BUSBASED TRANSIT

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BRT AND BHLS

BRENDAN FINN ETTS LTD.

All unattributed images are by the Author

Mass Transit based on Buses

Scope of this Presentation

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Bus with High Level of Service (BHLS) Metrics M i f for BRT and d BHLS International findings

Spectrum of Bus-Based Transit

High g p performance, , high g capacity p y BRT Major infastructure, rapid service, intensive services Up to 1 million passengers/day Bogota, Bogota Guangzhou Guangzhou, Istanbul Istanbul, High-performance, moderate capacity BRT Major infastructure, rapid service, strong service Range 100-250,000 passengers/day Brisbane, Ottowa, Beijing, Mexico City, Bus with High Level of Service (BHLS) Moderate/little infrastructure, focus on reliability and quality Range 25,000-65,000 passengers/day Amsterdam, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Paris, Madrid, Hamburg,

BRT Bus Rapid Transit

FEATURES EXAMPLES AND PRACTICE

Features of BRT
Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan

Features of BRT Running Ways

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan

Running Way options

Dedicated bus road Exclusive road for use of buses Operate at up to 100 kph (Adelaide, Brisbane) Median dedicated lanes centre of the road Usually have physical segregation Passing lane required for high efficiency If stations in the centre, probably need dedicated fleet If lateral stations, can offset to reduce road-take requirements Lateral dedicated lanes located at edge of the road May have problem to gain sufficient pavement width More difficult if many existing roadside uses

Running way - Istanbul

Source: EMBARQ

Running Way Beijing, China

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Running Way Guanghzhou, China

Source : Paul Barter

Running way Seoul, Korea

BRT Running way Rio de Janeiro

MSOffice3

BRT Running Way Lagos

Source : Dayo Mobereola, LAMATA

Slide 14 MSOffice3 Future tense

, 21/09/2010

MSOffice2

BRT Running Way - Jakarta

Source : Transjakarta

Slide 15 MSOffice2 Future tense

, 21/09/2010

BRT Running way - Pereira

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

BRT running way - Pereira

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

BRT Running Way - Nantes

BRT running way - Paris

Essen : Busway track

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

BRT running way - Amsterdam

Pittsburgh b g East Busway y construction o o

Cambridge : Busway

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

BRT Tunnel section - Brisbane

Features of BRT Stations and Terminals

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan

BRT Bus Station - Bogota

Source : Peter Danielsson, Volvo Bus Corporation

BRT Station - Johannesburg

BRT Station, Sao Paulo

Source : Toni Lindau

BRT Station - Istanbul

Source: EMBARQ

BRT Station - Pereira

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

BRT Station Rio de Janeiro

BRT Station Rio de Janeiro

BRT Station Rio de Janeiro

BRT Station Rio de Janeiro

Busway Station - Pittsburgh

BRT Station - Brisbane

Passenger lift at BRT station - Brisbane

Precision docking Amsterdam

Precision docking - Nantes

Wheelchair ramp - Nantes

Wheelchair ramp - Cleveland

Rouen, France optical guidance system

Castellon, Spain Optical Guidance system

Cambridge : ParknRide

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Features of BRT Service Plan

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan

Service Plan Mixed service type

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Base: All All-day, all all-stops trunk line Overlay: l Peak Peakk-only l or allall ll-day d express services i Transfer Terminal

Statio on

Statio on

Statio on

Statio on

Statio on

Statio on

Statio on

Local

Statio on

Express

C B D
University, Hospital District
46

Express

BRT and land-use in Curitiba

Source : URBS, Curitiba

BRT Network - Curitiba

Source : URBS Curitiba

Service differentiation - Curitiba

Source : URBS Curitiba

Ahmedabad 85 km of BRT network

15 CORRIDORS OF BUSWAY - JAKARTA 201 2015 5

5 9 3 15 1 2 1 16 4 2 10

Blok M - Kota
Gajah Mada/Hayam Wuruk Majapahit M. Merdeka Barat Mh. Thamrin J end. Sudirman - Sisingamangaraja Pahlawan Kemerdek aan Suprapto Senen J uanda Harmini CB Merdek a Barat Kwitang

A B 11 14 12 8 6 7 13

P.Gadung Harmoni 3 Kalideres - Harmoni 4 P.Gadung Dukuh Atas 5 Kp.Melayu - Ancol 6 Ragunan Kuningan 7 Kp.Melayu Kp.Rambutan 8 Lebak Bulus Harmoni 9 Pinangranti Pi ti - Pluit Pl it
Daan Mogot Ky ai Tapa Has yim As yhari Harmoni CB Juanda Pasar Baru Pemuda Pramuka - Tambak Sultan Agung g g Setia Budi Jatinegara Matraman Ray a Kramat Raya Senen Gunung Sahari Warung Jati Mampang Prapatan Ras una Said Latuharhari Sultan Agung Rasuna Said Otista Cawang Sutoy o Raya Bogor Pondok Indah S. Isk andar Muda T.Nyak Arief Jalan Panjang Daan Mogot S.Parman Tomang Harmoni CB Sutoyo Hary ono Gatot Subroto S.Parman J embatan 2 Latumenten

- Tanjung Priok 11 Ciledug - Blok M 12 Kalimalang - Blok M

Sutoy o DI. Panjaitan A. Yani Hos Cokroaminoto Cileduk Raya Kya Maja Kalimalang Let Hary ono Kapten Tendean W. Minginsidi

10 Cililitan

13 Depok -

Manggarai 14 Pulo Gebang Kp.Melayu

Margonda Lenteng Agung PS. Minggu Prof. DR Supomo Minangkabau Sentra Prima Soek anto Soegiono Bas uk i Rachmat Pedati

15Tanjung Priok Tg. Priok - Kemayoran - Pluit

Pluit

Nantes Busway and Chronobus network

Features of BRT
Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan

Articulated buses Bogota and Curitiba

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Hamburg: XXL bus

Source : Hamburger Hochbahn AG

BRT vehicle - Pereira

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

BRT Vehicle - Nantes

BRT Vehicle Amsterdam

Standard Bus Brisbane

Features of BRT
Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan

ITS systems for BRT

Operations p Management g Automatic Vehicle Location and Management Traffic Signal Priority Service S i and d System S planning l i and d support Collision avoidance/warning Precision docking Customer-facing and support services Automatic fare collection Real-time passenger information Journey planning Security S it and d passenger management t systems t

Control Centre Bogota, Columbia

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Control Centre Rio de Janeiro

Zurich AVM Control Centre

Control Centre - Johannesburg

In-vehicle headway management - Seoul

Real-time passenger information - Brisbane

Fare collection at BRT Stations

Smart Card Fare Gates TransMillenio, Bogota

Mag. Ticket Mag Quito: TroleBus

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

Image and Marketing - Brisbane

Brisbane: S.E. Busway

69

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

BRT Branding Rio de Janeiro

BRT Branding Johannesburg

BHLS Bus with High Level of BHLS Service

CAPACITY AND COST FEATURES EXAMPLES

What is BHLS?
BHLS? Derives from French term BHNS, maybe later another name Generic term for a wide range of quality bus systems Is it BRT? Not exactly, a different product in the spectrum of bus priority Focus more on reliability/quality than on speed/capacity Holistic approach Improved operating environment reliability, better speed Higher quality vehicles with better comfort and image Improved passenger facilities stops, terminals, ... Branding, marketing, repositioning the product

Case Study 1 : Nantes, France

Opted for Busway rather than

additional LRT

Started 2006, 7km, 15 stations Designed to tram tram-style style specification 4 min frequency, 20 km/hr 25,000 px.day

Key design features: 4 parknride facilities Articulated buses, CNG Priority at traffic signals High quality design in city centre High High-specification specification vehicle

Like BRT in style, not in volume

Case Study 2 : Zuidtangent, Netherlands

Priority y channel for buses Dedicated lanes between Haarlem and Schiphol, then bus priority 24 km, km 1.8 1 8 km in tunnel, tunnel 35 km/hr Intervals 6-8 minutes, 24/7 40,000 p passengers g daily y Use normal buses, normal contracts Additional features: Integration with rail at many places Efficient stop dwell times Euro 5 emissions emissions, standard models Unique design elements, identity

Zuidtangent at Schiphol Airport

Source : Stadsregio Amsterdam

Running way - Amsterdam

Running way - Amsterdam

Running way - Amsterdam

Source : Stadsregio Amsterdam

Amsterdam: Hard shoulder reserved for bus

Source : COST TU0603 action

In-street operation Amsterdam

Station - Amsterdam

Precision docking Amsterdam

Cyclist controlled crossing Amsterdam

Bicycle facilities - Amsterdam

BikenRide Extensive i bike bik parking ki Amsterdam, Almere Bike Bik on b bus i is rare

O. HEDDEBAUT

Case Study 2 : Cambridge, UK

Cambridgeshire Guided Busway Operates on dedicated bus road Converted disused rail line Links developing towns to city Deregulated environment Operators bear revenue risk Modest M d tt track k charge, h maint. i t fund f d Key features Two track g guided busway y Normal street mode in Cambridge 4 routes by 2 operators Driving speed 80 kph

Cambridge : Busway

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Cambridge : Busway

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Cambridge : Running way

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Cambridge : ParknRide

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Cambridge : Vehicle

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Cambridge : Guide wheel for Busway

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Cambridge : Guide wheel and kerb

Guide Kerb Guide wheel

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

Customer comfort - Cambridge

WiFi on bus Socket for PC, phone Leather seats CCTV for security
O. HEDDEBAUT

O. HEDDEBAUT
O. HEDDEBAUT

Case Study 3 : Lund, Sweden

Lundalnken

Prioritised bus link from Central Station to University, Business Park Total 6 km length 600 m new build, some dedicated road

Priority to normal buses Services of City and Region Regular bus routes, regular buses Give i the h bus b space, i it will ill perform f Provision for the future

Lundalnken extended to outer area City owns the land, will benefit

Lund access to dedicated bus link

Lund dedicated bus link

Lund key interchange stop

Lund - Vehicle

Lund train information at bus exit

Madrid : Bus/VAO tidal lane

Hamburg: Line 5 in reserved lane

Source : Hamburger Hochbahn AG

Lorient running way in city centre

Lorient priority lane in central area

Almere : Chicane at station approach

Oberhausen: Bus and tram on common lane

BHLS - Real-time information at stops

O. HEDDEBAUT

O. HEDDEBAUT

BHLS - Real-time information in-vehicle

Next stop Transfer f routes, times i Announcements

O. HEDDEBAUT

O. HEDDEBAUT

Hamburg RTPI at bus stop

Source : COST TU0603 action

Amstelveen, NL RTPI at bus station

Source : David van der Spek, Stadsregio Amsterdam

Paris TVM Ticket Vending Machine

Ticketing Vending Machine : to buy ticket (magnetic technology) to reload your pass (contactless tecnhology)

Source : RATP

Lisbon traffic signal

Paris TVM Traffic Signal Priority

Priority announcement helping driver to adapt the speed of the bus at cross road
Effective taking into account when it is flashing

Announcing a change of phase when it is flashings

Bus running and car stopped

Source : RATP

Key Metrics for BRT and BHLS

DEPLOYMENT CAPACITY AND COST

Global deployment of Bus-Based Systems

Region Selected Cities with BRT (* in development)

Australia North America

Adelaide, Brisbane, Sydney

Cleveland, Guatemala City, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Pitt b h Vancouver Pittsburgh, V South America Bogota, Cali, Curitiba, Pereira, Porto Alegre, Quito, Recife, Santiago, Sao Paulo Europe (BHLS) Amsterdam, Cambridge, Eindhoven, Madrid, Nantes, Paris China Asia Africa Beijing, Changzhou, Dalian, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Jinan, Kunming, Xiamen, Ahmedabad, Amman, Bangkok, Cebu*, Delhi, Indore, Istanbul, Jakarta, Manila*, Nagoya, Pune, Seoul, Taipei Accra*, Cape Town, Dar es Salaam*, Johannesburg, Lagos, Pretoria (Tswane)*

Actual throughput on selected BRT systems

System Beijing South Line Brisbane SE Busway Lagos, BRT-Lite Ottowa Transitway system M i I Mexico Insurgentes t Guangzhou, China Istanbul Metrobus Istanbul, Bogota, Transmillenio Luas both lines Dublin Bus total network DAILY Ridership 90,000 150,000 200,000 200,000 225,000 800,000 895 000 895,000 > 1 million 80 000 80,000 450,000

Capital costs for on selected BRT systems

System Lagos, BRT-Lite Curitiba Bogota, Transmillenio Mexico City Insurgentes Bangkok Beijing South Line Cleveland Healthline Dublin Luas both lines Dublin bli Metro West (f (forecast) ) Dublin Metro North (forecast) $ million/km 1.7 2.5 3-10 4 4.7 5 10.4 c. 35 c. 50 c. 200

BHLS in Europe
Country Cities with BHLS

England France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden

Cambridge, Crawley, Dartford, Leeds Lille, Lorient, Lyon, Nantes, Paris, Rennes, Rouen, Toulouse Essen, Hamburg, Oberhausen Dublin Brescia*, Pisa, Prato Alkmaar, Almere, Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Twente, Utrecht Barcelona*, Castelln, Madrid Gothenburg, Jnkping, Lund, Stockholm

Technical Performance of BHLS

Peak and daily ridership are comparable to many tram

systems, rarely operating at full system capacity

1,000 2,500+ pphpd 23,700 3,7 65,000 5, px/day p / y

Commercial speed and frequency are good 16 35 kph (10-22 mph) 12-40 vehicles/hour hi l /h equal to or exceed that of European street tramways Seating g ratio at p peak is medium to high g

34-84% $ 6 million/km $3-16.5 illi /k

Investment cost of facility is low and quite affordable

Conclusion

REVISITING SOME ASSUMPTIONS USEFUL REFERENCES

Buses can deliver needed capacity

The major j BRT systems y have very y high g capacity p y

Bogotas Transmillenio carries 45,000 passengers per hour, per direction more than most metro lines Istanbuls Metrobus carries almost 9 900,000 , px/day p / y more than Dublin Bus, DART, LUAS and Metro North combined Guangzhou BRT carries >800,000 px/day

Many a y BRT sys systems e s ope operate a ea at light g railway a ay capac capacity, y,

exceeding urban LRT/tramway capacity

Mexico city, Brisbane, Ottowa, Lagos > 200,000 px/day

Many BHLS systems match street-tramway street tramway capacity Ridership on many rail systems turns out to be far

short of initial planning forecasts, design capacity

How often were bus-based systems ruled out incorrectly?

BRT can operate at short intervals

Some p planners p presume a single g route, , and then

assume that a low headway cannot be managed Most BRT systems operate multiple routes:

Overlapping routes routes, might not all stop at every station Individual route headways may be in range 3-20 minutes Multiple loading bays at the stations to maximise throughput Guangzhou BRT has 28 routes on the main trunk, possible 41 In Seoul, the BRT carries 250 buses per hour, per direction Throughput of vehicles at stations Throughput of passengers at stations Throughput of buses at junctions

Route/Vehicle R t /V hi l capacity it can be b high: hi h

However, this is a critical point of the BRT design

BRT is more than tram on tyres

BRT is a different mode, , different characteristics BRT can indeed be designed in the same style as tram but then it does not exploit the characteristics of bus BRT is a service plan availing of the infrastructure Route system rather than end-to-end services Routes can join/leave the running way way, reducing the need for passenger transfer (and less need for big interchange stations) Options for express, limited stop, and premium services Non-BRT buses/routes may also use it non-stop as a channel Business and operator factors are important Can be developed incrementally

Car-users will use high-quality g q y bus

Major j ridership pg gains in BRT in South America, , Asia, ,

Australia Significant % of new riders in North American and South American BRT come from car Major ridership gains in European BHLS (range 20140%) Some mode shift from car in European BHLS When of high quality, BRT has high customer perception matching LRT (e.g. perception, (e g Los Angeles) Mode constant is increasingly shown to be outdated Growing body of research that transit characteristics are what matter to the user (speed, reliability, comfort)

Bus systems y can enhance land-value

Metro, M t commuter t rail il and dt tram h have proven i impact t on

land-value, development, and property prices/rents Research on bus transit has been minimal but, absence of evidence is NOT evidence of absence In Europe, bus transit projects are below investment th h ld requiring thresholds i i f full ll post-delivery t d li appraisal i l BRT is a new mode, evidence is beginning to emerge:

In Cleveland, , $4.3 $4 3 billion investment along g the busway y In Pittsburgh, $800 million investment along the busway In Seoul, significant value increase in property value on BRT In Curitiba, , the BRT lines have shaped p the city y

Some BRT/BHLS focus on improving urban-scape

Summary
BRT and BHLS are established and proven transit modes In almost all cases, bus can provide the required

functionality at affordable cost and in short delivery time Many M presumptions ti have h been b shown h t to b be i incorrect t

Bus transit can achieve significant ridership growth Bus-based transit can attract car users and achieve modal shift BRT can stimulate property development and raise land values

BRT experience suggests that it is the attributes of transit

that achieve the results rather than the technology used A fundamental rethink of the role of bus within the transportation hierarchy is required International know-how and resources are available

Information resources for BRT, BHLS

ITDP www.itdp.org

BRT Planning Pl i Guidelines G id li (2007, ( v.4 in i 2012) ) Review of US BRT, case studies Case study materials, usage guidance, evaluation Final report available 11/2011 (at POLIS Annual Conference)

EMBARQ www.embarq.org

COST Action on BHLS - www.bhls.eu

US National BRT Institute www.nbrti.org SUTP www.sutp.org Volvo Centre of Excellence, Santiago www.brt.cl US TRB/TCRP - www.trb.org/TCRP/Public/TCRP.aspx World Bank, APTA, UITP, Thredbo Th db 12 (conference) ( f ) www.thredbo-conference-series.org th db f i

Contact details

Brendan Finn
etts@indigo.ie @ g