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b
1#2*a
w``, 0))0.5 Nmm`,
!a#b*w``, 0.5))10.0 Nmm`
(1)
(2)
in which
a"0.5224#0.0260 f
, (3)
b"0.9424#0.0635 f
, (4)
f
'
is the concrete cylinder compression strength (N mm`), is the crack shear displacement in mm
and w is the crack width in mm.
D.Z. Yankelevsky, O. Leibowitz / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 41 (1999) 115 5
Fig. 4. Simplied stressdisplacement relationships along a rough crack.
Normal stress
"
!0.5#
A(#0.05)
(0.5#A)w#0.05B
, 0))0.5 Nmm`,
!A#Bw", 0.5))8.0 Nmm`
(5)
(6)
in which
A"0.969#0.054 f
, (7)
B"0.3786 f ""`
. (8)
These expressions, which are shown in Fig. 4, are in good correspondence with test data [8]. The
linear stressdisplacement relationships have been chosen for simplicity, otherwise the original
nonlinear relationships [8] could have been adopted. The original expressions have a theoretical
background and are tuned to t the experimental results by choosing appropriate constants. It
should be stated that these stressdisplacement relationships refer to certain mixes of concrete and
dierent coecients should be determined for dierent mixes, however the general approach as
well as the character of the dierent expressions remain the same.
6 D.Z. Yankelevsky, O. Leibowitz / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 41 (1999) 115
Since Eqns (1)(8) are empirical, they should be subjected to the experimental program limita-
tions, as follows:
1. Shear displacement is less than 2 mm.
2. Crack width is narrower than 2 mm, and wider than 0.03 mm. The minimum crack width,
which had been observed experimentally, agrees well with the requirement that the shear
stiness should not be larger than the elastic value. The limitations for the stresses ranges are
detailed in Eqns (1), (2), (5) and (6).
4. The punching force
In this section the expressions to predict the magnitude of the punching force are derived. The
tangential forces along the cracked surface contribute to an increase in the resistance and the
compressive normal forces act to decrease the resistance.
A dierential axi-symmetric surface area dA is
dA"
2r(x)
cos
dx. (9)
The vertical component of the shear resultant, acting on dA is
dP
P
" dA cos . (10)
The vertical force component resulting from the normal stress is
dP
N
" dA sin , (11)
where is the angle between the vertical and the tangent to the generatrix (Fig. 3), and satises the
following relationships:
cos "
1
([1#(r)`]
, (12)
sin "
r
([1#(r)`]
, (13)
where r"dr(x)/dx.
Substituting Eqns (9), (12) and (13) into Eqns (10) and (11) and summing up the contributions to
the total resistance, yields
P"2