What

makes collagen? Fibroblasts What makes cartilage? Chondroblasts What is osteogenesis imperfecta? A congenital bone disorder. Have defective connective tissue, or without the ability to make it, usually because of a deficiency of Type-I collagen. Deficiency caused by an amino acid substitution of glycine to bulkier amino acids in the collagen triple helix structure. What are adipocytes? Where are they found? Individual fat cells used for energy homeostasis. Found in adipose tissue. How is energy stored in adipocytes? What form of energy storage is it? Energy stored in lipid droplets of adipocytes in the form of triglycerides. It is a dynamic form of energy storage. What is energy density of triglycerides? Carbs and proteins? Triglycerides: 9 cal/g or 37.7 kJ/g Carbs and proteins: 4 cal/g or 16.8 kJ/g Is adipose tissue endocrine or exocrine? Endocrine. What is white adipose tissue? Is it unilocular or multilocular? W. adipose tissue found predominantly in adults. Unilocular Used for energy storage, insulation, cushioning of vital organs, and secretion of hormones. What is the difference b/w unilocular and multilocular? Uni have one blob of fat that pushes nucleus to the side. Multi have fat all over but nucleus is still in the middle. Why are unilocular adipocytes large? They have accumulated lipids in cells. Where is adipose tissue located? Found around kidneys, bone marrow, palms of hand sand soles of feet, and orbits of eyeballs. What does white adipose tissue produce?

 What is circulating satiety factor? What does it fulfill? Factor that controls food intake when bodys store of energy is sufficient. Leptin fulfills it. What hormones are produced by adipose? Leptin, AGE, adiponectin, resistin, and steroid hormones. What is (AGE) angiotensinogen? Made in other tissues such as liver. Increases blood pressure if there is increased AGE. How do white adipocytes differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells? Under control of PPAR/RXR transcription factors. (perioxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma and retinoid X receptor). Induces adipoblasts into fat cells. Master switch of white adipocyte differentiation. When do w. adipocytes differentiate? What do they start of as? Begin to form midway through fetal development. Start of as lipoblasts. What is short-term weight regulation? What hormones are involved? Controls appetite and metabolism on a daily basis. Ghrelin and peptide YY. Ghrelin is an appetite stimulant PYY is an appetite suppressant. What is Prader-Willi syndrome? Overproduction of ghrelin, which stimulates appetite. What is long-term weight regulation? What hormones are involved? Controls appetite and metabolism on a continual basis. (Over months and years) Leptin and insulin. What is leptin? Is it made anywhere else? Inhibits food intake and reduces appetite long term. Acts on hypothalamus. Signals brain about body fat stores. Increases angiogenesis. Inhibitor of bone formation. Involved in blood pressure control by regulating vascular tone. Found only in adipocytes.

Hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Remember that cytokines are small signaling molecules used for cell signaling.

What does insulin do? Enhances conversion of glucose into triglycerides. Required for accumulation of adipose tissue. Regulates weight by acting on brain centers in hypothalamus. What is brown adipose tissue? It is unilocular or multilocular? B. adipose tissue found during fetal period and diminishes during 1st decade after birth. It is multilocular. Contains numerous fat droplets. Cells of brown are smaller than those of white. Nucleus of a mature multilocular adipocyte is typically in an eccentric position within the cell, but is not flattened as is the nucleus of a w. adipocyte. What is the function of brown tissue in newborns? Present in large amounts in the newborn, which helps offset the extensive heat loss that results from newborns high surface-to-mass ratio and avoid lethal hypothermia. Is there brown tissue in adults? No. Gradually decreases over the lifetime. How does brown tissue get its color? Has a rich supply of capillaries. How do brown adipocytes differentiate from mesenchymal cells? When PRDM16 activates, mesenchymal stem cells synthesize several members of PGC-1 family of transcription factors. PRDM16/PGC-1 is master switch. What gene is important for brown adipocyte metabolism? Uncoupling protein (UCP-1) What is BMI? What is normal and abnormal? Expressed as weight/height2. Normal is 25 kg/m2. Abnormal is greater than 27 kg/m2. What do obesity genes do? Encode molecular components of short-term and long-term weight regulation systems. Examples include leptin and ghrelin. How does type II diabetes work? Insulin resistance due to faulty adipose tissue.

What do hibernating animals have large amounts of? Brown adipose tissue. What is local? Tumor or cancer? Tumor. What is nonshivering thermogenesis? What nervous system affects it? Brown tissue serves as a source of lipid. When oxidized, it produces heat to warm the blood flowing through the brown fat on arousal from hibernation and when body is cold. Autonomic system. What nervous system stimulates brown tissue to make heat? Specifically sympathetic nervous system. What is a lipoma? Benign tumor of adipose tissue. White Most common of all other soft tissue tumors. What is fibrolipoma? A type of lipoma. Has adipocytes surrounded by excess of fibrous tissue. What is angiolipoma? A type of lipoma. Has adipocytes separated by an unusually large number of vascular channels. What is liposarcoma? Malignant tumors of adipose tissue. White What is hibernoma? Benign soft tissue tumor. Mostly brown, but can be a mix of white and brown. Test yourself with table 9.2 on pg 263.