Reference: Basic Metallurgy for NDT - Editor J L Taylor Questions Refer to Chapters 7, 8 & 9 1.

Wherever solidification cannot be correctly controlled and is not directional a coarse form of shrinkage may occur which may extensive, branching, dendritic and interconnected and is termed? Macro shrinkage Micro shrinkage Filamentary shrinkage Piping 2. Hot tears occur at? Changes in section Hot spots Areas of segregation Both changes in section and hot sopts All of the above 3. Worm holes and blow holes greater than 1.5mm diameter are formed by? The carbon monoxide mechanism The water vapour mechanism Both carbon monoxide and vapour mechanisms Airlocks 4. Cold cracks are formed in steel castings? As a result of large contraction stresses With carbon contents greater than 0.1% By alloying additions which hinder the formation of marteniste All of the above 5. Rolled mild steel sheet which is held for some time at room temperature will result in the carbon and nitrogen atoms to diffuse and lock the dislocations. Th is is known as? Stain ageing Precipitation hardening Work hardening Precipitation ageing 6. Strectcher stains are? Surface marks Luder lines Grain boundary deformation Both surface marks and luder lines are correct 7. The orange peel effect is due to? Excessive recrystallisation Hot working Excessive grain size Low dislocation denisty 8. Low temperature heating giving rise to small scale readjustments in the posit ion of the atoms is known as?

Recrustallisation Recovery Grain growth Annealing 9. Segregation within an ingot may be detected by which of the following techniq ues? Ultrasonics Sulphur printing Visual examination All of the above 10. Secondary pipe is not considered to be as detrimental as primary pipe due to ? Secondary pipe always being small than primary pipe Secondary pipe is more easily discarded Secindary pipe is not oxidised and may be healed by forging Exothermic heads eliminate secondary pipe 11. Primary pipe is minimised in ingots by use of? Insulated heads Exothermic powders High forging reductions Both insulated heads and exothermic heads 12. A segregation is associated with serious metallurgical defects including? Non metallic inclusions Shrinkage cavities Hydrogen cracks Non metallic inclusions and shrinkage cavities Non metallic inclusions, shrinkage cavities and hydrogen cracks are correct 13. V segregation is associated with serious metallurgical defects including? Secondary pipe Non metallic inclusions Skull All of the above 14. Ingot corner segregation can be minimised by the use of? Low pouring speeds and low casting temperatures High pouring speeds and high casting temperatures High pouring speeds and low casting temperatures Low pouring speeds and high casting temperatures 15. Products of deocidation are termed? Skull Non metallic inclusions Exogenous inclusions Indigenous inclusions 16. If too greater a forging reduction is attempted in one operation which of th e following may occur?

Preferred orientation of the grains Inadequate grain growth Forging busts Forging laps 17. Hairline cracking is rarely encountered in the forging industry due to? The use of exothermic heads Vaccum degassing High forging reductions All of the above 18. The incubation period for hairline cracks if generally considered to be of t he order of ??? from the time the forging first cools below 100 degrees celsius? 24 hours 3 days 7 days 14 days 19. Hairline cracks are considered to be highly detrimental and are best detecte d by which of the following NDT techniques? Ultrasonics Radiography Magnetic particle inspection Both ultrasonic and magnetic particel inspection 20. Transformation stresses which occur as a result of heating or cooling may ca use which of the following defects? Clink Lap Burst All of the above are correct

1. Filamentary shrinkage 2. All of the above 3. The carbon monoxide mechanism 4. As a result of large contraction stresses 5. Stain ageing 6. Both surface marks and luder lines are correct 7. Excessive grain size 8. Recovery 9. Sulphur printing 10. Secindary pipe is not oxidised and may be healed by forging 11. Both insulated heads and exothermic heads 12. Non metallic inclusions, shrinkage cavities and hydrogen cracks are correct 13. Secondary pipe 14. Low pouring speeds and low casting temperatures 15. Indigenous inclusions 16. Forging busts 17. Vaccum degassing 18. 14 days 19. Both ultrasonic and magnetic particel inspection 20. Clink