Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Efforts During WW II
Daniel P. Brady
1
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract pg. 14
Conclusion pg. 29
2
3
According to Brokaw (1998) in his book “The Greatest Generation”, these men were at a
time in their lives when their days and nights should have been filled with innocent
adventure, love, and the lessons of the workaday world, instead they were fighting in the
most primitive conditions possible across the bloodied landscape of France, Belgium,
Italy, Austria, and the Coral Islands of the pacific. They answered the call to save the
world from the two most powerful and ruthless military machines ever assembled,
instruments of conquest in the hands of fascist maniacs. They faced great odds and a late
start, but they did not protest. They succeeded on every front. They won the war; they
saved the world. They came home to joyous and short- lived celebrations and
immediately began the task of rebuilding their lives and the world they wanted. They
married in record numbers and gave birth to another distinctive generation, the Baby
Boomers. A grateful nation made it possible for more of them to attend college than any
society had ever educated, anywhere. They gave the world new science, literature, art,
industry, and economic strength unparalleled in the long curve of history. As they now
reach the twilight of their adventurous and productive lives, they remain, for the most
part, exceptionally modest. They have so many stories to tell, stories that in many cases
they have never told before, because in a deep sense they didn’t think that what they were
doing was that special, because everyone else was doing it too (Brokaw, 1998, pg 45).
Who are these people that Tom Brokaw speaks of in his essay “The Greatest
Generation?” They are the men and women of the United States that aided the world’s
greatest effort in America’s first total war. They are the youth of America that President
Roosevelt called upon to be America’s third army. They are grade school, high school,
3
4
and college students who would be revered as the backbone of the war effort in the
How, may you ask, can a third grader aid in helping one of the most established
and polished militaries in the entire world fight against the spread of fascism in its
attempts to poison the world? This will be the focus of my literary excerpt. I will take a
look at professional essays and literary works from the state of Oregon where juvenile
delinquency was a chief concern, to Texas High Schools where curriculum was dictated
by the idealism of the war effort, all the way to the east coast where our government
From sea to shining sea students throughout this great country were asked to
mentally, physically, and in some cases emotionally pore their hearts out in aiding
America’s military machine. In some cases these propositions robbed this generation
from the one thing they counted on the most – youthful exuberance and their education.
The government pleaded educators throughout the country to teach patriotism and pride
to their students through tin rations, food drives, and bond sales. While forgetting the fact
that many of these children had seen their fathers, uncles, brothers, and even grandfathers
leave to fight the good fight against people they had never even heard of. These children
also did their duties while their mothers and sisters spent countless hours sewing clothing,
surrendering nylons, and cooking meals for the troops. Where does this leave these young
Wartime social changes led to a rise in juvenile delinquency across the country, an
unwanted but not unexpected phenomenon. According R.H. Bailey (1943) in his article
4
5
entitled “Youths on the Loose” from the April 4th issue of The Oregonian the Social
scientists had noted an increase in delinquency during World War I and Britain reported a
jump of fifty percent during the first year of World War II (Bailey, 1943 , pg 6). But
anticipating the problem did little to untangle the web of complex issues that caused some
sacrifice, and patriotism painted in movies and on posters, shocking and lurid behavior
drew the attention of newspapers and government officials alike. Both wondered how so
We look to statistics to answer the questions of why and how many. Nationally,
during 1942, the first full year of the war, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover reported arrests
of “young boys and men” actually dropped off as such as ten percent. But arrests of
minor girls increased a staggering fifty five percent. More detailed numbers showed that
arrests of girls under twenty-one years old for prostitution rose sixty-five percent; arrests
for other sex offenses jumped one hundred and four percent; arrests for vagrancy shot up
one hundred and twenty-four percent; arrests for disorderly conduct increased seventy
percent; and arrests for drunkenness rose forty percent. Another source measuring the
“rate of juvenile delinquency” saw an increase over the same period of eight percent for
boys and thirty percent for girls (Bailey, 1943, pgs. 20-25).
Why, you may ask, could the country’s greatest generation act out so dramatically
when the American government asks so vehemently to have pride in one’s own country?
The answer is pretty easy. Very similar to the “Wild West” of the late eighteenth century,
protection of the law. Many probation officers went into the armed forces or higher
5
6
paying defense industry jobs during the war leaving fewer people to keep track of at risk
youth. There’s nobody at home anymore. Pop and Bud joined the Navy. Mom’s on the
swing shift. Large numbers of youth had to fend for themselves during the war, often in
juvenile delinquency are flat out simple: Teenagers are “having a tough time – at a tough
time” ( U.S. Defense Records , 1943). In other words, it was difficult enough for anyone
complications of war thrown in. Beyond the intensification of the usual teenage
problems, officials cited other causes, with lack of parental supervision high on the list.
Fathers were often separated from their families by either working in distant war
industries or, beginning in 1943, being drafted into the armed forces. Meanwhile, mothers
often in full time jobs, sometimes working evenings or nights. Parents often returned
home from work too tired to pay attention to their children. Problems of parental neglect
frequently were exacerbated by the absence of older brothers and sisters in the house
hold, many joined the military or had gone off to work in defense jobs.
The government looked to the schools to provide vision and supervision for the
youth of America. The children would get moral, physical, and mental education from the
schools littering the American landscape. Oh, and while they are in school, the
government decided that they would create a curriculum that would benefit the idealism
of the war effort. This too would serve as a problem. In areas where war industries and
shipyards flourished a boom in school enrollments were seen. In 1943 Portland, Oregon’s
6
7
grade schools had to make room for seven thousand new students. The crunch was felt
particularly acutely in North Portland near major shipyards where three schools went on
“double shifts” to cope with the influx. This meant that thousands of youngsters,
particularly in the nine to twelve year ranges, suddenly had all morning or all afternoon
The Answer : The American High School Victory Corp – organized at the request of the
According to the Victory Corps prologue “Your government has asked your
cooperation in the Great War effort. Prior to graduation, you will be asked to contribute
Upon graduation you may be needed to serve either in the armed forces or in
industry. The High School Victory Corps is designed to aid you in both instances and
prepare you to fill positions in which you are best fitted and most needed. This is your
Program. It is developed to meet your needs” ( The Victory Corps, 1940, pg. 1).
The program listing this excerpt was taken from was a school district in Portland,
Oregon. The government felt that the Victory Corp would serve several roles – one being
getting the youth of American off the streets and back in the classrooms; secondly the
program was designed to promote community service; thirdly this program would mold
the minds of the youth of America in an effort to complete the total war in the event this
war lasted longer than planned; and lastly prepare the generation of soldiers for military
The Victory Corp program was placed in the hands of the students to determine
the various courses that were available to prepare the students to do their part in the war
7
8
effort. Each student would create their own program to meet their individual needs. The
five divisions were constructed to train the children for certain positions in the armed
forces. It was the opinion of the U.S. government that the American high school student
One of the main goals of the Victory Corps’ high school curriculum aims on
developing a strong body. Strong, healthy men and women capable of withstanding the
stress and strain of war and industrial life were needed during this time like never before.
As a result of this situation the government felt that physical education should be stressed
above all other subjects for those who are eligible to enter the war within the next two
years. This meant that as students reach their junior year of high school, daily physical
education classes would be required. These stipulations were devised for both girls and
boys.
least follow a program outlined for personal training at home. In the communities,
especially those in rural areas would have demands placed on them like never before. Aid
in harvesting crops, emergencies in canning industries, and drives of various kinds would
all require the help of the Victory Corp. School clubs would also be driven by the goals of
the war effort. Daily exposure to military drill would also be incorporated into the daily
physical education classes. The state guard even offered after school training to those
students wishing to continue their military aspirations. Government officials felt that
because of the lack of professional military instructors made the training in physical
Students were also asked to work collaboratively with their teachers in other
8
9
classes such as mathematics to devise a program that would be serviceable to the military.
What I mean by this is that the government felt as though the military training in its own
Their were several “special courses” that were offered through the Victory Corp.
All of these classes were geared towards preparing the American student for war specific
Electricity, Pre-Flight Course, and Machinery were all offered as one semester courses.
The requirements for general membership in the Victory Corps program were
pretty simple. It was open to all students in secondary schools. The United States Office
of Education had stipulated that candidates for membership in the Victory Corps Program
must meet some simple requirements. The first being the student must be participating in
the physical education program devised by their particular school. The second
requirement is that the student must also follow the regular curriculum created by their
school. And finally the student must be actively participating in one of the wartime
activities previously listed. In accompaniment with the wartime classes the candidates
also must participate in civilian defense activities such as the U.S.O volunteer activities,
Red Cross, farm aid, and school-home –community activities. Other school-based clubs
were also acceptable such as Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and the Boy Scouts.
Through reading this article I was able to see a concrete plan for servicing the
youth of America through education and discipline. In a way I believe it served several
purposes. First off, it aided the children, who were being neglected at home, with a
purpose in life. Secondly it created a platform for the young people of America to aid in
9
10
the war effort. And finally it prepared the next generation of soldiers if the war continued
entry into World War II. Many of the city’s students and teachers listened to President
Roosevelt’s war message in stilled classrooms on Monday December. 8. However, for the
most part, school schedules and routines continued largely undisturbed for a number of
weeks. Only later did people notice the intense advocacy for participation in war-related
school activities. Then, Houston schools responded with enthusiasm (pg 27).
during World War Two I took a look at a particular school district in Houston, Texas and
their attempts at fostering patriotism amongst their student body. Particularly visible was
the work of Parent-Teacher Associations within the district. For example, throughout the
1940-41 school year, the Lamar High School PTA focused on the theme of “Training
Youth for Democratic Citizenship.” Also, a speaker addressed the Almeda School PTA on
the topic, “Helping the Child Adjust in a Changing World,” and the Taylor school PTA
heard an address on “War Relief as it Touches Women in the National Defense (Davis ,
2001, pg 29-31).
Just a week before Pearl Harbor, Milby High School PTA members discussed how
to develop strong citizens who can rebuild the world after the war. Routinely, school
children sang patriotic songs at PTA meetings and banquets featured patriotic colors.
10
11
During the 1940-41 school year, most Houston schools organized Junior Red
Cross chapters. All students at the Harvard School became members. They contracted
games for soldiers in a nearby camp and toys for English children. Students at Kincaid
School knitted afghans for Red Cross distribution. Teachers also performed volunteer
civic, patriotic services. They began to serve without pay on the city’s draft advisory
boards. Their service was especially needed because Houston’s draft call for February
1941 according to Davis (2001) was expected to take 600 men (pg 28).
Graduation exercises and other events prompted special patriotic observances. For
example, at Jack Yates High School’s last mid-term commencement, graduates observed
senior night with an open forum on “What America Means to Me.” Reagan High School
promoted the “Pageant of America” at which Uncle Sam made an appearance. Sixth
graders at Poe School gave a benefit observance and donated the proceeds to the Houston
War Fund. Similarly, a high school pep squad sold flowers to aid the relief of disabled
In the final weeks prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Major Charles R.
schools and to the public to place increased emphasis on patriotism in the schools. One
response was the observance of American Education Week in November 1941. In that
observance, daily themes included “Seeking World Order” , “Building Physical Fitness” ,
“National Morale” , and “Learning the Ways of Democracy” (Davis, 2001 , pgs 27-31).
11
12
of attrition the country’s “Greatest Generation” lived through some of the toughest and
best of times. They rallied to collect tin, rationed their bicycle tires, and surrendered their
socks and sweaters –for what? Their government had asked them to give up many of the
guilty pleasures of childhood for a cause. This purpose, this cause, was democracy.
Many of the students during this era saw school as a way out, a place of refuge.
The government and their teachers prepared them physically and mentally for world war.
Many of these children did not even know what war was and certainly did not know what
this war was about. But what they did learn was a lesson in life. What self-sacrifice and
community truly meant. They had to overlook the anxiety created by a nation that feared
invasion. They were asked to bypass the tendency to be afraid or in many cases loneliness
Were they preparing themselves to be great soldiers? I believe they were. They
sacrificed traditional education to prepare for a war that for all intensive purposes could
possibly end not just in areas of the world they had only seen in movies, but maybe even
in their backyard. The country looked at this war with a win at all costs mentality. The
men had to fight, the women had to work, the young men had to rally for democracy, and
the young girls had to sew until their hands bled. But education remained, for the most
part, the same as it always was and will always be. Whether its military training in the
schools with a focus on physical fitness or a traditional twelve -year private school with a
college prep curriculum. Education remains the same. The teachers may change,
administration may change, goals may change, but in the end education was and always
I have researched school districts from the west coast in Portland, Oregon to the
12
13
southern tip of Texas. I will now look and focus on a rural town in the river city of
Cincinnati. This farm town, a suburb located on the east side of Cincinnati was affected
just like every other part of the United States by the events of World War II. Like
thousands of school districts throughout this great country, Milford City Schools, rallied
to provide the members of its community and its students a true meaning. That
meaning…….a quest for democracy or at least a chance of feeling safe and a part of
Abstract
13
14
this great country during World War II. The efforts of the “third army” comprised of
children that make up America’s greatest generation. I will now look at a particular
school district in a community that had true pride in their country and had meaning
behind everything they set out to accomplish. This school district in Milford, Ohio is
revolve around the specific efforts by Milford students to aid in the war effort. What did
they do to help? What did they sacrifice? How did the aspirations of democracy resignate
through the schools in Milford? How did the students react emotionally, physically, and
socially to the events of World War II? How did the community rally around the schools
I researched records from as far back as 1937 in the Milford Historical Society
cardboard boxes in search of stories from the school children as they lived through one of
the most traumatic times in American history. I search the basement of the old Milford
Main High School in search of Board of Education minutes and receipts from purchases
made on behalf of the school district and in some cases the federal government. I went to
the Clermont City Library in search of old newspaper stories of Milford High School
students and their remarkable efforts to show their pride in their country.
What did I find? A story that every student in America should have to read about
today. It is a story of a group of students that sacrificed for the freedoms that we enjoy
today. A school district that sacrificed like no other while maintaining the sanctity of the
14
15
The class of 1944 was a class like no other. I have read through all four of their
recollect their experiences during World War II. The class of 1944 at Milford experienced
more than anyone could ever imagine. The purpose is to pay homage to the class of 1944
and the entire Milford School District for their mental, physical, economic, and
sometimes personal sacrifices during WWII. This paper will be donated to the Promont
House archives for Milford residents to read for centuries to come. Hopefully no one will
ever forget the sacrifices made by the Milford Community Schools and more importantly
World War II was truly a global conflict. The range of geographic names where
15
16
Milford men were fighting developed knowledge of formerly little known or unknown
places. On the home front things were changing. Civil defense was considered very
important, maybe even essential, to victory for the United States during World War II.
High school students were taught to be plane spotters on the coasts, residents on the East
and West Coasts were required to have blackout curtains. Everyone collected foil from
cigarette packs, and grease, and used metals – all of which could be used in the war
effort. Gas, rubber, shoes, sugar, coffee, and meat were all rationed. In the following
excerpt taken from “Milford Remembered,” Magee Adams (1991) explains local blackout
tests:
The fun of sort, that made WWII endurable, came when Civil Defense staged blackout
tests. The first, in the summer of 1943, was promoted as an “area wide” test.
When the sirens wailed, the lights went out with smooth precision. I remember Blythe
Jones trying to cross Main Street at our corner blundering around in the dark. The sole
exception to inky blackness was the Civil Defense headquarters in the National Hotel.
(pg. 4)
When reading through the archives of old yearbooks during World War II there
was very little mention of the war itself. The students of Milford High School went about
their business as typical high school students do. Proms, clubs, plays, and sporting events
went on as scheduled. But what I did see was a common theme that pertanated
throughout all the classes. A self-sacrifice and prideful attitude towards their country. Not
a fear for their lives but a resignation to do their part in aiding the country’s patriotic
vision.
I did however find this explicit excerpt from the Milford Drofilm (1941) as it closed for
16
17
another school year: Now, gentle reader, the preceding lines are by no means the full
account of the happenings of our class. Many little incidents have been left out that would
seem trivial to you, but these incidents have helped to mould our characters. The picnics,
hayrides, parties, and dances – these and many more will forever remain a part of each
and every one of us. To relate these would be only a futile attempt, for the pen could
never describe them as they really happened. Our senior year was a momentous one. It
was in December 1941, that the Japanese declared war on us and cinched a Second World
War. With an optimistic outlook, we threw ourselves into defense of the homeland. So
with these words the class history nears a heroic end; we hope everyone tries as hard as
How did Milford students and schools aid in the war effort?
According to Joyce Snell in “History of the Milford City Schools” Mr. Holmes
guided the school through World War II, a time when schools were required to make
sacrifices just as the rest of the country. Boys left school before graduation to join the
armed forces. This was not necessarily the goal of the United States government though.
Students collected tin cans, scrap metal, paper and rubber, which were piled on the school
ground for pick-up by large tractor-trailer trucks. High School boys were released from
school to help local farmers harvest their crops before frost. Girls knitted and rolled
bandages. Defense stamps and bonds were sold in classrooms and ration books and
stamps were distributed from the school. Mr. Shelly taught a military training course,
which could be substituted for physical education. Mr. Shelley also served as Milford
The United States government to control the home front devised the third army or
17
18
children’s army. Milford students, like those throughout the United States, would have to
do their part. Classrooms were used as rallying headquarters for bond sales. Contests
were held amongst grade levels and quotas were set in order to sell mass amounts of war
bonds. Students even had to collect milkweed pods to provide floss for navy life jackets.
The children would receive twenty cents per bag of pods. This job was opened up to the
Girl Scouts, Camp fire groups, 4-H clubs, and all school children.
The students found these jobs to be tedious but very worthwhile. They were
aiding a greater cause – their country and its patriotic fight for democracy. The sale of
war bonds provided the biggest push by the U.S. war commition. Students in the Milford
school district completed war bond quotas by canvassing the homes throughout Clermont
County. The purpose of the canvassing of neighborhood homes was to secure the promise
of every person with an income earned or otherwise, to purchase extra war bonds.
Another purpose of the canvassing was to find out as accurately as possible what amount
the government can count upon receiving from Milford residents through the purchases
of Seventh War Bonds. Lastly, to find through the student-to-home contact to carry the
story of the vital part of war bond investments play in winning the war and the peace.
Statewide the goal was to sell four hundred and three million dollars worth of war bonds.
The interesting thing about this mission to sell bonds is the fact that the town of
Milford is not one of your more affluent parts of Cincinnati. The residents of Milford are
farmers and small business owners with a pride in their community and their schools.
Even though it was believed that rural children were “seriously handicapped” (Clermont
Courier, 1943) because rural schools are inferior to urban schools. This was the
contention of many people in the area. The proof, according to the February 26th issue of
18
19
the Clermont Courier– the average salary of rural teachers is $967.00 compared to the
$1,937.00 for urban teachers. Largely because of inadequate salaries, nearly sixty percent
of all teachers in rural elementary schools having one or two teachers have had less than
two years education beyond high school. Over half the nation’s children are educated in
rural schools, yet they have only thirty-eight percent of available funds for support of
Of farm youth between 16 and 17 years old, only fifty-eight percent were
attending high school in 1940, and it was estimated that fifty thousand rural children of
elementary age are not enrolled. Many rural buildings were deemed unhealthy by health
regulatory standards. Throughout the United States more than thirteen thousand rural
classrooms were vacant in 1939 because teachers could not be found (Courier, pg. 3)
Teachers from Milford High School also did their parts in helping foster a more
democratic attitude amongst their students. As I previously noted, throughout the United
States a Victory Corp was created to ensure all high school students began pitching in for
the war effort. Well, Milford High School would be no different. The establishment of the
Victory Corp in Milford Schools in the year 1942 saw a drastic change in the curriculum
that was being taught at Milford. According to the Miami Valley News December 3, 1942,
summarizing the contacts made by schools and teachers during last year, the association
announced that during the school year 1941-42, teachers gave 20,000,000 school hours
and 18,000,000 non school hours throughout the country to rationing and similar
These efforts supplied by the backbone of the educational system also involved
additional time spent in such activities as Red Cross work, participation in First Aid
19
20
canteen and production service, civilian defense duties such as those of air raid warden,
auxiliary police, and airplane spotters. Under the supervision of the teachers the Victory
Corp according to the January 14, 1942 issue of The Clermont Sun, made up of
30,000,000 school children, during the school year 1942-43 sold more that $80,000,000
worth of bonds and stamps, sponsored and cultivated 169,000 acres of victory gardens,
and produced 300,000 model airplanes for the armed forces through tin collections
country wide. They were also participants in the salvage campaign during which they
collected 150,000 tons of waste paper alone. American Junior Red Cross membership in
the schools now totals more than 13,000,000 (Clermont Sun, 1942, pg. 1)
Milford high school students eager to volunteer in the war effort would gather
daily in the basement of the Milford National Bank building with its entrance steps on
Garfield Avenue. Their initial effort at rationing was complicated by timing. In those
days, home canning or jelly making or preserving was a big thing, especially encouraged
by the war effort. Although fruit was plentiful, women had to get rationing certificates for
sugar from the rationing office. The result was a crowd that engulfed the bank corner
with lines that stretched a half block along Main and Garfield. Moreover, all this was
under a June sun that fairly broiled the unwary. Because of inexperience and confusion,
the ordeal went on for weeks. That is the way it was handled the first year of the war.
Come the next year things were changed. All rationing was handled through the Board of
Milford by mail.
Shoe, coffee and meat rationing were also pushed by the government’s pleas for
self-sacrifice. You were required to have coupons or points for these. This was a very
active Civil Defense outfit. I mean they had a lot of busy work and some of it was quite
20
21
all right. The Milford Girl Scout troops also created what was called the “Victory Fund”
drive. During this drive, established to help troops world-wide, each Girl Scout will be
asked to increase her regular purchases of war savings stamps and to send at least one of
them to National Headquarters through her leader. This Victory Fund also served two
other, and in my opinion, more important goals: To help win the war NOW and to help
Milford high school sent many young men and women off to war. The draft and
volunteers provided people for every service. The size and scope of World War II
experiences littered the yearbooks and newspapers of the Milford community, to many to
mention. This research paper alone could never do justice to the efforts of so many of the
Milford citizens. But there was an effort by the Milford community to honor these people
What could administration and the Board of Education do to keep the school
Through the years 1940 to 1941 the Milford Board of Education had a significant
role. They were the glue that held this proud community’s educational system in place. I
read dozens of stories from teachers who felt resignation was the only way to cope with
their experiences with the war. Wives, sisters, and mothers alike all sent letters of
resignation because of reasons like their husbands were being transported to different
cities for military purposes to they were taking higher paying jobs in the civil defense
industry. The most controversial issue in my opinion was the Board’s decision to fire
women teachers who decided to get married while they were employed with the Milford
21
22
City School District. How could the Board fire women teachers during a time when there
The answer was simple; it was time to amend the policy. And that is exactly what
the Board did. This excerpt was taken from the Board of Education minutes from April 6,
“Motion by Mr. Doll seconded by Mr. Fley that the following resolution be adopted –
Resolved that the Milford Exempted Village Board of Education does not favor the
marriage of lady teachers during the term of the contract but owing to the war situation
the regular policy of the Board concerning married lady teachers is hereby suspended for
the duration and the question of procedure left with the Superintendent of Schools (Board
Minutes, 1943).
The Milford Board of Education also adopted a national plan known as the
“Wartime Allowance Fund”. This resolution would entice more teachers to go back to
work with school districts by raising their salaries by $155.00 per contract year. This did
help the Milford City Schools drastically as several teachers returned to teach in the 1944
Other facets of the educational system in Milford pitched in to help with the
cause. The PTA sponsored a Halloween Dance that collected can goods and raised money
through dance sponsorships. All of the proceeds went towards the war effort. The Milford
Board of Education donated ten typewriters to the WPB. Even though the WPB mandated
that all school districts throughout the country donate at least twenty-five typewriters per
The bus companies in the Milford school district advised all students within a two
22
23
mile radius begin walking to school as the number of bus trips were going to be
drastically limited due to gas rations. This also affected the sports teams dramatically.
The Milford City Schools sports teams no longer would play teams outside the Clermont
County city limits. Long trips meant more gas, and even in some cases, more buses which
at the time had been cut almost in half because of tire and rubber rations.
The U.S. Rationing Board was sure to bring to the attention of all high school
principals that the use of buses to transport athletes or students to athletic contests is
strictly prohibited bus OPA regulations. School bus drivers were also responsible for
upkeep on their bus tires. The Board called the attention of all drivers, as well as school
bus drivers to the rule that if cars or buses are operated past the point where tires can be
recapped, they will be denied certificates to operate vehicles of transportation for the
I do want to share a few bits of research that I thought were very pertinent to this
paper. When researching through the yearbooks from 1939 to 1944 I found it interesting
how they encouraged patriotism amongst their students. Here are a few examples from
1942
December 7 – Japan declared war on the United States. New slogan: “Remember Pearl Harbor.”
1943
November 11 – Armistice Day. Mr. Holmes talked on the “Importance of Education in the War.”
23
24
December 1 – Gas rationing is now in and those moonlight drives are out – for the duration
1944
September 21 – Are you doing your part? We receive pep talk on bond buying.
September 24 – No more absenteeism without a signed excuse from home. State Department of
October 1 – Mr. Thirey’s assembly. Mr Hartsock gives us some idea of how we can be patriotic
But the stories from the local newspapers and school publications were never
negative towards the Axis Powers like Germany or Japan. The messages were always
school setting. These messages were very different then the ones they may be hearing at
home, seeing on propaganda posters, or watching on the big screen at the local movie
theatres.
The next story came from the Miami Valley News on December 14, 1944. The
headline read, “Travel Kits Presented As Youths Leave School To Enter Service.” What
was interesting about these travel kits, which were bags of first aid supplies, toiletries,
pens and paper, gum, etc. were actually made in the basement of Milford Main School.
They made so many of them that there still remains about twenty-five bags stored away
in a cardboard box. I actually took one home with me. It is amazing how well the bags
have kept for sixty-five years. This article talks about three Milford high school juniors
P.F.C. William M. Myers was a starting guard on the Milford basketball team. On
December 13, 1944 he would play his last game, a victory over neighborhood rival
24
25
Madeira High School 36-33. Dick Mitchell a junior in the high school band played
trumpet and was very popular amongst his fellow Milford classmates. And Bobby Setty, a
former Milford High School student who had recently dropped out to help with his
father’s farm while he fought in Europe. All three young men were honored at the
December 13th basketball game versus Madeira with a standing ovation, well wishes from
the crowd, and a presentation of these travel kits made in the basement of the high school
The Mentality of Milford’s Students: Value of Education vs. War Efforts : can we
One of the biggest obstacles in American education, especially in the rural town
of Milford, was how to keep young men and women from dropping out of high school in
order to aid in the war effort. High paying war jobs were recruiting children to work full
time in their factories and abandon their posts as high school students. With children in
homes where they are required to fend for themselves the lure of instant gratification was
drop out. But, what was the opinion of the U.S. government on this subject?
According to the August 14th issue of The Clermont Sun (1944), Ohio became one
of the first states in the country to be completely organized for a concerted drive to get
employed children back into their classrooms. In 1944 “Ohio issued the greatest number
of work permits, vacation and part-time in its history. Young people within the next few
weeks will have to decide whether to give up school or a job that means ready money
25
26
The lure of the military was also very strong. But…their focus was on high school
graduates of Milford and not their present day students. I researched an article in the
Clermont Sun from August of 1944 whereas the headline proclaimed, “ Tell Students of
Navy’s Air Training Group.” Lieutenant G.E. Giesecke, U.S. Naval Aviation Unit, of the
Cincinnati area was in Milford last week, visiting school and talking with school leaders
about the Navy’s V-5 pilot officer training program. He encouraged Milford high school
So what happens to the millions of high school aged students who dropped out of
school to work in munitions factories when the war is over? Those jobs will be given
mainly to the adult men and women who served abroad and the young people will begin
losing their jobs. The Ohio Board of Education took a proactive stance on this issue. They
began a “back to school” drive with the purpose of keeping in school and getting back
school aged boys and girls who have not completed their high school education. During
the war some three million boys and girls, 14 to 17 years old, were at work. Half of them
have dropped out of school entirely and about half were employed in part time jobs.
Why would this plan be appealing to teenagers who have dropped out or are
thinking about dropping out of high school? The Department of Education began selling
the long time values of education: “Invest in Yourself.” Learning in school can increase
your economic security, make you a more useful citizen, give you better understanding of
the world, develop your leadership qualities, and lay the foundations of healthful living”
In the December 11th issue of The Clermont Sun (1941) the headline was “Stay in
26
27
School is Advice To Young People of Ohio.” The article states that it will become
student’s patriotic duty to continue schoolwork until need is imperative. “Whatever the
future may hold, this country will need well-educated and intelligent citizens to help in
the solution of its problems.” Patriotism isn’t confined to those who enlist in the army
and navy, and those who work in shipyards and munitions plants. Any boy or girl who
prepares himself for constructive citizenship is serving his country. It was encouraged for
the children of the United States to begin thinking long term. Citizens of Milford
especially needed to think beyond the opportunities that have inhibited them for decades
It was pointed out in this article that even the President of the United States is
beginning to address the problems created by a lack of educated citizens. Dean Stradley
points out that president Roosevelt has taken recognition of this need in a recent
statement that “we must have well-educated and intelligent citizens who have sound
judgment in dealing with difficult problems. We must also have scientists, engineers,
economists, and other people with specialized knowledge to plan and to build for national
defense as well as for social and economic progress” (Clermont Sun, 1941, pg.4).
It was also believed that a warning should be sent to the youth of America that
taking jobs in war industries could seriously handicap them for the future. What happens
when the war ends and those jobs disappear. These young people will have no education
and no formal training to do anything else. The question is a difficult one to answer. How
does a young person say no to a job when the economy and their families are saying yes?
27
28
The next question is, “Is it possible to create an educational environment with a
curriculum that prepares for war? The answer is yes it can. In Milford High School a
class was created with the premise of preparation for civilian defense. Can you imagine
taking a class like this? Instead of art third period students would learn how to survive in
the event the war spilled onto the home front. The initial goal of the class was to enroll
twenty-five students. The objective of the class would be to present a general outline of
the possible means and methods available for communicating in an emergency of local
extent.
While this course would not be detailed enough to suffice for vocational training,
it was believed that it would offer very useful information that is beneficial to the student-
civilian, who, though perhaps hopefully never called upon to put this to a test, will be a
Conclusion
In concluding the final aspects of this patriotic tale I quote the Drofilm from 1944
“As you, the class of 1944, pass through the school portals for the last time, you enter
upon the threshold of a new cycle of your life, a life that is becoming increasingly
complex and ever changing, a life that will challenge all your energies for every forward
28
29
Our hope is that you will make the fullest use of the ideals, friendships, loyalties, and
knowledge your school has endeavored to supply you, for the purpose of the attainment
As our nation is going through a most critical period, most of the boys of your class and a
number of the girls will enter directly into the service of our country. We know that the
ensuing months will be trying ones for you and your parents, but we know that you are
endowed with the same spirit and ideals that have made our nation great and that you will
do your part in bringing a victorious and lasting peace. Your school extends to you its
The World War II years made life difficult on many levels for everybody in the
United States. President asked the citizens of the U.S. to conserve, volunteer, and
sacrifice for the home front. These requests may have been simple for a generation of
people who lived through the onset of military and economic disasters of the previous
two decades. But what about the school children that were asked to sacrifice not only
their education but also a sense of safety and positivity that usually comes in the early
In the town of Milford, where citizens young and old alike, fostered patriotism
and self-sacrifice that was unparrelled anywhere in this great country. How could a town,
a school, a social group sacrifice when they had nothing? How could a school cut
teachers and bus drivers when they were short-handed already? How could a child who
had no money give up a job? How could a family that had no resources begin donating
things that were essential to keep their lives going? It is simple – for freedoms that have
lasted until today and will last forever. Children throughout this country need to read
29
30
these tales of school children from this community. There are not many children today
that would go to work on the farm two hours before school then go back to work hours
after school was over. But they did it, and why, because that was the call of duty during
World War II. And that is why they are referred to as America’s, “Greatest Generation.”
30