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Components:
×1 yellow
×1 red
3. 330Ω resistor ×3
4. 3.3kΩ resistor ×3
5. 24kΩ resistor ×1
Procedures:
1. The voltage level detector is constructed as shown in the diagram.
Components:
1. 10kΩ resistor ×1
2. 680Ω resistor ×1
3. 4.7kΩ resistor ×1
4. 4.7MΩ resistor ×1
5. 43Ω resistor ×1
6. L.E.D ×1
7. 0.68uF capacitor ×1
8. PN2907 transistor ×1
9. PN2222 transistor ×1
Procedures:
+ Vref
-
+ Vin
4. Vref with 2V,4V and 5V is supplied. When the LED begin to flash, the
voltage value of Vin is jot down in Table 2.
Procedures:
3. The combination of VBat and Vin is supplied with 5V, 4.5V, 4V, 3.5V and
until 0V.
4. The observation is recorded in Table 3.
Results:
Observation
Voltage Diode
(v) Gree Yello
Red
n w
5.0 On On On
4.5 < V <
On On On
5.0
4.5 Off On On
4.0 < V <
Off On On
4.5
4.0 Off Off On
3.5 < V <
Off Off On
4.0
3.5 Off Off Off
3.0 < V <
Off Off Off
3.5
3.0 Off Off Off
Table 1
Table 2
Observation
Voltage (v)
LED Diode
Vref Vin Green Yellow Red
5.0 5.0 Not flash On On On
5.0 4.5 < V < Flash On On On
5.0
5.0 4.5 Flash Off On On
4.0 < V <
5.0 Flash Off On On
4.5
5.0 4.0 Flash Off Off On
3.5 < V <
5.0 Flash Off Off On
4.0
5.0 3.5 Flash Off Off Off
5.0 V < 3.5 Flash Off Off Off
Table 3
Discussion:
a. Light Emitted Diode (L.E.D.) is use for emitting the light when an
electric current passes through it.
b. Integration circuits (IC or chips) are the complex circuits which
have been etched on to tiny chips of semiconductor.
2. The first experiment which construct the voltage level detector, the
resistors are arranged in series and acted as voltage divider.
3. In a series circuit, there is only one path for current between two point,
so that, the current is the same for the whole circuit. Since the current
is same, the value of voltage is proportional to the value of resistor.
4. In this circuit, the voltage level can be determine when only the specify
value of voltage will make the specify L.E.D. off. Thus, the voltage level
can be detected.
6. About the capacitor, it stores the charge, therefore, although the value
of voltage is zero, the L.E.D. can still blink for some period.
c. Make sure the right wires are connected either for positive path
or negative path.
d. For the integration circuits, the pin configuration should be
correctly determined and connected in the circuit, especially for
the positive and negative terminals. Any reverse or wrong
connection could damage the component.
9. Both voltage level detector and under voltage indicator are used in
widely range of electrical appliances and electronic devices to give
signal or detect for any low voltage happen.
10. Other than that, the application of the circuits can be improved other
than detecting low battery voltage to such as power fail indicator,
battery backup control and so on.
Conclusions:
2. The under voltage indicator was constructed and gave the L.E.D
signal whenever a low voltage was detected compare to reference
voltage.
References:
1. J. David Irwin, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, (7th Edition), John Wiley and
Sons Inc,2002