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electrical-engineering-portal.com /cable-substation-power-plant
What t ype of armor should be used, wire or st rip armor and when?
As per bureau of Indian standards no 7098 part-2 clause 16.2 Type of Armor Where the calculated diameter below armoring does not exceed 13 mm, the armor shall consist of galvaniz ed round steel wires. The armor of cables having calculated diameter below armoring greater than 13 mm shall consist of either galvaniz ed round steel wires or galvaniz ed steel strips.
healthy phase may prove to be insufficient. AS PER IS-IS 7098, Indian Standard Specification for cross linked polyethylene insulated PVC sheathed cables part- 2 for working voltage from 3.3kV up to and including 33kV (7098 part- 2) gives the following clause for the same:The standard covers the requirements of following categories of cross linked polyethylene insulated and PVC sheathed power cables for single phase or three phase (earthed or unearthed) systems for electricity supply purposes: a) Types of Cables 1. Single- core unscreened, unarmored (but non- magnetic metallic tape covered) 2. Single- core screened, unarmored 3. Single- core armored (non- magnetic) screened or unscreened 4. Three- core armored, screened or unscreened b) Voltage Grade (UO/U) 1. Earthed System 1.9/3.3 kV, 3.8/6.6 kV, 6.35/11 kV, 12.7/22 kV and 19/33 kV 2. Unearthed System 3.3/3.3 kV and 11/11 kV NOTES: Cables of 6.35/11 kV grade (earthed system) are suitable for use on 6.6/6.6 kV (unearthed system) also. The cables conforming to this standard may be operated continuously at a power frequency voltage 10 percent higher than rated voltage. Under Rule 54 of the Indian Electricity Rules 1956, in case of high voltage, the permissible variation of declared voltage at the point of commencement of supply is +6 & - 9 percent.
How many t ypes of cable f ault s are t here & how are t hey diagnosed?
Faults can be divided into two types: 1. Series type cable fault 2. Shunt type cable fault
Diagnosis:
Usually the first indication of the possible existence of a fault is given by the automatic operation of the circuit protection. The faulty cable should be disconnected from the other electrical equipments and is retested for
confirmation of fault in insulation by applying D.C. High voltage or by Megger. If the insulation indicates a healthy result, cable continuity should be checked. In case the insulation shows a faulty cable, the value of fault resistance should be measured with a multimeter. Facts about interface cabling between control & instrumentation and electrical for any power plant or process plant. Regarding C&I cables for any power or process plants, please note that there are two categories of cables: 1. Those C&I cables which are to be considered by electrical group. They are mainly control/indication/annunciation related cables. 2. Those C&I cables which are to be considered by Instrumentation group. The C&I cable supposed to be considered by electrical group: 1. Special cables for interface between PLC/Relay based control panel (in local control room to) and main plant DCS or ECP. In most cases nature of such cables is Fiber optics because of large amount of data to be carried over a large distance. 2. Cables between PLC and MCC for analog and binary signals. Nature of such cables is usually paired cables, which may be twisted or untwisted pair. Engineering including scheduling with terminal details and interconnection diagram, procurement and erection of above mentioned two types of C&I cables is carried out by electrical group. The C&I cables supposed to be considered by Instrumentation group and consequently excluded by electrical group: 1. Paired cable from PLC to instrument JB in the local instrument rack or enclosure in the field. 2. Paired cables between Instrument JB in the local instrument rack or enclosure to field instruments. 3. Paired cable between PLC & packaged vendor panels like VMS (Vibration monitoring system), IPR & SOV. 4. Paired cable between above mentioned packaged vendor panels to Junction box in field. 5. Special cables between field junction box to individual instruments by packaged vendors like vibration sensors. 6. Paired cable between PLC to modulating drives. 7. Paired cable between bidirectional drive to PLC. 8. Cables between GPS clock system (for time synchronization) and PLC/SCADA. Please note that the target of such time synchroniz ation of DCS or PLCs (located geographically apart ) with GPS is that, if we have more than one controller system, by default each system will have its clock adjusted individually from the PC which downloaded the program in the system, so if any trip or trouble occur in the system and all the system doesnt have the same time, the reports will be messy and confused about at which time the problem occur due to difference in reporting time. . So a main controller or GPS signal is send to every control system in a specified time so that every system readjusts its clock and has same time in terms of hour minute and seconds.
Summary
Cables mentioned in point number- II are the only two types of instrumentation cable which electrical group considers and engineering done thereby requires interface & coordination with C&I department. Eight types of cables mentioned in point number- III, should not be considered by electrical group of any project. These cables are exclusively C&I cables and entire engineering & procurement is to be carried out by C&I department. Erection is sometimes carried out by electrical contractor, but in most cases erection is carried out by C&I site team on perforated type cable trays dedicated for instrumentation.
Ca b l e B l o ck Di a g r a m
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