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RC Low pass filter

Transfer function

A low pass filter is designed to pass only frequencies from dc up to the cut off frequency. So as the resistance increases the voltage becoming flatter. 1. Zero frequency (w = 0): The impedance of the capacitor is infinite, and the capacitor acts as an open circuit. The input and output voltages are thus the same, 2. Frequencies increasing from zero The impedance of the capacitor decreases relative o the impedance of the resistor , and the source voltage divides between the resistive impedance and the capacitive impedance .Theo output voltage is thus smaller than the source voltage. 3. Infinite frequency (w=infinity): The impedance of the capacitor is zero, and the capacitor acts as a short circuit. The output voltage is thus zero. At 10 KOhms exactly same voltage patterns. The voltage drops when the capacitance and resistance is increased. Cutoff frequency

= 1591.5Hz

Effects of varying Impedance Input Frequency Hz Resistance (KOhms) Capacitor (Microfarads) 0.2 0.3 5 Hertz 1 KOhms 0.4 0.5 Peak-Peak Voltage Output (Volts) 1.60 V 1.12 V 960mV 800mV

Input frequency (HZ)

Resistance (KOhms)

Capacitor (Microfarads)

Peak-Peak Voltage Output

1 2 5 Hertz 3 4 5 0.1

2.72 V 1.60 V 1.12 V 960 mV 800 mV

The figures and the table show a decrease in output voltage as the impedance of the circuit is varied.

RC High Pass Filter Circuit

A high pass filter is designed to pass all frequencies above its cutoff frequency wc

At w = 0, the capacitor behaves like an open circuit, so there is no current flowing in the resistor. In this circuit .there is no voltage across the resistor and the circuit filters out the low-frequency source voltage before it reaches the circuits output. As the frequency of the voltages source increases the impedance of the capacitor decreases relative to the impedance of the resistor and the source voltage is now divided between the capacitor and the resistor. The out output voltage magnitude thus begins to increase. When the frequency of the source is infinite (w=infinite), the capacitor behaves as a short circuit and thus there is no voltage across the capacitor. In this circuit the input voltage and output voltage are the same. The voltage increases when resistance is increased in the circuit. Therefore the Vc is inversely proportional to the impedance of the resistor. The same relationship is observed when the impedance of the capacitor is increased the Voltage output in increases simultaneously.

Cutoff frequency

= 1591.5Hz

Effects of varying Impedance

Input frequency (HZ)

Resistance (KOhms)

Capacitor (Microfarads)

Peak-Peak Voltage Output

1 2 5 Hertz 3 4 5 0.1

7.83 V 8.32 V 8.48 V 8.48V 8.67 V

As illustrated above the voltage remains fairly constant as the impedance of the circuit is varied.

Band Pass Filter Circuit

The 5 important Parameters of a Band pass Filter cut-off frequencies Center frequency ( ): the frequency at which the transfer function is entirely real. Bandwidth (): width of the pass band. Quality Factor (Q): ratio of the center frequency to the bandwidth Unlike a low pass filter that only pass signals of a low frequency range or a high pass filter which pass signals of a higher frequency range, a Band Pass Filters passes signals within a certain "band" or "spread" of frequencies without distorting the input signal or introducing extra noise. This band of frequencies can be any width and is commonly known as the filters Bandwidth. Bandwidth is defined as the frequency range between two specified frequency cut-off points ( c ), that are 3dB below the maximum centre or resonant peak while attenuating or weakening the others outside of these two points. Then for widely spread frequencies, we can simply define the term "bandwidth", BW as being the difference between the lower cut-off frequency ( cLOWER ) and the higher cut-off frequency ( cHIGHER ) points. In other words, BW = H - L. Clearly for a pass band filter to function correctly, the cut-off frequency of the low pass filter must be higher than the cut-off frequency for the high pass filter. The "ideal" Band Pass Filter can also be used to isolate or filter out certain frequencies that lie within a particular band of frequencies, for example, noise cancellation. Band pass filters are known generally as second-order filters, (two-pole) because they have "two" reactive component, the capacitors, within their circuit design. One capacitor in the low pass circuit and another capacitor in the high pass circuit. By varying the resistance and capacitance the value of the voltage output remains fairly constant.

Cutoff frequency

( )
Lower/upper bands: 53051.6 Hz 22736.4 Hz

Effects of varying Impedance

Frequency

LP R(ohms) C (micro farads) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

HP R (ohms) C (micro farads) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Output Voltage(resistor) (Volts)

5 Hz

10 20 30 30 30

100 100 100 100 100

5.60 5.68 5.84 5.52 5.36

In this experiment the voltage remains fairly steady as various impedance contributing elements are changed in the circuit.

Band reject Filters Series RLC Circuit The output voltage is now defined across the inductor-capacitor pair. Again, at 0 the capacitor acts as an open circuit the inductor acts as a short and at the capacitor acts as a short circuit but the inductor acts as an open circuit. The voltage is across an effective open circuit and the output equals the input. Between =0 and = , the capacitor and inductor have finite impedance values reducing the output voltage and at a certain are equal and opposite resulting in no voltage output. (as illustrated below) The magnitude frequency response plot compares the ideal Band reject filter to the actual response seen from the RLC Circuit. The effects of the phase shift due to the capacitor and inductor in the phase place. Starting from zero the phase gets more negative till reaching -90 at which point it flips to +90 and goes negative again towards zero.

Cutoff frequency

( )(

5032.9 Hz for the band reject frequency.

Effects of varying Impedance

Capacitor(Micro Farads) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

Inductor(Mili Henries) 10 10 10 10 10

Resitance (ohms) 100 100 100 200 300

Output voltage inductor (volts) 1.76 6.52 7.04 5.84 4.80

There is change in the voltage across the inductor as the impedance of the series circuit is changed.

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