Gunnar Persson, Senior Project Manager, Power Systems HVDC, ABB AB Sweden

HVDC Converter Operations and Performance, Classic and VSC

Dhaka, September 18, 2011
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Agenda

HVDC

technologies Classic Light (VSC )

HVDC HVDC Future

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Key Renewable Energy Alternatives Located at remote locations and off-shore

Hydro

Wind

New (solar/tidal/ wave/ geothermal etc)

Increase the use of renewable energy:

Reduce our CO2 emissions Reduce our dependence on fossil energy

Hugh drivers for new transmission!

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Market drivers for HVDC transmission Environmentally friendly grid expansion

Integration of renewable energy Remote hydro Offshore wind Solar power Grid reinforcement For increased trading Share spinning reserves To support intermittent renewable energy

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What is an HVDC transmission system ?

HVDC converter station > 300 MW, Classic Customers Grid

Submarine cables

HVDC converter station > 300 MW, Classic Customers Grid

Overhead lines Two conductors

HVDC converter station < 1200 MW, Light Customers Grid

HVDC converter station < 1200 MW, Light Customers Grid

Land or submarine, cables

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Power / energy direction

What is an HVDC Back-to-back system ?

HVDC Back-to-back Converter Station > 300 MW, Classic Customers Grid Customers Grid Garabi HVDC Light Converter Station in a Back-to-back mode < 1200 MW Customers Grid Customers Grid Eagle Pass Power / Energy direction
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Technical benefits of HVDC

Control of power flow

Increased system stability No increase of short circuit currents Asynchronous connections Reactive power control Robustness and resistance to disturbances Low losses Reduced construction time Better use of right-of-way (see figures) Low cost line construction

Conventional

HVAC

HVAC

with RPC

HVDC

DC

Investment

cost versus distance for HVAC and HVDC

Total

Investment

Costs
Critical

AC cost

Distance
Total

DC Cost

DC

terminal Costs
AC

Cost of Land Cost of Materials - Cost of Labour - Time to Market - Permissions - etc.
Terminal costs
Distance

Variables

HVDC Technologies HVDC Classic

600 m x 360 m

Current source converters Line-commutated thyristor valves Requires 50% reactive compensation (35% HF) HVDC converter transformers Minimum short circuit capacity > 2 x converter rating

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HVDC Technologies HVDC Light

150 m x 100 m

Voltage source converters Self-commutated IGBT valves Requires no reactive power compensation Standard transformers No minimum short circuit capacity, black start

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HVDC Classic HVDC Light

With HVDC Classic, for power levels up to more than 6.400 MW using thyristor technology

or
With HVDC Light, for power levels up to 1.200 MW using IGBT technology

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Development of HVDC converter capacity

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1970 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1970
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Transmission capacity HVDC Classic (MW)

1980

1990

2000

2010

Transmission capacity HVDC VSC (MW)

1980

1990

2000

2010

Development of HVDC applications

HVDC Classic

Very long sub sea transmissions Very long overhead line transmissions Very high power transmissions

580 km

HVDC Light

Offshore power supply Wind power integration Underground transmission

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HVDC Technologies

What makes HVDC special?

Lower investment and lower losses for bulk power transmission Asynchronous interconnections Improved transmission in parallel AC circuits Instant and precise power flow control 3 times more power in a ROW than AC Underground cables Easy permits Costs close to overhead lines Connection to passive loads Enhancement of connected AC networks Independent control of active and reactive power flow Short delivery times

What makes HVDC Light special?

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HVDC Technologies

600 MW 200 x 120 x 22 m 6 acres 73 feet high

HVDC Classic 300 6,400 MW

Thyristor controlled Switched reactive power control Typical design: valve building plus switchyard Overhead lines or mass impregnated cables

HVDC Light 50 1,200 MW

550 MW 120 x 50 x 11 m 1.5 acre 36 feet high

Transistor (IGBT) controlled Continuous reactive power control Easily expandable to more terminals Dynamic voltage regulation Black start capability Typical design: all equipment (excluding transformers) in compact building Extruded cables

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Comparison HVDC-Classic and HVDC-Light

HVDC Light has fewer components and most equipment indoors
HVDC-Classic

AC

DC

HVDC-Light

AC

DC

Outdoor
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Indoor

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HVDC Configurations

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Point to Point Transmissions Back to Back Multi-terminal Systems

HVDC Transmission Modes

Monopole, ground return Bipole
12-pulse groups

12-pulse groups

Monopole, metallic return

12-pulse groups

12-pulse groups

Capacity up to appr. 3000 MW (6-7000 MW)

Monopole, midpoint grounded

6-pulse groups

Back to -Back

6-pulse groups

Capacity up to appr. 1500 MW

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Capacity up to appr. 1000 MW

Connection between Converter Stations can be Overhead Lines or Cables

HVDC Light Generation 4 Operation configurations and modes

Symmetric monopole Bipole

~=

=~

~= ~=

=~ =~

Asymmetric monopole, metallic return ~ = = ~

Asymmetric monopole, ground return ~ = = ~

Bipole, metallic return ~ = = = = ~

Multiterminal Symmetric monopole ~ = =

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= ~

HVDC Control
AC and DC transmission principles

~
E1

~
E2 0

P = E1 E2 sin X R

~
E1

Ud1

Ud2 E2 0

Ud1 (Ud1 -Ud2 ) P = R

Control of HVDC Links

The KEY to mitigation of disturbances in Transmission systems

Different ways to control a two-terminal HVDC Link:
1. 2. 3.

Constant power Constant current Constant frequency (either in the receiving or sending AC network) A combination can also be used or change from one mode to another The DC Link can also be used to stabilize an AC network

HVDC Light

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Merge of two technologies

LCC + SVC = VSC

LCC

VSC

SVC

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PQ-diagram
1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2

Available operating area

Inverter

P (pu)

0 -1,2 -1,0 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

1,2 Q (pu)

-0,2 -0,4 -0,6 -0,8 -1,0 -1,2

Rectifier

Conclusion: A VSC can behave like a motor or a generator

Q generation (Capacitive)

Q consumption (inductive)
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Converter bridge technology - Today's design

Generation 4 - Cascaded Two-Level Converters (CTLC)
2-level converter
+ Ud

CTLC

+ Ud

- Ud

1 Cell

Significantly reduced switching losses (~150 Hz) Excellent output voltage quality Scalable to high voltages

- Ud

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HVDC Light Generation 4 No filters required.

CTL converter voltage

Two-level converter voltage

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HVDC Light Simplified Single Line Diagram

Converter DC

Valves

Capacitors

(Voltage Sources)

Cables Phase

Reactors

AC

Transformers, breakers/disconnectors

Key building elements for HVDC Light

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Converter Technology Control & Protection Technology Cable Technology All in coordinated in-house ABB development

HVDC Light Extended range

Power in MW (BtB)

Base symmetrical Ud c 80 150 320

617 A dc kV kV kV 99 185 395

1233 A dc 197 370 789

1850 A dc 296 555 1184

+/+/+/Cable or OH line

Power in MW (BtB)

Bipolar Udc1 160 320 500 640

Extruded Cable

617 Udc2 160 320 500 640 kV kV kV kV

OH line

1233 A dc 395 789 1233 1579

1850 A dc 592 1184 1600 2368

A dc 197 395 617 789

Mass Impregnated

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HVDC Light Technical development

MW
2500 2000 1500 300 1000 200 500 100

kV
600 500 400

Skagerrak 4 700 MW 500 kV Dolwin 1 800 MW 320 kV East-West Interconnector Caprivi 300 MW + 350 kV 500 MW 200 kV

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

Hllsjn 3 MW 10 kV ABB Group

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Gotland 50 MW 80 kV

Cross Sound 330 MW 150 kV

Estlink 350 MW 150 kV

BorWin1 400 MW 150 kV

HVDC Light Generation 4 Station layout 2 x 1000 MW 320 kV

220 m 150 m

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Lower losses in HVDC Light stations

Reduce losses
3,5% 3,0%

150 x 100 m 320 kV, 1000 MW

Gen. 1
2,5%

Gen. 2
2,0% 1,5% 1,0%

HVDC Light Gen. 3 Gen. 4

Compactness

HVDC Classic
0,5% 0,0% 1995

Maintain functionality Maintain availability and reliability

2005 2010 2015

2000

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HVDC Light land and sea cables 50 1,200 MW

Conductor of aluminim or copper Triple extruded insulation system

conductor screen HVDC polymer insulation insulation screen

Copper wire screen and/or lead sheath Steel wire armor or aluminim laminate Outer jacket of PE or polyethylene yarn

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HVDC Light applications

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HVDC Light City center infeed

System with converters and cables

Easier permit procedure Low project risk Short installation and implementation time Low operation and maintenance cost Voltage and reactive power control Loss reduction in connected AC network Increased transfer capability in AC lines Connection in weak network points Passive load operation (Black Start) Short permitting time Small footprint and low profile of converters Oil free cable Reduced magnetic fields Invisible transmission

Grid improvement

Environmentally adapted

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HVDC Light Powering islands

System with converters and cables

Easier permit procedure Low project risk Short installation and implementation time Low operation and maintenance cost Voltage and reactive power control Loss reduction in connected AC network Connection in weak network points Passive load operation (Black Start) Short permitting time Small footprint and low profile of converters Oil free cable Reduced magnetic fields Invisible transmission

Grid improvement

Environmentally adapted

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HVDC Light Connecting wind farms

System with converters and cables

Easier permit procedure in coastal areas Low project risk Short installation and implementation time Low operation and maintenance cost Voltage and reactive power control Loss reduction in connected AC network Increased transfer capability in AC lines Connection in weak network points Passive load operation (Black Start) Short permitting time Small footprint and low profile of converters Oil free cable Reduced magnetic fields Invisible transmission

Grid improvement

Environmentally adapted

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HVDC Light Offshore platforms

System with converters and cables

Easier permit procedure Low project risk Short installation and implementation time Low operation and maintenance cost Voltage and reactive power control Loss reduction in connected AC network Increased transfer capability in AC lines Connection in weak network points Passive load operation (Black Start) Short permitting time Small footprint and low profile of converters Oil free cable Reduced magnetic fields Invisible transmission

Grid improvement

Environmentally adapted

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HVDC Light Improved grid reliability

System with converters and cables

Embedded link incl. SVC functionality Easier permit procedure - low project risk Short installation and implementation time Low operation and maintenance cost Voltage and reactive power control Loss reduction in connected AC network Increased transfer capability in AC lines Connection in weak network points Passive load operation (Black Start) Short permitting time Small footprint and low profile of converters Oil free cable Reduced magnetic fields Invisible transmission

Grid improvement

Environmentally adapted

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Agenda

HVDC

technologies Classic Light

HVDC HVDC Future

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Next development steps

HVDC Classic and HVDC Light Higher reliability Lower footprint Environmentally adapted HVDC Classic > 1000 kV HVDC Light Higher ratings Lower losses More compact, particularly offshore Multi terminal configurations Control features DC Grids
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Regional DC grids- multi-terminal

A DC regional grid is a system that constitutes of one protection zone for DC short circuits Characteristics

Fast restart of faultless part of system DC breakers are not needed Normally radial or star network configuration Limited power rating compared to connecting AC-grid

Can be built today with existing, proven technology

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The DC grid vision is a shared by many

wind-energy-the-facts.org mainstreamrp.com Statnett

pepei.pennnet.com

wikipedia/desertec Statnett SVK/Statnett

Desertec-australia.org

claverton-energy.com

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Future overlay DC grid of Europe HVDC Light is required

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Thank you for your attention!

gunnar.persson@se.abb.com