em termos espaciais Perto Longe
10.2. Ideias sobre o local preferido 10.3. Forma de reassentamento Aldeia conjunta preferida Famlia isolada 10.4. Preferiria ir morar num local Sim formalmente organizado?
11. ITS/HIV/SIDA 11.1: Voc j ouviu falar de ITS e de HIV/SIDA? 1. Sim 11.2: 2. No
Se sim, onde ou atravs de quem ouviu essas informaes? 1.Pela rdio/televiso 2.Atravs de amigos 3.Activistas (ONGs e da Comunidade) 4.No posto de sade 5.Na sede do bairro 6.Outros (especificar)
11.3:
Existem formas para evitar contrair o SIDA ou o vrus causador do SIDA? 1. Sim 2.No
11.4:
Se sim, como? (indicar com um x todas as opes aplicveis) 1.No fazer sexo 2.Evitar sexo com pessoas que tm 5. Evitar beijos 6. Evitar sexo com prostitutas
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muitos parceiros 3. Ser fiel a 1 s parceiro 4. Limitar o nmero de parceiros sexuais 12.EXPECTATIVAS
7. Utilizar preservativos 8. No usar lminas usadas 9. Evitar injeces 10. Outras (especificar)
Na sua opinio quais sero os impactos do projecto Mpanda Nkuwa? (assinalar com um X)
Cdigo
1.Aumenta 2.No altera 3.Diminui
ASPECTO Benefcios sociais (sade, educao, gua, etc) Emprego Melhorias na acessibilidade aos centros urbanos Compradores para produtos da machamba no local Compradores para produtos de extraco (caa, lenha, etc) Colocao dos produtos agrcolas nos mercados urbanos Acesso a produtos para comprar Circulao de pessoas estranhas Criminalidade Prostituio Concorrncia nos negcios Nmero de pessoas com SIDA Problemas de sade Deslocao de pessoas para outras zonas Perda de terra para machambas Perda de terra para pastagens Perda de plantas medicinais Perda de outros recursos locais Outros (especificar)
EXP1 EXP2 EXP3 EXP4 EXP5 EXP6 EXP7 EXP8 EXP9 EXP10 EXP11 EXP12 EXP13 EXP14 EXP15 EXP16 EXP17 EXP18
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Registo fotogrfico de cemitrios e locais sagrados descritos no estudo. z Local no afectado pelo Projecto z Local afectado pelo Projecto
I. REA SUDESTE
1. CEMITRIOS
PANTHONDO
Coordenadas mtricas: Latitude 8258532 Longitude 511649
KANGUDZI
Coordenadas mtricas: Latitude 8258249 Longitude 507781
CASSAMBA PSINA
Coordenadas mtricas: Latitude 8253611 Longitude 508221
DZIMBAKFWE
NTSAMBE
PHIMBI
PANTHONDO
THENTA
SATEMBWE
CAPINGA
MULAMBE
NHANUNGO
NHANGOMBO
NHADUTO
NTHUMBWE
CHIDOKOW
1. CEMITRIOS
CASSALO
NHANKALAMO
SEPULTURA DE CHAGAULA
KATUDZA
10
NHAMUNHU
NHAMIDIMA
11
CHIMPEPO
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