FmRadio

14: FM Radio Receiver

FM Radio Block Diagram
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
Channel Selection (1)
FM Demodulator
Differentiation Filter
Pilot tone extraction
Polyphase Pilot tone
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2011-1108) FM Radio: 14 1 / 12
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each channel: 100 kHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Baseband signal:
Mono (L + R): 15 kHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
Stereo (L R): 38 15 kHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz
FM Modulation:
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz
FM Modulation:
Freq deviation: 75 kHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz
FM Modulation:
Freq deviation: 75 kHz
87.5 108
200 kHz per channel
MHz
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
LR signal is multiplied by 38 kHz to shift it to baseband
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz
Normally sample at f
s
> 2f
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
MHz
.5 .5 8 2 z
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
MHz
.5 .5 8 2 z
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
f
s
= 80 creates aliased
images at intervals of f
s
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
f
f
s
f
2
f
s
MHz
.5 .5 8 2 z
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
f
s
s
ve frequencies also
generate images
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
f
f
s
f
2
f
s
f
+
f
s
f
+
2
f
s
MHz
.5 .5 8 2 z
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
f
s
s
ve frequencies also
generate images
We want the image
between 7.5 and 28 MHz
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
f
f
s
f
2
f
s
f
+
f
s
f
+
2
f
s
MHz
.5 .5 8 2 z
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
f
s
s
ve frequencies also
generate images
We want the image
Need an analogue bandpass
lter to extract the FM band
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
f
f
s
f
2
f
s
f
+
f
s
f
+
2
f
s
MHz
72.5 87.5 108 132
-60
0
MHz
|
H
|

(
d
B
)
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
f
s
s
ve frequencies also
generate images
We want the image
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
f
f
s
f
2
f
s
f
+
f
s
f
+
2
f
s
MHz
72.5 87.5 108 132
-60
0
MHz
|
H
|

(
d
B
)
Transition band mid-points are at f
s
and
3
2
f
s
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
f
s
s
ve frequencies also
generate images
We want the image
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
f
f
s
f
2
f
s
f
+
f
s
f
+
2
f
s
MHz
72.5 87.5 108 132
-60
0
MHz
|
H
|

(
d
B
)
s
and
3
2
f
s
You can use an aliased analog-digital converter (ADC) provided that the
target band ts entirely between two consecutive multiples of
1
2
f
s
.
Aliased ADC
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
s
> 2f
However:
f
s
s
ve frequencies also
generate images
We want the image
-80 -40 0 40 80
f
f
f
s
f
2
f
s
f
+
f
s
f
+
2
f
s
MHz
72.5 87.5 108 132
-60
0
MHz
|
H
|

(
d
B
)
s
and
3
2
f
s
You can use an aliased analog-digital converter (ADC) provided that the
target band ts entirely between two consecutive multiples of
1
2
f
s
.
Lower ADC sample rate . Image = undistorted frequency-shifted copy.
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM band shifted to 7.5 to 28 MHz (from 87.5 to 108 MHz)
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
We need to select a single channel 200 kHz wide
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
We downsample to f
s
= 400 kHz and shift selected channel to DC.
Assume channel centre frequency is f
c
= c 100 kHz
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
We downsample to f
s
c
= c 100 kHz
We must apply a lter before downsampling to remove unwanted images
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
We downsample to f
s
c
= c 100 kHz
The downsampled signal is complex since positive and negative
frequencies contain different information.
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
We downsample to f
s
c
= c 100 kHz
Three methods:
1 Freq shift, then polyphase lowpass lter
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
We downsample to f
s
c
= c 100 kHz
Three methods:
2 Polyphase bandpass complex lter
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Channel Selection
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
We downsample to f
s
c
= c 100 kHz
Three methods:
2 Polyphase bandpass complex lter
3 Polyphase bandpass real lter
0 7.5 28 40
200 kHz per channel
MHz
f
c
=c100kHz
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
Result of multiplication is complex
(thick lines on diagram)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
Next, lowpass lter to 100 kHz
= 2
200 k
80 M
= 0.157
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
= 2
200 k
80 M
= 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
= 2
200 k
80 M
= 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091
Finally, downsample 200:1
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
= 2
200 k
80 M
= 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091
Polyphase:
H
p
(z) has
_
1092
200
_
= 6 taps
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
= 2
200 k
80 M
= 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091
Polyphase:
H
p
(z) has
_
1092
200
_
= 6 taps
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Complex data Real Coefcients (needs 2 multiplies per tap)
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Multiply by e
j2r
f
c
80M
to shift
channel at f
c
to DC.
f
c
= c 100 k
f
c
80M
=
c
800
= 2
200 k
80 M
= 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091
Polyphase:
H
p
(z) has
_
1092
200
_
= 6 taps
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Complex data Real Coefcients (needs 2 multiplies per tap)
Multiplication Load:
2 80 MHz (freq shift) + 12 80 MHz (H
p
(z)) = 14 80 MHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel centre frequency f
c
= c 100 kHz where c is an integer.
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
We multiply u[r] by e
j2r
c
800
then convolve with h[m]:
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
j2r
c
800
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
=
M
m=0
h[m]e
j2
mc
800
u[200n m]e
j2200n
4k+l
800
[c = 4k + 1]
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
j2r
c
800
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
=
M
m=0
h[m]e
j2
mc
800
u[200n m]e
j2200n
4k+l
800
[c = 4k + 1]
=
M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200nm]e
j2
ln
4
[g
[c]
[m]

= h[m]e
j2
mc
800
]
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
j2r
c
800
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
=
M
m=0
h[m]e
j2
mc
800
u[200n m]e
j2200n
4k+l
800
[c = 4k + 1]
=
M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200nm]e
j2
ln
4
[g
[c]
[m]

= h[m]e
j2
mc
800
]
= (j)
ln

M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200n m] [e
j2
ln
4
indep of m]
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
j2r
c
800
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
=
M
m=0
h[m]e
j2
mc
800
u[200n m]e
j2200n
4k+l
800
[c = 4k + 1]
=
M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200nm]e
j2
ln
4
[g
[c]
[m]

= h[m]e
j2
mc
800
]
= (j)
ln

M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200n m] [e
j2
ln
4
indep of m]
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
j2r
c
800
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
=
M
m=0
h[m]e
j2
mc
800
u[200n m]e
j2200n
4k+l
800
[c = 4k + 1]
=
M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200nm]e
j2
ln
4
[g
[c]
[m]

= h[m]e
j2
mc
800
]
= (j)
ln

M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200n m] [e
j2
ln
4
indep of m]
Multiplication Load for polyphase implementation:
G
[c],p
(z) has complex coefcients real input 2 mults per tap
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
j2r
c
800
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
=
M
m=0
h[m]e
j2
mc
800
u[200n m]e
j2200n
4k+l
800
[c = 4k + 1]
=
M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200nm]e
j2
ln
4
[g
[c]
[m]

= h[m]e
j2
mc
800
]
= (j)
ln

M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200n m] [e
j2
ln
4
indep of m]
G
[c],p
(j)
ln
{+1, j, 1, +j} so no actual multiplies needed
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
c
Write c = 4k + l
where k =
_
c
4
_
and l = c
mod 4
j2r
c
800
v[n] =
M
m=0
h[m]u[200n m]e
j2(200nm)
c
800
[r = 200n]
=
M
m=0
h[m]e
j2
mc
800
u[200n m]e
j2200n
4k+l
800
[c = 4k + 1]
=
M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200nm]e
j2
ln
4
[g
[c]
[m]

= h[m]e
j2
mc
800
]
= (j)
ln

M
m=0
g
[c]
[m]u[200n m] [e
j2
ln
4
indep of m]
G
[c],p
(j)
ln
{+1, j, 1, +j} so no actual multiplies needed
Total: 12 80 MHz (G
[c],p
(z)) + 0 (j
lr
) = 12 80 MHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency f
c
= c 100 kHz where c = 4k + l is an integer
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency f
c
g
[c]
[m] = h[r]e
j2
cm
800
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency f
c
g
[c]
[m] = h[r]e
j2
cm
800
g
[c],p
[s] = g
c
[200s + p]= h[200s + p]e
j2
c(200s+p)
800
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency f
c
g
[c]
[m] = h[r]e
j2
cm
800
g
[c],p
[s] = g
c
[200s + p]= h[200s + p]e
j2
c(200s+p)
800
= h[200s + p]e
j2
ls
4
e
j2
cp
800
[l = c
mod 4
]
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency f
c
g
[c]
[m] = h[r]e
j2
cm
800
g
[c],p
[s] = g
c
[200s + p]= h[200s + p]e
j2
c(200s+p)
800
= h[200s + p]e
j2
ls
4
e
j2
cp
800
[l = c
mod 4
]
Dene f
[c],p
[s] = h[200s + p]e
j2
ls
4
= j
ls
h[200s + p]
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency f
c
g
[c]
[m] = h[r]e
j2
cm
800
g
[c],p
[s] = g
c
[200s + p]= h[200s + p]e
j2
c(200s+p)
800
= h[200s + p]e
j2
ls
4
e
j2
cp
800
[l = c
mod 4
]
Dene f
[c],p
[s] = h[200s + p]e
j2
ls
4
= j
ls
h[200s + p]
Although f
[c],p
[s] is complex it requires only one multiplication per
tap because each tap is either purely real or purely imaginary.
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency f
c
g
[c]
[m] = h[r]e
j2
cm
800
g
[c],p
[s] = g
c
[200s + p]= h[200s + p]e
j2
c(200s+p)
800
= h[200s + p]e
j2
ls
4
e
j2
cp
800
[l = c
mod 4
]
Dene f
[c],p
[s] = h[200s + p]e
j2
ls
4
= j
ls
h[200s + p]
Although f
[c],p
[s] is complex it requires only one multiplication per
tap because each tap is either purely real or purely imaginary.
Multiplication Load:
6 80 MHz (F
p
(z)) + 4 80 MHz (e
j2
cp
800
) = 10 80 MHz
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
Complex FM signal centred at DC: v(t) = |v(t)|e
j(t)
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
We know that log v = log |v| + j
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
The instantaneous frequency of v(t) is
d
dt
.
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
We need to calculate
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
=
_
1
v
dv
dt
_
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
=
_
1
v
dv
dt
_
=
1
|v|
2
_
v
dv
dt
_
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
=
_
1
v
dv
dt
_
=
1
|v|
2
_
v
dv
dt
_
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
=
_
1
v
dv
dt
_
=
1
|v|
2
_
v
dv
dt
_
We need:
(1) Differentiation lter, D(z)
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
=
_
1
v
dv
dt
_
=
1
|v|
2
_
v
dv
dt
_
We need:
(2) Complex multiply, w[n] v
[n] (only need part)

0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
=
_
1
v
dv
dt
_
=
1
|v|
2
_
v
dv
dt
_
We need:

(3) Real Divide by |v|
2
0 5 9 3 8 3 7
FM Demodulator
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
-400 -300 -100 0 100 300 400
0
1
j(t)
d
dt
.
d
dt
=
d(log v)
dt
=
_
1
v
dv
dt
_
=
1
|v|
2
_
v
dv
dt
_
We need:

(3) Real Divide by |v|
2
x[n] is baseband signal (real): 0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Window design method:
(1) calculate d[n] for the ideal lter
(2) multiply by a window to give nite support
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Differentiation of a complex tone:
d
dt
e
jt
= je
jt
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
d
dt
e
jt
= je
jt
We want a frequency response: D(e
j
) =
_
j ||
0
0 || >
0
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
d
dt
e
jt
= je
jt
j
) =
_
j ||
0
0 || >
0
Hence d[n] =
1
2
_

je
jn
d =
n
0
cos n
0
sinn
0
n
2
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
d
dt
e
jt
= je
jt
j
) =
_
j ||
0
0 || >
0
Hence d[n] =
1
2
_

je
jn
d =
n
0
cos n
0
sinn
0
n
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
(rad/s)
|
H
|
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
(rad/s)
|
H
|

(
d
B
)
Using
0
= 2.2, M = 18, Kaiser window, = 7:
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
d
dt
e
jt
= je
jt
j
) =
_
j ||
0
0 || >
0
Hence d[n] =
1
2
_

je
jn
d =
n
0
cos n
0
sinn
0
n
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
(rad/s)
|
H
|
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
(rad/s)
|
H
|

(
d
B
)
Using
0
= 2.2, M = 18, Kaiser window, = 7:
Near perfect differentiation for 1.6
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
d
dt
e
jt
= je
jt
j
) =
_
j ||
0
0 || >
0
Hence d[n] =
1
2
_

je
jn
d =
n
0
cos n
0
sinn
0
n
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
(rad/s)
|
H
|
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
(rad/s)
|
H
|

(
d
B
)
Using
0
= 2.2, M = 18, Kaiser window, = 7:
Near perfect differentiation for 1.6
Broad transition region allows shorter lter
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aim: extract 19 kHz pilot tone, double freq real 38 kHz tone.
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
(1) shift spectrum down by 20 kHz: multiply by e
j2n
20k
400k
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
j2n
20k
400k
(2) low pass lter to 1 kHz to extract complex pilot at 1 kHz: H(z)
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
j2n
20k
400k
(3) square to double frequency to 2 kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
j2n
20k
400k
(4) shift spectrum up by 40 kHz: multiply by e
+j2n
40k
400k
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
j2n
20k
400k
+j2n
40k
400k
(5) Take real part
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
F(z)
j2n
20k
400k
+j2n
40k
400k
(5) Take real part
More efcient to do low pass ltering at a low sample rate:
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
F(z)
j2n
20k
400k
+j2n
40k
400k
(5) Take real part
Transition bands:
F(z): 1 19 kHz, H(z): 1 3 kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
0 15 19 23 38 53 57
L+R
L-R
RDS
kHz
H(z)
F(z) G(z)
j2n
20k
400k
+j2n
40k
400k
(5) Take real part
Transition bands:
F(z): 1 19 kHz, H(z): 1 3 kHz, G(z): 2 18 kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Anti-alias lter: F(z)
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
sample and an identical e
j2
n
20
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
j2
n
20
So F
p
(z) can lter a real signal and then multiply by xed e
j2
p
20
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
j2
n
20
So F
p
j2
p
20
Anti-image lter: G(z)
Each branch, G
p
(z), multiplied by identical e
j2
n
10
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
j2
n
20
So F
p
j2
p
20
Each branch, G
p
j2
n
10
So G
p
(z) can lter a real signal
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
j2
n
20
So F
p
j2
p
20
Each branch, G
p
j2
n
10
So G
p
Multiplies:
F and G each: (3 + 2) 400 kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
j2
n
20
So F
p
j2
p
20
Each branch, G
p
j2
n
10
So G
p
Multiplies:
F and G each: (3 + 2) 400 kHz, H + x
2
: (2 30 + 4) 20 kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
j2
n
20
So F
p
j2
p
20
Each branch, G
p
j2
n
10
So G
p
Multiplies:
F and G each: (3 + 2) 400 kHz, H + x
2
: (2 30 + 4) 20 kHz
Total: 13.2 400 kHz
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Each branch, F
p
(z), gets every 20
th
j2
n
20
So F
p
j2
p
20
Each branch, G
p
j2
n
10
So G
p
Multiplies:
F and G each: (3 + 2) 400 kHz, H + x
2
: (2 30 + 4) 20 kHz
Total: 13.2 400 kHz [Full-rate bandpass H(z) needs 273 400 kHz]
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Aliased ADC allows sampling below the Nyquist frequency
Only works because the wanted signal ts entirely within a
Nyquist band image
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Nyquist band image
Polyphase lter can be combined with complex multiplications to
select the desired image
subsequent multiplication by j
ln
shifts by the desired multiple
of
1
4
sample rate
No actual multiplications required
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Nyquist band image
ln
of
1
4
sample rate
FM demodulation uses a differentiation lter to calculate
d
dt
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Nyquist band image
ln
of
1
4
sample rate
d
dt
Pilot tone bandpass lter has narrow bandwidth so better done at a
low sample rate
double the frequency of a complex tone by squaring it
Select the the rst image of 20 kHz when downsampling and the
second image when upsampling
Summary
Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Nyquist band image
ln
of
1
4
sample rate
d
dt
Pilot tone bandpass lter has narrow bandwidth so better done at a
low sample rate
double the frequency of a complex tone by squaring it
Select the the rst image of 20 kHz when downsampling and the
second image when upsampling
This example is taken from Harris: 13.

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14: FM Radio Receiver

14: FM Radio Receiver

[n] (only need part)

[n] (only need part)

[n] (only need part)

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