1

B.Sc. (Pt-II)-2013
CHEMISTRY
Scheme :
Three papers Min. Pass Marks - 54 Max. Marks - 150
Paper - I Inorganic Chemistry 3 Hrs Duration 50 Marks
Paper - II Organic Chemistry 3 Hrs Duration 50 Marks
Paper - III Physical Chemistry 3 Hrs Duration 50 Marks
Practical 5 Hrs Duration Min. Marks-27 Max. 75 Marks

Paper - I
Inorganic Chemistry
Duration : 3 hrs Max.Marks 50
Note: The question paper will contain three sections as under
Section-A : One compulsory question with 10 parts, having 2 parts from each unit, short
answer in 20 words for each part. Total marks : 05
Section-B : 10 questions, 2 questions from each unit, 5 questions to be attempted, taking
one from each unit, answer approximately in 250 words. Total marks : 25
Section-C : 04 questions (question may have sub division) covering all units but not
more than one question from each unit, descriptive type, answer in about
500 words, 2 questions to be attempted. Total marks : 20

Unit -I
Chemistry of Elements of first Transition Series :
Characteristics properties of d-Block elements. Properties of the elements of the first
transition series, their Binary Compunds and complexes. Illustrating relative stability of
their oxidation states, Coordination number and geometry.
Unit -II
Chemistry of Elements of Second and Third Transition Series :
General characteristics, comparative treatment with their 3d-analogues in respect of ionic
Radii, Oxidation States, magnetic, behaviour, Spectral properties, Stereo-chemistry.
Unit -III
Coordination Compounds :
Werners coordination theory and its experimental verification, Effective atomic number
concept, Chelates, Nomenclature of coordination Compounds, Isomerism in coordination
compounds, valence bond theory of transition metal complexes.
Unit -IV
Chemistry of Lanthanide Elements :
Electronic Structure, Oxidation States and ionic radii and lanthanide contraction,
Complex formation, Occurrence and isolation, Lanthanide compounds.
Chemistry of Actinides :
General features and chemistry of actinides, Chemistry of separation of Np, Pu and Am
from U, Similarities between the later Actinides and later lanthanides.

2
Unit -V
Acids and Bases :
Arrhenius, Bronsted -Lowry, the Lux -Flood, Solvent System and lewis concept of Acids
and Bases.
Non Aqueous Solvents :
Physical properties of solvent, Type of solvents and their general characteristics,
Reactions in liquid NH3 and Liquid SO2 .
Oxidation and Reduction :
Use of redox potential data - analysis of redox cycle, redox stability in water, frost,
latimer and pourbaix diagrams. Principles involved in the extraction of the elements.

Books Suggested :
1. Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis : A. I. Vogel (Chapter I, II and XXIII)
2. Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis : I. M. Kothoff and E. R. Sandell
3. Concise Inorganic Chemistry : J. D. Lee
4. General Inorganic Chemistry : J. A. Duffy
5. Principle of Inorganic Chemistry : B. R. Puri and L. R. Sharma
6. Basic Inorganic Chemistry : Cotton and Wilkinson and Gaus, Willey


Paper - II Organic Chemistry
Duration : 3 hrs 60 hrs. (Two hrs. per week) Max.Marks 50
Note: The question paper will contain three sections as under
Section-A : One compulsory question with 10 parts, having 2 parts from each unit, short answer in 20
words for each part. Total marks : 05
Section-B : 10 questions, 2 questions from each unit, 5 questions to be attempted, taking one from
each unit, answer approximately in 250 words. Total marks : 25
Section-C : 04 questions (question may have sub division) covering all units but not more than one
question from each unit, descriptive type, answer in about 500 words, 2 questions to be
attempted. Total marks : 20

Unit -I 10 hrs
Electromagnetic Spectrum : Absorption Spectra :-
Ultra violet (UV) Absorption Spectroscopy -
Absorption laws (Beer - Lambert law ) molar absorptivity. presentation and analysis of UV spectra,
types of electronic transition, Effect of conjugation. concept of chromophore and auxochrome,
bathochromic, Hypsochromic, Hyperchromic and hypochromic shifts. UV spectra of conjugates and
enones.
Infrared (IR) Absorption spectroscopy -
Molecular vibrations. Hooks Law, Selection rules, Intensity and Position of IR bands, Measurement of
IR spectrum, Finger print region, Characteristic absorptions of various functional groups and inter-
pretation of IR spectra of simple organic compounds.
Unit -II 12 hrs
Alcohols :
Classification and nomenclature.
Monohydric alcohols - Nomenclature, Method of formation by Reduction of aldehydes,
Ketones,Carboxylic acids and esters, Hydrogen bonding. Acidic nature. Reactions of alcohols.
Dihydric Alcohols - Nomenclature, methods of formation, Chemical reaction of vicinal glycols,
Oxidative-Cleavage [Pb (OAc)4 and HIO4] and pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
3
Trihydric Alcohols - Nomenclature and methods of formation, chemical reactions of glycerol.

Phenols :
Nomenclature, Structure and bonding. Preparation of Phenols, Physical Properties and acidic
character. Comparative acidic strengths of alcohols and phenols, Resonance stabilization of
phenoxide ion. Reactions of phenols: electrophylic aromatic substitution, acylation and carboxylation.
mechanism of fries rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, gatter-man synthesis. Hauben- Hoesch
Reaction, Lederer-manasse reaction and Reimer-tiemann Reaction.
Unit -III 14 hrs
Aldehydes And Ketones :
Nomenclature and structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis of aldehydes and ketones with particular
reference to the synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones using 1,3
Dithianes synthesis of ketones from nitriles and from carboxylic acids. Physical properties.
Mechanism of Nucleo-philic additions to carbonyl, aldol, perkin and Knoevenagel condensations.
Condensation with ammonia and its Derivatives. Wittig reaction, Mannich reaction. Use of acetals as
Protecting group. Oxidation of aldehydes, baeyer-villiger oxidation of ketone, cannizzaro's reaction,
MPV, Clemmensen, Wolff-kishner, Li AlH4 reductions, Halogenation of enolizable ketones.
An introduction to Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.
Unit -IV 12 hrs
Ethers And Epoxides : Nomenclature of ethers and methods of formation, physical properties. Chemical
reaction, cleavage and autoxidation, ziesels method of synthesis of epoxides. Acid and Basecatalyzed
ring opening, Reactions of Grignard and organolithium reagents with epoxides.
Carboxylic Acids : Nomenclature structure and bonding, Physical properties, Acidity of carboxylic
acids, Effect of subsituents on acid Strength. preparation of carboxylic acids. Reactions of carboxylic
acids, Hell-Volhard zelinsky reaction. Synthesis of acid chlorides, Esters and amides. Reductions of
carboxylic acids. Mechanism of decarboxylation. Methods of formation and chemical reactions of
unsaturated mono carboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic Acids : Methods of Synthesis and effect of heat and
dehydrating agents.
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives :
Structure and nomenclature of acid chlorides, Esters, Amides and acid- anhydrides. Relative stability
and reactivity of acid derivatives. physical properties, Inter conversion of acid derivatives by
nucleophilic acyl substitution.
preparation of carboxylic acid derivatives, chemical reactions. mechanism of esterification and
hydrolysis (Acidic and Basic)
Unit -V 12 hrs
Organic Compounds of Nitrogen :-
Preparation of nitro alkanes and nitro arenes. Chemical Reactions of Nitro alkanes. Mechanism of
nucleophilic substitution in nitro arenes and their reduction in acidic, neutral and alkaline media. Picric
Acid.
Alkyl and aryl amines : Reactivity, Structure and nomenclature of amines, physical properties. stereo
chemistry of amines, Separation of a mixture of primary. secondary and tertiary amines .Structural
features, effecting basicity of amines. Amine salts as phase- transfer catalysts. preparation of alkyl and
aryl amines ( Reduction of nitro compounds, Nitriles) Reductive amination of aldehydic and ketonic
compounds. Gabriel-Phthalimide reaction, Hofmann bromamide Reaction. Reactions of amines.
Electrophilic Aromatic substitution in arylamines, Reactions of amines with nitrous acid. Synthetic
transformations of aryl- diazonium salts, azo coupling.




Books Suggested :
4
1. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry : K. S. Tiwari, S. N. Mehrotra and N. K. Vishnoi
2. Modern Principles of Organic Chemistry : M. K. Jain & S. C. Sharma
3. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry: (Vol. I & II) O. P. Agarwal
4. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry : B. S. Bahl and Arun Bahl
5. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry : P. L. Soni
6. Organic Chemistry: (Vol. I, II & III) S. M. Mukherji, S. P. Singh and R P. Kapoor



Paper - III Physical Chemistry
Duration : 3 hrs Max.Marks 50
Note: The question paper will contain three sections as under
Section-A : One compulsory question with 10 parts, having 2 parts from each unit, short answer in 20
words for each part. Total marks : 05
Section-B : 10 questions, 2 questions from each unit, 5 questions to be attempted, taking one from
each unit, answer approximately in 250 words. Total marks : 25
Section-C : 04 questions (question may have sub division) covering all units but not more than one
question from each unit, descriptive type, answer in about 500 words, 2 questions to be attempted.
Total marks : 20

Unit -I
Thermodynamics - I : Definition of thermodynamic terms : System, Surroundings etc. Types of systems,
Intensive and extensive properties. state and path functions and their differentials. Thermodynamic
process, concept of heat and work,
First Law of Thermodynamics : Statement, Definition of internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity,
heat capacities at constant volume and pressure and their relation ship. Joules law, Joule- Thomson
coefficient. Calculation of w,q, dU & dH, for the expansion of Ideal gases under adiabatic conditions for
reversible process.
Thermo Chemistry : Standard state, standard enthalpy of formation, Hesss law of heat summation and
its applications. Heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume. Enthalpy of neutralization.
bond dissociation energy and its calculation from thermo-chemical data, Temperature dependence of
enthalpy. Kirchhoffs equation.
Unit -II
Thermodynamics -II
Second law of Thermodynamics : Need for the Law, different statements of the law. Carnot cycle and
its efficiency, Carnot-Theorem. Thermodynamic scale of temperature.
Concept of entropy : Entropy as a state function, entropy as a function of V&T, Entropy as a function of
P&T, Entropy change in physical change, Clausius inequality and Entropy as a criteria of spontoneity
and equilibiruim. Entropy change in ideal gases and mixing of gases.
Third Law of Thermodynamics : Nernst heat theorem. Statement and concept of residual entropy,
evaluation of absolute entropy from heat capacity data. Gibbs and Helm -holtz functions : Gibbs
function (G) and Helm holtz function (A) as: Thermodynamic quantities. A&G as criteria for
Thermodynamic equilibrium and spontaneity, Their advantage over entropy change. variation of G and
A with P.V. and T.






Unit- III
5
Chemical Equilibrium :
Equilibrium constant and free energy. Thermodynamic derivation of law of Mass Action. Le chateliers
principle.
Reaction Isotherm and reaction isochore-clapeyron equation and clausius- clapeyron equation,
applications.
phase Equilibrium :
Statement and meaning of the terms: phase, component and degree of freedom, derivation of Gibbs
phase rule, phase equilibria of one component system - water, CO
2
and Sulphur systems. phase
Equilibria of two component system- solid-liquid equilibria simple eutectic Bi -Cd, Pb-Ag systems,
desilverization of lead. solid solutions-compound formation with. Congruent melting point (Mg- Zn)
and incongruent melting point. (NaCl- H
2
O) System. Freezing mixtures acetone- dry ice.
Liquid -Liquid mixtures - Ideal liquid mixtures Roults and Henrys law non ideal system- Azeotropes-
HCl -H
2
O and ethanol- water system.Partially miscible Liquids : phenol-water. Lower and upper
consolute temperature. effect of impurity on consolute temperature. Nernst Distibution law -
Thermodynamic derivation, applications.

Unit -IV
Electro Chemistry - I
Electrical Transport-conduction in metals and in electrolyte solutions, specific conductance and
equivalent conductance, measurement of equivalent conductance, variation of equivalent and specific
conductance with dilution, migration of ions and kohlrausch law, Arrhenius theory of electrolyte
dissociation and Its limitations, weak and strong electrolytes, Ostwald dilution law, its uses and
limitations. debye- Huckle- onsagers equation for strong electrolytes (Elementary Treatment Only).
Transport number, definition and determination by Hittorf's method and moving boundary method.
Applications of conductivity measurements :
Determination of degree of dissociation, determination of Ka of acids, determination of solubility
product of a sparingly soluble salt, conductometric titrations.
Unit -V
Electro chemistry -II
Types of reversible electrodes - gas- metal ion, metal- metalion, metal - Insoluble salt- anion and redox
electrodes, electrode reactions. Nernst equation, derivation of cell E.M.F. and single electrode potential,
standard hydrogen electrode, reference electrodes, electrochemical series and its significance.
Electrolyte and galvanic cells - Reversible and irreversible cells, conventional represent ation of electro
chemical cells. E.M.F. of a cell and Its measurements. Computation of cell EMF. Calulation of
themodynamic quantities of cell reactions (G, H and K), Polarization, over Potential and hydrogen-
over-voltage.
Concentration cell with and without transport, liquid-junction potential, application of concentration
cells, valency of Ions. Solubility product and activiy coefficient, potentiometric Titrations.
Definition of pH and pKa Determination of pH Using hydrogen, quinhydrone and glass Electrodes, by
potentionmetric methods.

Books Suggested :
1. Principles of Physical Chemistry : B. R. Puri Sharma and M. S. Pathania
2. A Text Book of Physical Chemistry : A. S. Negi and S. C. Anand
3. A Text Book of Physical Chemistry : Kundu and Jain





Chemistry Practical
6
Laboratory Course 120 Hrs ( 4 Hrs /week)
Practical Examination 5 Hrs Duration
Min. pass Marks 27 Max. pass Marks 75
Distribution of Marks :
(i) Inorganic Experiment (two experiments)- 25 (10+15)
(ii) Organic Experiment - 15
(iii) Physical Experiment - 15
(iv) Viva (Regular) - 10
(v) Record (Regular) - 10
(vi) Viva (Non-collegiate) - 20


Inorganic Chemistry : Two experiments one from each section
Section- A 10 Marks
Calibration of fractional weights, pipettes and burettes. preparation of standard solution. dilution- 0.1 M
to 0.001 M solutions.
Quantitative analysis : 15 Marks
Section-B
Volumetric analysis
(a) Determination of acetic acid in commercial vinegar. Using naOH
(b) Determination of Alkali content in Anta-acid tablet Using HCl.
(c) Estimation of calcium content in chalk as calcium oxalate by permangano-metry.
(d) Estimation of hardness of water by EDTA.
(e) Estimation of ferrous and ferric by dichromate method.
(f) Estimation of copper using thiosulphate.
Gravimetric analysis
Analysis of copper (cu) as Cuscn and Ni as Ni Dimethyl glyoxime.

Organic chemistry Laboratory techniques 15 Marks
A. Thin layer Chromatography
determination of Rf values and identification of organic compounds.
(a) Separation of green leaf pigments (spinach leaves may be used)
(b) Preparation and seperation of 2,4-Dinitro -Phenyl Hydra-Zones of acetone,
2-butanone, hexan-2 and 3-one using toluene and light petroleum (40:60)
(c) Separation of a mixture of dyes using cyclohexane and Ethyl acetate ( 8.5 : 1.5 )
B. Paper Chromatography :
Ascending and circular. Determination of values and Identification of organic compounds.
(a) Separation of a mixture of phenyl alanine and glycine. Alanine and aspartic
acid. leucine and glutamic acid. spray reagent-Ninhydrin.
(b) Separation of a mixture of D,L- alanine, glycine, and L-leucine using n-butanol: acetic
acid :water (4:1:5) spray reagent-aniline hydrogen phthalate.
(c) separation of mono saccharides- a mixture of D-galactose and D-fructose using n-butanol:
acetone : water ( 4:1:5 ) spray reagent- aniline hydrogen phthalate.
Qualitative analysis :
Identification of an organic compound through the functional group analysis, determination of melting
point and preparation of suitable derivatives.
Physical chemistry : 15 Marks
Transition temperature Determination of the transition temperature of the given substance by
thermo-metric /dialometric method (e.g. MnCl2.4H2O/ SrBr2.2H2O)
Phase Equilibrium
7
1. To study the effect of a solute (e.g. NaCl, succinic acid ) on the critical solution temperature of
two partially miscible liquids (e.g.Phenol- water system )
2. To construct the phase diagram of two component (e.g.Diphenyl- Benzophenone)
system by cooling curve method.
Thermo chemistry :
1. To determine the solubilies of benzoic acid at different temperatures and to de-
termine H of the dissolution process.
2. To detrermine the enthalpy of neutralization of a weak acid weak base verses
strong acid and strong base and determine the enthalpy of ionisation of the weak
acid/weak base.
3. To determine the enthalpy of solution of solid calcium chloride and calculate the
lattice energy of calcium chloride from its enthalpy data using born haber cycle.

Books Suggested:
1. Practical Chemistry: Giri Bajpai and Pandey, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi
2. Practical Chemistry (Hindi Ed.): Suresh Ameta & P. B. Punjabi, Himanshu Publication






B.Sc. (Pt-II) Examination -2013
jlk;u foKku
i-i
-i- z- z ---n --iii+ :- ii+ +:c
z- z I ~li . i- :c ~+
z- z II ~li . i- :c ~+
z- z III ~li . i- :c ~+
iiln+ ~li : i- ---n --iii+./ ii+/: ~ +
iz'u i= -I vdkcZfud jlk;u
=n. i ~li+-n ~ + :c
-i := z- z n c. i l--- +i tin
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tin + ni z- +i --i nnin .c zi<i n ti +n ~+ c:
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+- t( +n c: z-i + --i <- tin + z- +i --i nnin .:c zi<i n ti +n ~+ .:
[k.M l := i n c- z- i-i-i+ tin (z- n iin ii ti =+- t) i =ii :+i:i n = l<(
in. l+-- (+ :+i: = (+ = ~li+ z- -ti tini <i z-i + --i l< i- t+ z-
+i --i nnin :cc zi<i n ti +n ~+ .c




8
bdkbZ&I
in =+ni ini + -i +i =i-
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bdkbZ&II
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lzln =i-. ni ini +i ~-i .+ -i = -n-in+ l-
bdkbZ&III
-=t=i+ iln+
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l-.n-i-i: iln+i +i il-- ( i++i
(l+-i:i +i =i-
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n-i-i:i ( z-i (l+-i:i n =ni--i
bdkbZ&V
~-n ( -ii+
~-n ( =i ,-ii+) +i ~it l-=. i-nii. n+=+n. lni+ zl- ( n:= =+--i
~ni lni+
lni+i + iil-+ ni in lni+i + +i --+ =ini- ~lnn-ii z. . + lzii
=<i n ~ni lni+i n~lil+i
~i +=i+i ( ~-
~i- li ~i+ i + -in~i- + lznii. n n ~i- iil. +i. nln.
( i += ~ii -i + l-+ii n l-lt- l=zi--










9

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dkcZfud jlk;u
=n. i ~li+-n ~ + :c
-i := z- z n c. i l--- +i tin
[k.M v := i n (+ ~l-i z- l=n + :+i: = c. ni z- n- t( +n +c
ni z- tin + ni z- +i --i nnin .c zi<i n ti +n ~ + c:
[k.M c := i n + :+i: = c. z- n- t( +n +c z- tin+ :+i: = (+
z- +i - +- t( +n c: z-i + --i <- tin+ z- +i --i nnin .:c zi<i n ti
+n ~ + .:
[k.M l := i n c- z- i-i-i+ tin (z- n iin ii ti =+- t) i =ii :+i:i n
= l<( in. l+-- (+ :+i: = (+ = ~li+ z- -ti tini <i z-i + --i l< i-
t+ z- +i --i nnin :cc zi<i n ti +n ~ + .c

bdkbZ &I +c i
li- -+i +n~ziiii + i
in-i (UV) ~ziiii +n lai- ~ziiii l-n (ln- l-n) nin ~i+
(~ziii+-i) UV +i +i --i+i ( lznii :n+ il-+ =+ni + +i.=n- +i ii
inn+ (ini+i) ( ii + +i = +--i ii+ii. ii+ii (lt-=i+iln+).il-ziii (ti:
+iln+) ( ~ii (ti:i+i ln+) lii- = ni i::- + UV +i
~+- (I R )~ziiii + i
~iil+ +--. t+ +i l-n. - l-n. IR +i -i-i ( lil- IR + n +i ni-.
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~i l--

bdkbZ &II +. i
(-+iti n ni+i ( -in+i
ni-i ti:l + (-+iti n-in+i.(l-ti:. +ii-. +iil+=ln+ ~-n ( ( + ~- ;ii -i-
+i llii ti:i- -i- ~-ni +l-(-+iti n +i ~lil+i
i:ti:l + (-+iti n-in+i. -i- +i llii =nii ni:+i n +i =il-+ ~lil+i
Pb(OAc)
4
( HIO
4
;ii ~i +=i+i+ li- ( l-i+i nl-i+i ni- -l-i=
i:ti:l + (-+iti n-in+i ( -i- +i llii . ln=i n +i i=il-+ ~lil+i
+i-i n-in+i. =-i ( -i-+i-i n -i- +i llii. iil-+ ni in ( ~-ni ~lin-ii
(-+iti n ( +i-i n +i ~-ni =in +i -n-i +i-i +=i: ~i- +i ~--i<i iil +i-i n +
(l=ni+i ( +ii+=ini+i +i :n+i - -ti (inl+ l-ii- ~lil+i. + i -l-i=.
+n- -l-i=. nn- =znii. ti -ti ~lil+i nn-i= ~lil+i ( inin-
~lil+i +i l+illi

10

bdkbZ III +- i
(l-ti: ( +ii-
-in+i ( +iil-n =nt +i =-i (l-ti: + (llzi =<i n. (l= +nii: =) =znii
+i lli. (l-ti: +ii- + =znii +i llii-i: i:n ( +iil+=ln+ ~-ni =. +. ..
i:ii- + in ;ii (l-ti: +ii- +i =znii iil-+ ni in -i :-. (-in.l+- (
-i-n =i-- n. +ii l-n. =nt +i -ili+ -ti inin+ ~lil+i +i l+i llii +i llzi
=<i n ~- nil-zi ~lil+i

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~i +=i+i. +l-ii ~lil+i -( +nin-=-. i-+l+z- Li Al H
4
( NaBH
4
;ii ~-
:-i ni: n +ii-i +i t ni-i+i ~=--- (l-ti:i ( +ii-i +i l

bdkbZ IV +. i
:i= ( :i +=i: =
:i= + -in+i. -i- +i llii. ii l-+ ni in
=il-+ ~lil+il<n- ( -~i +=i+i. i:n +i lli:i +=i: +i =znii. ~-n=
-i ;ii :i +=i: n +i in-i. :i +=i: n + in- +i l<+ ~lil-i=. ln-i
~li+n+ ( +i lnlin iln+i +i :i +=i: = = ~lil+i
+ii l+=ln+ ~-n
+ii l+=ln+ ~-ni + -in+i. =-i ( i- iil-+ ni in. l-iili +i ~-n =in
ii +iil+=ln+ ~-ni + -i- +i llii +iil+=ln+ ~-ni +i l+i tn+i ni ln +i
~lil+i +iil+=ln+ ~-ni +i ~-l+iil+=ni+i +i l+illi ~=--- ni-i+ii l+=ln+
~-ni + -i- +i llii ( --+i i=il-+ ~lil+i
i:+iiil+=ln+ ~-ni + -i- +i llii. -ni ( l-ni+i+i +i ii
+ii l+=ln+ ~-ni + -- ~-n+nii:i. (=. (ni:= ( ~-n (-ti: i: = +i =-i
( -in+i ~-n --i +i ~il-i+ iiliil-+ ni in. -ili+ -ti (l=n l-ii- ;ii
~-n --i +i ~- l--
+ii l+=ln+ ~-n --i + -i- +i llii i=il-+ ~lil+i ~-ni + (i+i (
(~-ni ( -iii) n ~i- +i l+illi
bdkbZ &V
-i: i- + +i l-+ iln+ +. i-
-i: i (-+-= ( -i: i (i-= + -i- +i llii -i: i (-+-i +i i=il-+ ~lil+i-i:i (i-=
+i -ili+ -ti l-ii- ~lil+i~i +i l+illii ( --+i ~-ni. -iii ( -<i=i- nin n
~- ll++ ~-n
(l-+n ( (ln (ni-= l+iziin-i (ni-i +i =-i ( -in+i iil-+
niin (ni-i +i lzln =i- iiln+. l;-i+ ( --i+ ( ni-i +i i++i (ni-i +i
-ii+-i --+i =-i~i +i iiiii ii-i--i -+ + n (ni- =i- (l-+n
(ln (ni-i + -i- +i llii (-i: i iln+i ( -i: i :ni + ~- ;ii) (l-til+
11
+ii l-+ iln+i + ~l- (ni-i+i ;ii nln i lnni: =znii ~lil+i. ti+n- inini:
~lil+i (ni- +i ~lil+i. (ln (ni-i n :n+i- -ti (inl+ l-ii- (ni-i +i -i: =
~-ni + =ii ~lil+i. (ln i:il-n nii +i =zni. i--i. (i n-


HkkSfrd jlk;u &'u i= &III
=n. i ~li+-n ~ + :c
-i := z- z n c. i l--- +i tin
[k.M v := i n (+ ~l-i z- l=n + :+i: = c. ni z- n- t( +n +c
ni z- tin + ni z- +i --i nnin .c zi<i n ti +n ~ + c:
[k.M c := i n + :+i: = c. z- n- t( + n +c z- tin + :+i: = (+
z- +i - +- t( +n c: z-i + --i <- ti n + z- +i --i nnin
.:c zi<i n ti +n ~+ .:
[k.M l := i n c- z- i-i-i+ tin (z- n iin ii ti =+- t) i =ii :+i:i n
= l<( in. l+-- (+ :+i: = (+ = ~li+ z- -ti tini <i z-i + --i
l< i- t+ z- +i --i nnin :cc zi<i n ti +n ~+ .c

bdkbZ&I
-ni nl-+iin
-ninl-+i <i +i liiii -z liz :il< -z + +i. nizi -z ni in ( nizi ni
in. ~ii ( i +n- ( --+ ~+n (li<+) -ni nl-+ +n-ni ( +i =+--i

-ni nl-+i +i in l-n ++i-. ~i-l+ -i ( i -ni ((-i-i) +i liiii.
-niiil-i ( --+ n =--in +i l-n. n in=- nii+. +n -i -+nii +ni
+ ln( =n-ii ( zin +n ~ii. ~i<zi n= =i + ln( ( ( +- ( + +i ni-i
-ni =i- ni-+ ~ii. ni-+. =-i- (-i-i. -ni =+n- +i t +i l-n -=+
~-in li <i li ~i-- ~lil+i -ni-<i=i-i+i +i (-i-i i li- -i
( -=+i -ni =il-+ ~i+ i = ni-i. (-i-i +i -i l-i-i l++ ti + =ni+i
bdkbZ&II
-ni nl-+i l;-i
-ni nl-+i +i l;-i l-n l-n +i ~iz+-i. l-n + lli-- +i-. +i-i + ( -=+i
<-i-i
+i-i n -i+n +i -ni nl-+ ni-i (- i i +i = +--i. (- i i ~ii in- + n. V
T + +n- n. (-i i. P T + +n- n (- i i. iil-+ ~ii l-- n (- ii l--.
+nil== ~=n-i.- ( =i- ~ii l-iii n (- ii +i iln+i ~i<zi n=i ( n=i +
lni +- (- ii l--
-ni nl-+i +i --i l-n - - -ni l=zi-- ~zii. (- i i +i- ( iiii -ni iil-i.
~i+ i = l--i (-i i +i ni-i ln ( t-n ti-= +n- ln +n- (G) t-n ti-- =
12
+n- (A) -ni nl-+i ilzii (nizii) -ni nl-+i =i- ( l-- - +n n A G +i
iln+i (-i i +i -n-i n -=+ nii P,V ( T n l-- + =ii G A n ~-i
l--

bdkbZ&III
i=il-+ =i- =i- lii+ ( n +- -i < ~-i-i l+i l-n +i -ni nl-+i l-nn-
nizii-ln +i l-n =n-ii ~lil+i. ( =n~i-l-+ ~lil+i. =n~i-l-++ni - (
+nil==+ni - =ni+i. -iln-i
iii =i- iii. i+ ( - z +il <i + +i- ( --+ ~i ln iii l-n +i
l-nn- (+ i+ -zn. CO
2
( S -zi + ln( iii =i- ~-
l;i+ -z ai=:. =n l++ Bi-Cd, Pb-Ag -z. n l- +-i ai=
ln- Mg-Zn =in=n nn- l-< iln+ +i --i ( (Nacl -H
2
O) + ~=in nn-i+
iln+i +i --i ltni+i lni(=ii-zi+ +
: : lni~i<zi lni i-n ( t-i +i l-n.~-i<zi -zili +iii Hcl-H
2
O (
(i-i nn -z ~ilzi+ lnii <+i-i nn -- ( l--- =ln -i ~zil;i +i
ii -- +i l-i l-n-ni nl-+i l-nn-. -iln-i

bdkbZ&IV
li- =i-I ii-~i ( li- ~i ln-i n li- it in-. llzi in+-i. -- i+i
in+-i. --i+i in+-i +i ni-. --+i + --i+i in+-i ( llzi in+-i n l--
~i-i +i ~linn- ( +ini-zi +i l-n i- ~i i + li- +i ~iltl-= l=;i- (
-=+i =ini <n ( n - ~i . ~ii- +i ---i l-n. -in ( =ini
li:t+n~i -=in =ni+i n i- ~i i + ln( (+ n il-i+ l- niz)
~linn-i+liiii --+ ni- +i lti+ ( n =ini zl-in+-i ni- +i -iln-i
li-nizi +i ni-i. ~-ni + Ka +i ni-. ~- ln nii + ln-i ni-+n +i ni-
in+-inii ~-ni-

bdkbZ&V
li- =i-II-+nii :n+ i i + +i n=ii- ~i-. ii-ii- ~i-. ii-~ln ni
+ii-. -i- <n ,:n+i ). :n+i ~lil+i. -- =ni+i.=n E.M.F +i l-nn- (
(+n :n+ i li. ni-+ ti:i- :n+ i . l-<zi :n+ i ni-+ :n+ i li. =i:- +- -zi-=
(Sign Conventions) li- i=il-+ ii (Electro-Chemical Series) ( :=+i =ii +-i
i- ~i ( n--i =n. -+nii ( ~-+nii =n. i- i=il-+ =ni +i -in-
l-i
=n +i E.M.F ( :=+i ni-. =n + E.M.F +i ~li+n- =n ~lil+i + ln( (G, H (
K :il<) -ni nl-+i ilzii +i ni-i ii. ili ( ti: i- ii-~linn- (
~linn- lt- =i<-i =n =li li. =i<-i =ni +i -iln-i ~i-i +i =i+-i. ln -i
13
ni-+n ( =l+-i nii+ linii ~-ni- pH ( pKa +i liiii. ti:i- l+-
ti: i- ( ni= :n+i + ;ii linii llii = pH +i ni-

izk;ksfxd jlk;u
inziini ia +n +.c i- (- i- l- =--it)
iiln+ i-ii : i ---n --iiii+ ./ ~li+-n ~ +/:
~+ lii-
~+i l-+ in .c
+il-+ in +:
iil-+ .c
nili+ ((l-ln-) +c
iiln+ +i l-+i (l-ln-) +c
nili+ ((iai) .c

~+i l-+ =i- li--iin+ ii. i li +i ~zii+- ni-+ ln-i +i -i-i c.+ m
ln-i +i c.cc+ m -+ --+i +-i

niziin+ lznii
~i-- ln-i lznii
(~) NaoH + in ;ii iil+ l=+ n (=il+ ~-n +i l-iii
() HCl + in ;ii (-i(l= n n -ii +i l-iii
(=) nn-inii ;ii i+ n -li- +l-zin ~zi +i + l-zin
~i +n (Calcium oxalate) + n l-iii
(<) n +i +ai-i +i E.D.T.A ;ii ni-
(:) i:+in lli ;ii += ( + l+ + ~i- +i ni-
(+) iii=-+ lli ;ii +i +i ni-

iiin+ lznii
Cu +i Cu SCN + n z +i l-l+n i:nlinni:~i+in + n lznii
+il-+ =i-
inziini -+-i+ (llii)
~ -ni - i ni+i
Rf ni- +i ni- ( +il-+ i ln+ +i ti--i
(~) (in+ +i l-ii +i +in n n+ ii) ti l-ii + ii+i +i i++i
() in:- ( t-+ ilnn + (-c -c) lni +i in n n+ (=ii-. .-i -.
t+=-. ~i - ( t+=- .~ i- + ..-.i:-i: i +l-n ti:i- --i +i -i-i
--+i i++i +-i
(=) =i:+ni t+=- ( (lin (lin (=i (.:+.:)(+ lni) ;ii +i + lni +i i++i
14

+in i ni+i ~iiti ( -n (-i+i)
Rf ni- +i ni- ( +i l-+ iln+i +i lznii
(~) +l-n (nil-- ( ni:=i-.(nil-- ( (il+ ~-n. -=i- ( nln+ ~-n + lnii +i
i++i l--ti:l- zii+i ~li+n+
() zii+i ~li+n + l--ti:l- ;ii n -i n(=il+ ~-nn (-+:) + lni + -in =
D, L (nil--. ni:=i- ( L-- =i- +i lnii = i++i
(=) zii+i ~li+n + (l-ni- ti:i- in ;ii. -i n(=ii- n (-:+) + lni +
-in = D-nn +i ( D-++i +i lni = i+ +-i
niin+ lznii
l +in+ =nt lznii ;ii +il-+ iln+i +i ti-. nn-i+ ni- ( -l- -- -i+
+-i
iil-+ =i-
=+ni -i
+. l< t( <ii (-<itiii Mncl
2
, 4H
2
O / Sr Br
2
.2H
2
O) +i
-ilnl- i:nilnl- (Dialometric) lli ;ii =+ni -i +i l-iii
iii =i-
+. <i ~i lzi+ ln i ,-<itiii +i-i nn -zi) + +i l-+ ln- -i ln (-<itiii
NaCl, =+=il-+ ~-n) + ii +i ~- l< t( +i-i nn -zi ln- n ln
+i =i<-i +i ni-
.. zii-n- + lli ;ii l;i+ -zi (-<itiii i:+ l-n (ni- -i+i-i -)
+ ~ii ~ii +i -i-i
-ni =i-
+. lli-- -ii -i :+ ~-n +i l-iii ( in- +n ;ii H +i l-iii
.. <n ~-n= + n =n ~-ni ;ii -<i=i-i+i +i (-i-i +i ni- ( <n
~-n! <n = + ~i-i+i +i (-i-i +i ni-
.. ai= +l-=n +nii: + ln- +i (-i-i +i ni- ( i-t + + ;ii (-i-i
~i+ i +i =ti-i = +l-=n +nii: +i in+ -i +i ni-i