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Some basics to help us decide whether the subject and verb are in agreement.
•To find out the subject of a particular verb,
we ask the questions
who/what
BEFORE the verb.
1. The subject and the verb should agree with each other in number and person.
3. Words joined to a singular subject by with, as well as, etc., are parenthetical. The
words should therefore be put in the singular.
4. Two or more singular subjects joined by or, nor, the verb is singular. But if one of the
subjects is plural , the verb must be plural and should be closer to the verb.
5. If the subjects are of different persons, then the verb agrees with the person it is nearer
to.
8. Nouns plural in form , but singular in meaning take a singular verb.- news politics,
wages, mathematics
•Pains and means can be singular/ plural, but construction should be consistent.
•Great pains have been taken/ much pains has been taken
12. When a plural noun is a proper name for some single object/ collective unit, the
singular verb is used
• The United States, Gulliver’s travels
13. When a plural noun denotes some specific quantity or amount as a whole, the verb is
generally singular.
•Fifteen minutes is allowed to each speaker.
•Three parts of the business is left for me to do.
Subject-verb agreement.
1. Sita, in spite of her family’s support , object to this proposal.
2. The jury were unanimous in its acquittal.
3. The jury argues among themselves before taking decisions Key:
1. Sita, in spite of her family’s support , objects to this proposal.
2. The jury were/was unanimous in their/its acquittal.
3. The jury argue among themselves before taking decisions.
..
Key
13. Most of the wall charts are stolen.
14. This is one of the books that are prescribed for the course.
15. Four assistants together with the manager from plant 4 are responsible for the project.
Key
16. My friend and benefactor has come.
17. Majority is against the new decision.
18. (Each of the boys) has a motorcycle.
19. (Every man, woman and child) is lost in the accident.
Key
20. Ramu is not to blame and nor are you.
21. Some of the allowance is used.
22. The number of people taking up the BULATS has increased every year.
23. A number of people have called for you.
Subject verb agreement.
24. The technician and not the three managers are running this show.
25. The array of educational programs benefit both the students and the company.
26. Fire and water does not agree.
27. He and his friend has arrived.
Key
24. The technician and not the three managers is running this show.
25. The array of educational programs benefits both the students and the company.
26. Fire and water do not agree.
27. He and his friend have arrived.
Key
28. The orator and the statesman are dead.
29. Bread and milk is his only food.
30. Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
Key
31. No nook or corner of the forest was left unexplored.
32. Either he or I am mistaken.
33. (Neither Rohit nor Raju), two of the best students in class, has joined the team.
34. Rama, and not you, has won the prize.
Key
35. Many of the objects have been place under investigation.
36. A fair means does not always bring success.
37. His use of discord and harmony does not appeal to me.
38. The wing span of these planes is too small.
Subject verb agreement
39. He outlined all the errors in our reasoning that has caused us continuing problems.
40. The strain of all the difficulties and anxieties are more than he could bear.
41. Not one of these five boys were present.
Key
39. He outlined all the errors in our reasoning that have caused us continuing problems.
40. The strain of all the difficulties and anxieties was more than he could bear.
41. Not one of these five boys was present.
Key
42. He is one of the authors who are destined to be immortal.
43. You who are my friend should not worry me.
44. He loves everybody and everything that is connected with his work.
Key
45. Corn and beans are ingredients of succotash.
46. Corn and beans is a common mixture.
47. One of the lesser known training programmes that would solve your problems has
been ignored.
Key
48. One fourth of the periodicals have missing pages.
49. One quarter of the name list has been deleted.
50. None of the equipment has been damaged.
Key
KEY
56. Ten kilometers is a long walk.
57. The introduction of tea and coffee and such other beverages has not been without
some effect.
58.The quality of the mangoes was not good.
59.(Sanskrit, as well as Arabic), was taught there.
60. Many men have done so.
Key- Home work
VERB TENSES
Past time
•Past time is indicated by different tenses.
•Simple past
•Past progressive/ continuous
•Present perfect
•Present perfect continuous
•Past perfect
•Past perfect continuous.
1. The past tense and past participle remains the SAME as the base form:
bet, burst, cast, cost, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, set, shed, shut, slit, split, spread….
2.In some cases the past tense and past participle are the SAME:
Complete using the simple past- regular/ irregular verbs, taking the clue
form the verbs in brackets..
1. Maria (walk)_____ to school today. Rebecca (drive)______ her car. Olga(ride)____
her bicycle. Yoko (take)__ the bus.
2. I(live)____ in Mysore with my parents. Then I (shift)_____to Bangalore.My parents
(come) ______with me.
Complete using the simple past- regular/ irregular verbs, taking the clue
form the verbs in brackets..
3. Frank was thirsty. He (drink)_____ four glasses of water.
4. My husband(give)_____me a ring. I (put) ____ it on, but it (slip)______ from my
finger and it got (lose)______.
5. The police (catch)_____ the bank robbers, but they(escape)___ .
Pronunciation
•Verbs that end with a
•with a /t/ sound after the sounds /k/, /p/, /s/, /ch/,/sh/
•with a /d/ sound after the sounds /l/, /n/, /v/, /b/
•with the -id- sound if there is a -t or -d before -ed.
•die- dying
•die- died
•EXAMPLES:
•I saw John yesterday.
•My parents lived in that house.
•He bounced the ball, then kicked it.
•We usually went by train.
•He studied many hours.
•She always carried a stick.
When do we use the PAST PROGRESSIVE tense ?
•PAST PROGRESSIVE
•describes activity that was in progress at a point of time in the past
•describes background situations of what was going on when some other activity/ event
took place
•EXAMPLE
•I was talking on the phone.
•When the visitors came, they all were sleeping soundly.
•It was raining(situation), when we got (action) to the bus stop.
Word form of simple past and past progressive
•SIMPLE PAST
•Statement:
They worked.
•Negative:
They did not work.
•Question:
Did they work?
•Subject+verb (past)
•PAST PROGRESSIVE
•Statement:
They were working.
•Negative:
They were not working.
•Question:
Were they working?
•Subject+was/were +verb+ing
Differences between simple
past and past progressive
1. Used to describe a situation that has come to an end.
•The rain got heavier and heavier.
• I became less and less certain about what he wanted us to do.
Remember!
•Past progressive is interchangeable with simple past. But when we want to give
importance for the DURATION of the action. The past continuous tense is used to
indicate past time.
•Simple present and simple present continuous can be used to refer to future events or
actions.
•a) The bus leaves at 12.
b) I am leaving the next day.
•The PAST CONTINUOUS can refer to something that, at the past time was going to
happen in the future.
•A) I did not talk to Rose on the phone for long, as I knew she WAS FLYING to Paris in
the morning.
B) James studied hard because he WAS SITTING for his exams the next day.
Use the simple past or the past
progressive/ continuous
1. At 6.00 in the evening, Bob(sit)____ down at the table and (begin)______ to eat. Ten
minutes later, while he(eat)_____ , Ann(come) ____ through the door. In other words,
Bob (eat) _____ dinner.
2. Bob(go)_____ to bed at 10:30. By 11:00 Bob (sleep)____.
3. While Bob (sleep)______,the phone (ring)
________
Use the simple past or the past
progressive/ continuous
4. In other words, the phone (ring)___ ,but Bob(sleep)_______.
5. Jim (leave)______ his house at eight, and (begin)______ to walk to class.
6. While he(walk)_____, to class, he (see)____ Smita.
7. She (stand)______ in the garden and she (wave)_____ to him.
8. Jim (stop)_____ and (speak)_____ to her.
•The tenses show not only the time but also the state of the action
or event.
•When we want to indicate whether the action happens in the past,
present or the future; whether the action is a single action, or a
repeated action; whether the action is complete or unfinished and
so on, we have to use the VERB in the right TENSE.
.
Present time is shown by the use
of
1. The simple present tense
2. The present continuous tense
3. Sometimes the past tense may refer to present time, when to
express a wish.
Simple present tense is used to indicate DAILY
HABITS
Examples:
•In the morning I brush my teeth and take a shower . Then I eat
my breakfast.
•I go for a walk daily.
•I always study in the evening.
•Babies cry.
•Birds fly.
•Dogs are faithful.
•It is a beautiful day.
•UNIVERSAL TRUTH
•The sun rises in the east.
•Water freezes at zero degrees centigrade.
•The moon rotates around the earth.
Present progressive/ continuous tense is used to
show
•That the activity is in progress. The activity is occurring right
now, the event began in the past, is in progress now and will
probably continue in the future.It is formed with the verb ‘to be’
and present participle.
Example:
•An English class is going on now.
• The students are listening to the lecture.
The tenses indicate different kinds of time :
simple present
•Indicates:
•PRESENT TIME
•now- exact moment
•Taylor shoots and it’s a goal.
•general time
•My parents live near here.
•momentary action- commentaries where the stress is on the happenings, rather than on
duration.
•The fielder catches the ball.
•PAST TIME
•For dramatic effect in vivid narrative, instead of the past tense.
•The boy on the boat waves to catch our attention.
•About artists, writers,etc. and their works.
•Shakespeare is a great dramatist.
•For photograph captions
•Tony addresses a meeting.
•To introduce quotations
•Keats says, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever.”
Key continued...
4. May I have the yellow flowers. I (buy) am buying them for my
wife. I (buy) buy her flowers on the first day of every month.
5.Oscar usually (walk) walks to work. (Walk, you) Do you walk to
work every day too?
(Score=10)
Please note:
•Some verbs are not used in the progressive tense. They are called
“non- action” verbs. They express a situation that exists, not an
action in progress.
•Some non- action verbs are:
•hear, see, sound, believe, understand, know, be, exist, own,
possess, belong, need, want, prefer, like, love, hate, forget ,
remember, think, have, taste.
Conditional tenses
•The Conditional tense
•The perfect conditional and perfect conditional continuous say what would
have happened in the past / what would not have happened or what would
have been true, if / unless something else had happened first.
•We would have won if we had played better.
•We would have escaped if we had had a ladder.
•We would never have believed it if we hadn’t seen it with our own eyes.
•I would have been laughing if the joke had not been on me.
•The police would not have been chasing you unless they thought you were
the thief.
Conditionals
•FIRST CONDITIONAL states simple facts about what will or may happen in the future if something
else happens or unless something else happens.
If you look after the plants, they will survive
•SECOND CONDITIONAL describes what would happen in the future if something else happened first
or was true
They would probably promote you if you worked harder.
•THIRD CONDITIONAL says what would have/might have happened first if something else had been
true.
If I had known that I would never have come.
IMPLICATIONAL CONDITIONAL says that if is true something must also be true
If there was no reply, he must have been out
If it is raining here, it must be raining there.
GENERAL CONDITION state that if one thing happens first something else also generally happens.
If any one shouted at her (she always burst into tears/ would always burst into tears)
•5. What would you do if you (see) ____ someone stealing a car?
•What would you do if you saw someone stealing a car?
•SECOND CONDITIONAL: what will happen in the future if something
else happened first or was true
•main clause: would+ base form of the verb
•conditional clause:simple past
•6. If you (ask)____ me, I would have explained the plan again.
• If you had asked me, I would have explained the plan again.
•Perfect conditional(3rd conditional)- what would have happened in the past
if something else had happened first.`.
•main clause- would(modal)+ present perfect
•conditional clause- past perfect
•9. If you hadn’t woken up, the thieves might (get) ______
away with the cash.
•If you hadn’t woken up, the thieves might have got away
with the cash.
•Perfect conditional(3rd conditional)- what would have happened in
the past if something else had happened first.`
•main clause- (modal)+ present perfect
•conditional clause- past perfect
1. The team has certainly (do, did, done) a good job on this
presentation.
2. The owner just (throw, threw, throw) away the opportunity to
make a huge profit.
3.The queen( speak, spoke, spoken)at the press conference last
Monday.
4. The phone has( ring, rang, rung) only once today.
1. The team has certainly (do, did, done) a good job on this
presentation.
Present perfect to describe past events having effect in the present.
2. The owner just (throw, threw, throw) away the opportunity to
make a huge profit.
Simple past to indicate action completed in the past.
3.The queen( speak, spoke, spoken)at the press conference last
Monday.
Simple past is used with time reference for something completed.
4. The phone has( ring, rang, rung) only once today.
Present perfect to indicate an activity completed in the past.
16. It (had been raining, has been raining, will have been raining)
since last night.
17. The baby (had been, has been, will have been) sick all of last
month.
18.I (have learnt, will have learned, had learned) some Japanese
before I go there in the summer.
16. It (had been raining, has been raining, will have been raining)
since last night.
Present perfect continuous indicates an action began in the past and is still continuing.
17. The baby (had been, has been, will have been) sick all of last
month.
Past perfect continuous tells of an action that began before a certain time in the past and
continued up to that time.
18.I (have learnt, will have learned, had learned) some Japanese
before I go there in the summer.
Future perfect is used to indicate completion of an action by a certain time in the future.
Correct the errors.
1. Have you rode a 750cc motorbike?
2. He would have been playing the part now if he did not offend
the teacher last week.
3. I shall wait till you finished your lunch.
4. The baby cries all morning.
5. My friends have seen the Prime Minister yesterday.
Key: Correct the errors.
1. Have you ridden a 750cc motorbike?
2. He would have been playing the part now if he had not offend
the teacher last week.
3. I shall wait till you finish your lunch.
4. The baby cried / was crying/ has been crying all morning./ The
baby cries every morning.
5. My friends saw the Prime Minister yesterday.
Key:
11. He started walking after the rain had stopped.
12. If he hears of our marriage he will be surprised. / If he heard of
our marriage he would be surprised.
13. It has been raining since early morning.
14. I am sure I saw him at the party last night.