Electromagnetic Waves

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AU8PId_6xec
Production of EM waves Maxwells Equations Antennae The EM Spectrum Speed of EM Waves Energy Transport Polarization Doppler Effect
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Electromagnetic Waves
are waves composed of undulating electrical fields and magnetic fields. The different kinds of electromagnetic waves, such as light and radio waves, form the electromagnetic spectrum. All electromagnetic waves have the same speed in a vacuum, a speed expressed by the letter c (the speed of light) and equal to about 186,000 miles (or 300,000 kilometers) per second. transport energy, due to oscillating electric and magnetic fields, are called electromagnetic radiation, light, or photons.
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Fundamental Question: For two charges q and Q the strength of attraction depends on distance between both charges (Coulombs Law). Now we grap charge Q and jiggle it around. The jiggling causes the distance attraction to vary. How does charge q know that I am jiggling charge Q? We create a disturbance which launches an electromagnetic wave into the universe. The wave tells the Universe we generated an electric disturbance which propagates away from the point of the disturbance Electromagnetic radiation (Predicted by Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) in 1864) The faster we jiggle the charge the shorter the wavelength
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Maxwells theory is a mathematical formulation that relates electric and magnetic phenomena. His theory, among other things, predicted that electric and magnetic fields can travel through space as waves. The uniting of electricity and magnetism resulted in the Theory of Electromagnetism. Maxwell predicted (in 1864): A changing electric field produces a magnetic field. Accelerating charges will radiate electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light c: c 3 108 m/s The electric and magnetic fields in the wave are fluctuating.
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Maxwells Equations
Integral form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:

I. Gauss' law for electricity closed surface II. Gauss' law for magnetism

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III. Faraday' s law of induction closed path IV. Ampere -Maxwellslaw closed path

open surface
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In 1887, Heinrich Hertz generated and detected electromagnetic waves in his lab. The waves radiated from a transmitter circuit and were detected in a receiver circuit. Hertz used the fact that electrical circuits have resonant frequencies just like mechanical systems do.
Conceptual Schematic of Hertz' s Experiment

http://people.deas.harvard .edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_l ectures/lecture6/hertz/Her tz_exp.html

In 1675 the Danish atronomer Ole Rmer (1644-1710) presented a calculation of the speed of light. He used the time between eclipses (the times between eclipses -particularly Io' s- got shorter as Earth approached Jupiter, and longer as Earth moved farther away of Jupiters Gallilean Satellites to show that the speed of light was finite and that its value was 2.25108 m/s. This second inequality appears to be due to light taking some time to reach us from the satellite; light seems to take about ten to eleven minutes to cross a distance equal to the halfdiameter of the terrestrial orbit.

The frech physicist Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau (September 23, 1819-1896 discovered in 1948 the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves and in 1849 he published the first results obtained by his method for determining the speed of light (Fizeau-Foucault apparatus), Fizeaus experiment of 1849 measured the value to be about 3108 m/s. (Fizeau' s value for light' s speed was about 5% too high )

Production of EM Waves
A stationary charge produces an electric field. A charge moving at constant speed produces electric and magnetic fields. A charge that is accelerated will produce variable electric and magnetic fields. These are electromagnetic waves. If the charge oscillates with a frequency f, then the resulting EM wave will have a frequency f. If the charge ceases to oscillate, then the EM wave is a pulse (a finitesized wave).
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When Maxwells equations are combined, the solutions are electric and magnetic fields that vary with position and time. These are EM waves. An electric field only wave cannot exist, nor can a magnetic field only wave. Waveapplet

cos(kx t ) E = E0 y cos(kx t ) B = B0 z v=

k 2 = k

=c

EM waves are transverse. The fields oscillate in a direction that is 10 perpendicular to the waves direction of travel. The fields are also perpendicular to each other.

but only when fields are related by the relationship

E ( x, y, z , t ) = cB( x, y, z , t )

A EM wave carries one-half of its energy in its electric field and onehalf in its magnetic field. 11

The direction of propagation is given by:

E B.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJ-8yFgWt-c
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B
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E B.
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Antenna

An electric field parallel to an antenna (electric dipole) will shake electrons and produce an AC current.
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An EM wave also has a magnetic component. A magnetic dipole antenna can be oriented so that the B-field passes into and out of the plane of a loop, inducing a current in the loop.

The B-field of an EM wave is perpendicular to its E-field and also the direction of travel.
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Example A dipole radio antenna has its rod-shaped antenna oriented vertically. At a point due south of the transmitter, what is the orientation of the emitted waves B-field? N Looking down from above the Electric Dipole antenna W S South of the transmitter, the E-field is directed into/out of the page. The B-field is perpendicular to this direction and also to the direction of travel (South). The B-field must be east-west.
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Example The electric field of an EM wave is given by:

E z = Em sin ky t + Ex = 0 Ey = 0

(a) In what direction is this wave traveling? The wave does not depend on the coordinates x or z; it must travel parallel to the y-axis. The wave travels in the +y direction.
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Example continued:

(b) Write expressions for the magnetic field of this wave.

EB

must be in the +y-direction (E is in the z-direction).

Therefore, B must be along the x-axis.

Bz = 0, B y = 0 Bx = Bm sin ky t + Em with Bm = c

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The EM Spectrum: http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/Spectrum/s.htm

Energy increases with increasing frequency.

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sound

electronic

Microphone receives sound wave and converts to oscillating electrical current (20 Hz 20 kHz) modulator An electrical carrier signal is produced (90.9 MHz for WILL FM) indepedently AM FM

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