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Getting C in chemistry

9. 1.69 g of iron combine with 0.72g of oxygen.calculate the empirical formula of this oxide ?

10. The following is the percentage composition of calcium carbonate :Ca = 40%, C= 12% , O= 48%. Calculate the empirical formula of calcium carbonate

11. Write the chemical equations for the following reactions.

Element of Group 1 React with oxygen, O2 React with Chlorine gas, Cl2 React with water, H2O

Lithium, Li Properties of solution formed: Sodium, Na Properties of solution formed:

12. Write the chemical equations for the following reactions.

Element of Group 17 Chlorine, Cl React with iron, Fe React with water, H2O React with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH

The colour of the product: . . The colour of the product: . . 12.Draw the formation of covalent bond in carbon tetrachloride molecule, CCl4

Bromine, Br

11. Draw the formation of ionic bond in sodium chloride, NaCl

13.why sodium chloride has high melting point compare to carbon tetrachloride 14. Between sodium chloride and carbon tetrachloride, which substance can conduct electricity? Why?

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15. electrochemistry

Diagram :

carbon CuSO
4

Mg

Pb

CuSO
4

Similarities - cointain an electrolyte - electron move from anode to cathode Type of cell Energy change Equation : Equation : Reaction at negative terminal Reaction at positive terminal Cathode(terminal) Anode(terminal) 16. Acid and base Acid Defination Base : Alkali: Ph value Strong : Weak : Carbonate salt Metal examples Chemical properties Reaction with Strong : Weak : Metal ion Ammonium salt Alkalis Equation : Equation :

Acid react with alkaline to produces salt and water.(neutralization) Method called titration Examples I. NaOH + HCl II. KOH + H2SO4

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17. Salt(solubility of salt) preparation A +A (acid + alkali) For soluble salt SPA A+ B (Acid + Base) A+ C (Acid + Carbonate) A+ M (Acid + Metal ) For soluble salt not SPA

Soluble salt Insoluble salt SPA (sodium,potassium,ammonium) Chlorine except (PAH), lead,silver,mercury Sulphate except (BaCaP), Barium, calsium,lead Nitrate carbonate

E X C E P T

Precipitation reaction check the solubility of salt

no formula Solubilit y (/X) no formula Solubilit y (/X) no formula Solubility (/X)

1. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 31.

PbCO3 NaCl CaSO4 AgNO3 K2CO3 AlCl3 Na2SO4 NH4NO3 CuSO4 PbCl2 ZnCO3

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32.

Ca(NO3)2 Na2CO3 PbSO4 AgCl Pb(NO3)2 (NH4)2CO3 HgCl2 Na2SO4 NaNO3 MgCO3 (NH4)2SO4

3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33.

KCl Cu(NO3)2 SnCO3 CaCl2 BaSO4 KNO3 Ag2SO4 Ba(NO3)2 MgSO4 BaCO3 FeSO4

19. Test for anion

Anion Carbonate, CO32Sulphate, SO42Chloride, ClNitrate, NO3Comfirmation test Add acidgas produced test with lime water. Add HCl + BaCl2 Add HNO3 + AgNO3 Add dilute H2SO4 + FeSO4 + concentrated H2SO4 Notes Lime water turns chalky White precipitate formed are BaSO4. White precipitate formed are AgCl. Brown ring is formed

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1. Manufactured Substance in Industry

substance Sulphuric acid

process CONTACT PROSESS Temp : 450 oC

Ammonia

Chemical formula S + O2 SO2 (stage 1) 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 (stage 2) Catalyst : vanadium(IV) oxide 2SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 Added in stage 2 Pressure : 1atm H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4 HABER PROSESS N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Prevent coagulation of latex. Temp : 450 oC The manufacture of nitrogenous Catalyst : iron fertilizer examples Pressure : 200 atm NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH3 + HN03 NH4NO3 2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O

uses Manufactured of paint. Manufactured of fertiliser

2. Alloy

: mixture of two or more element with a certain fixed composition.

What is the function of other metal in alloy ? Presence of other atom disrupts(menggangu) the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure metal, its prevent the layer of atom from sliding Draw the difference arrangement of atoms in pure metal and alloys Arrangement of atom in a pure metal Arrangement of atom in alloys

Function Example

: to increase hardness and strength. to prevent corrosion to improve appearance

alloy Bronze Brass Steel

composition Cu / Sn Cu / Zn Fe / C

properties Hard and strong Hard and shiny Strong 4

used Kitchen ware Electric connector Body of car

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Getting C in chemistry Stainless steel Duralumin Pewter Fe / Ni / Cr Hard and strong Al / Cu / Mg / Mn light Sn / Pb / Sb Shiny and strong Cooking utensil Body of aeroplane souvenirs

3.Polymer Polymer are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub unit called monomer

Synthetic polymer Polyethene Polypropene Polyvinyl chloride,PVC Perspex Terylene(polyester) Terilin(polyester)

Monomer Ethene Propene Chloroethene Methy methacrylate Hexane-1,6-diol Heksana-1,6-diol

Uses Plastic bag, plastic container and insulation for electrical wiring Piping, carpet, ropes Artificial leather,water pipe Safety glass,refector,lens Clothing,sail,rope and fishing net Pakaian, kain layar, tali dan layar

How to find monomer in polymer Example1 Diagram 1.2 below shows the structural formula of a polymer. Rajah 1.2 di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi suatu polimer.

Tips o Monomer mesti alkene(ada C=C) o Bilangan carbon mesti seimbang

Draw and name the structural formula of its monomer. Lukiskan dan namakan formula struktur bagi monomernya.

Example 2 : Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of polythene Draw the structural formula of monomer of polythene. Lukis formula struktur monomer bagi politena.

4. Glass and ceramics

Types Fused glass Soda lime glass Borosilicate glass

Lead crystal glass Ceramic

composition Silicon dioxide, SiO2 (silica) Silicon dioxide + calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate Silicon dioxide SiO2+ boron oxide, B2O3+ sodium oxide + Aluminium oxide Silicon dioxide SiO2+ lead (II)oxide + Sodium oxide Clay, (Aluminium

properties Heat resistance transparent -Does not resistence to heat. -stable to chemical Resistance to heat

used Laboratory glassware, optical fiber Glass container, electrical bulb Cooking glassware

Glittering apperence(berkilat) Hard, brittle, very high

Decorative glasses Construction materials,

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Getting C in chemistry
silicate) melting point, good insulator, insulator

5. Composite Materials A composite materials consist of two or more different substances combined to create a new substance which has properties that are superior to those of the original component. Example, reinforced concrete( steel + concrete), Photochromic glass( Glass + Silver Chloride), Fibre glass( Glass + plastic), Superconductor.