13.

42 Lecture 2: Vortex Induced Vibrations

Prof. A. H. Techet 28 April 2005

Wake Patterns Behind Heaving Cylinders

f,A U f,A U

2S

2P

Shedding patterns in the wake of oscillating cylinders are distinct and exist for a certain range of heave frequencies and amplitudes. The different modes have a great impact on structural loading.

Transition in Shedding Patterns

A/d
Williamson and Roshko (1988)

Vr = U/fd

f* = fd/U

End Force Cross-Correlation

Uniform Cylinder
Hover, Techet, Triantafyllou (JFM 1998)

Tapered Cylinder
Fc = Force Correlation Coefficient, = correlation standard deviation

VIV in the Ocean

Non-uniform currents effect the spanwise vortex shedding on a cable or riser. The frequency of shedding can be different along length. This leads to cells of vortex shedding with some length, lc.

Three Dimensional Effects

Shear layer instabilities as well as longitudinal (braid) vortices lead to transition from laminar to turbulent flow in cylinder wakes.

Longitudinal vortices appear at Rd = 230.

Longitudinal Vortices

The presence of longitudinal vortices leads to rapid breakdown of the wake behind a cylinder.

C.H.K. Williamson (1992)

Oscillating Tapered Cylinder

Strouhal Number for the tapered cylinder:
x

U(x) = Uo

St = fd / U
d(x) where d is the average cylinder diameter.

Spanwise Vortex Shedding from 40:1 Tapered Cylinder

Rd = 400; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5 Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5 Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 1.0

dmax

Techet, et al (JFM 1998)

No Split: 2P

dmin

Flow Visualization Reveals:

A Hybrid Shedding Mode
2P pattern results at the smaller end 2S pattern at the larger end This mode is seen to be repeatable over multiple cycles

Techet, et al (JFM 1998)

DPIV of Tapered Cylinder Wake

Digital particle image 2S velocimetry (DPIV) in the horizontal plane leads to a clear picture of two distinct shedding modes along 2P the cylinder.
z/d = 22.9 z/d = 7.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Evolution of the Hybrid Shedding Mode

2P
z/d = 7.9

2S
z/d = 22.9

Rd = 1500; St = 0.198; A/d = 0.5

Vortex Dislocations, Vortex Splits & Force Distribution in Flows past Bluff Bodies
D. Lucor & G. E. Karniadakis Techet, Hover and Triantafyllou (JFM 1998)

Objectives:
Confirm numerically the existence of a stable, periodic hybrid shedding mode 2S~2P in the wake of a straight, rigid, oscillating cylinder

Approach:
VORTEX SPLIT

DNS - Similar conditions as the MIT experiment (Triantafyllou et al.) Harmonically forced oscillating straight rigid cylinder in linear shear inflow Average Reynolds number is 400

Methodology:

NEKTAR-ALE Simulations

Parallel simulations using spectral/hp methods implemented in the incompressible Navier- Stokes solver NEKTAR

Principal Investigator:
Prof. George Em Karniadakis, Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University

Results:
Existence and periodicity of hybrid mode confirmed by near wake visualizations and spectral analysis of flow velocity in the cylinder wake and of hydrodynamic forces

VIV Suppression
Helical strake Shroud Axial slats Streamlined fairing Splitter plate Ribboned cable Pivoted guiding vane Spoiler plates

VIV Suppression by Helical Strakes

Helical strakes are a common VIV suppression device.

Flexible Cylinders
Mooring lines and towing cables act in similar fashion to rigid cylinders except that their motion is not spanwise uniform.
t

Tension in the cable must be considered when determining equations of motion

Flexible Cylinder Motion Trajectories

Long flexible cylinders can move in two directions and tend to trace a figure-8 motion. The motion is dictated by the tension in the cable and the speed of towing.

2-DOF Cylinder Motion CYLINDER ORBITAL PLOTS

Frequency Ratio, fx/fy

Nominal Reduced Velocity, Vrn

Rigid cylinder free to move in both transverse (y) and longitudinal (x) directions. High length:diameter ratio.

FFT Magnitude Contours For Frequency Ratio fx/fy = 1.0

Transverse Position

In-Line Position

FFT Magnitude Contours For Frequency Ratio fx/fy = 2.0

Transverse Position

In-Line Position

Power Balance Along a Riser

Overview & Aim

Obtain power balance along a riser
We need power input from the fluid to the riser as a function of z. Input:
Cross-flow displacement: y(z,t) Lift force: L(z,t) Normalized Lift force: f(z,t) = L(z,t) 1 dsU 2 2

Incoming Velocity Profile: U (z )

Output:

C lv m (z , m )

&

C lv (z )

Power balance is correlated with Clv(z).

Fourier Decomposition
Obtain the Fourier decomposition of force and displacement as: N
i n t ne y(z,t) = Re y n =1

N i n t f(z,t) = Re f n e n =1

n = y n (z , n ) & fn = fn (z , n ) y

Fourier Coefficients

Choose a Set of Important Frequencies

Choose the set of frequencies m which represents (z , ) & f (z , ) y
m m m m

peaks in the span-averaged Fourier coefficients:

m , fm y

Obtaining Global Clv

Obtain the multi-frequency lift coefficients in phase with velocity and acceleration as:

Lift co efficien t in p h a se with velo city fo r m :

m C lv m (z , m ) = fm (z , m ) sin a rg fm a rg ( y Lift co efficien t in p h a se with a cclera tio n fo r m :

( ( )

)
)

m C la m (z , m ) = - fm (z , m ) co s a rg fm a rg ( y
Global lift coefficient in phase with velocity:
C lv (z ) =

( ( )

C lv m m y m m 2 m m y m

Clv is very important as it expresses energy balance. Clv*U(z)2 is representative of the power input from the fluid to the riser.

Input Sheared Velocity Profile

Selected Frequencies
m = 2 ( 0 .1 7 3 3

Chosen set of frequencies m :

0 .1 8 3 1 0 .1 9 2 9 0 .2 0 2 6 0 .2 1 2 4 0 .2 2 2 2 0 .2 2 9 5

0 .2 3 9 3 )

m , fm y

Global Clv & Cm

Clv*U(z)2 is representative of the power input from the fluid to the riser. One can clearly observe that there is a positive input of power from the fluid where the incoming velocity is high. The power is transferred to the low incoming velocity region, as traveling waves in the riser.

Oscillating Cylinders
y(t) d y(t) = a cos t . y(t) = -a sin(t) Vm = a = / ; = 2/

Parameters:
Re = Vm d / b= d2
Reynolds # Reduced frequency KeuleganCarpenter # Strouhal #

/ T

KC = Vm T / d St = fv d / Vm

Reynolds # vs. KC #
2 d ad a Re = Vm d / = / = 2 /d /

( )(

KC = Vm T / d = 2 a/d

Re = KC * b
b = d2

/ T

Also effected by roughness and ambient turbulence

Forced Oscillation in a Current

y(t) = a cos t U

= 2 f = 2 / T

Parameters: a/d, , , Reduced velocity: Ur = U/fd Max. Velocity: Vm = U + a cos Reynolds #: Re = Vm d / Roughness and ambient turbulence

Wall Proximity

e + d/2

At e/d > 1 the wall effects are reduced. Cd, Cm increase as e/d < 0.5 Vortex shedding is significantly effected by the wall presence. In the absence of viscosity these effects are effectively non-existent.

Galloping
Galloping is a result of a wake instability. Y(t) . y(t), y(t) U

. -y(t)

Resultant velocity is a combination of the heave velocity and horizontal inflow. If n << 2 fv then the wake is quasi-static.

Lift Force, Y()

Y(t) V

Cy =

Y(t)
1/ 2

U2 Ap

Cy

Stable Unstable

Galloping motion
L(t) . z(t), z(t) U

. -z(t)
b

m
k

mz + bz + kz = L(t)
.. L(t) = 1/2 U2 a Clv - ma y(t)

..

Cl (0) + ... Cl() = Cl(0) + Assuming small angles, : . z Cl (0) = ~ tan = U

V~U

Instability Criterion
(m+ma)z + (b +
If
..
1/ 2

U2 U2

a a

~0 )z + kz =

b+

1/ 2

<0 U

Then the motion is unstable! This is the criterion for galloping.

 is shape dependent
Shape
1 1 1 2

Cl (0) -2.7 0

2 1 4 1

-3.0 -10 -0.66

Instability:
= b Cl (0) < 1/ U a 2

Critical speed for galloping:

U >

1/ 2

Cl (0)

Torsional Galloping

Both torsional and lateral galloping are possible. FLUTTER occurs when the frequency of the torsional and lateral vibrations are very close.

Galloping vs. VIV

Galloping is low frequency Galloping is NOT self-limiting Once U > Ucritical then the instability occurs irregardless of frequencies.

References
Blevins, (1990) Flow Induced Vibrations, Krieger Publishing Co., Florida.