2.6 Elecapp Appar

2.
6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council
2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus

2.6.1 Protection devices and applications
Evidence shall show an understanding of protection devices and their application to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications.
Note: Types include rewireable fuses, HRC fuses, circuit breakers, residual current devices and overvoltage and undervoltage protection.
b) Operating principles and characteristics

Note. Principles include the purpose of earthing and the MEN system.
c) Requirements for coordination and discrimination of circuit protection devices. 2.6.2.1 Switchboards / distribution boards
Evidence shall show an understanding of switchboards / distribution board to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications. b) Equipment installed on switchboards. c) Arrangements of equipment. 2.6.2.2 Electrical metering arrangements
Evidence shall show an understanding of electrical metering arrangements to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications. b) Metering equipment. c) Arrangements for metering. 2.6.2.3 Interval metering concepts and applications
Evidence shall show an understanding of interval metering to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications. b) Installation and power connection arrangements. c) Communication methods and arrangements. d) Connections for gas metering. e) Procedures for setting meter parameters. 2.6.3 Single phase alternators
Evidence shall show an understanding of single phase alternators to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications b) Operating principles and characteristics
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Commonwealth of Australia 2006 Training Package UEE06 To be reviewed by xx/xx/xx Version No.1
2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council
c) Installation and starting/running requirements and limitations d) Connection arrangements e) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions 2.6.4 Three phase alternators
Evidence shall show an understanding of three phase alternators to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications b) Operating principles and characteristics c) Installation and starting/running requirements and limitations d) Connection arrangements e) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions 2.6.5 Single phase motors
Evidence shall show an understanding of single phase motors to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications b) Operating principles and characteristics c) Installation and starting/running requirements and limitations d) Connection arrangements e) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions 2.6.6.1 Three phase motors
Evidence shall show an understanding of three phase motors to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications b) Operating principles and characteristics c) Installation and starting/running requirements and limitations d) Connection arrangements e) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions 2.6.6.2 Alternating current rotating machines
Evidence shall show an understanding of alternating current rotating machines to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Three phase motors encompassing: x principles of operation. x construction features of various induction motor types. x relationship between torque, speed, and power in an induction motor. x conditions necessary for an induction motor to produce maximum torque. x operating characteristics of an induction motor from name plate information and by measurement. x full load efficiency and power factor of induction motors. x minimum energy performance standards (MEPS)
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b) Motor protection encompassing: x conditions that cause motors to overheat. x protection of motors against overcurrent and undervoltage. x operating principles of microtherm devices, thermal and magnetic overloads and current control relays. x HRC fuses/circuit breakers selection to protect a motor circuit. x overload devices for a given motor and load condition. c) Purpose of limiting starting current of machines encompassing: x operating characteristics and applications of DOL, star-delta, auto transformer, soft start, primary resistance and secondary resistance starters. x relative starting torque produced by a motor using each type of starter. x components and operating sequence of each type of starter. x conditions necessary for a motor to accelerate when coupled to a load. x effects on motor performance when a load variation occurs. d) Connection methods of three phase starters encompassing: x interpretation of motor starter wiring diagrams. x connection of motor starters with local or remote stop-start stations. e) Wiring Rules and service rule requirements encompassing: x Wiring Rules requirements relating to motors, their protection and control. x state local Supply Authorities requirements for the limitation of starting current, connection and controls of electric motors. f) Three phase induction motor controls encompassing: x reversing motor direction of rotation. x baking methods.
Note: Braking methods to include: dynamic, plugging, regenerative, eddy current and mechanical.
speed control methods

Note: Speed control methods to include: voltage control, pole changing, variable voltage/variable frequency and slip control.
g) Single phase motor principles and characteristics encompassing: x production of rotating magnetic field in split-phase and shaded-pole motors. x relative difference in torque produced by various types of phase-splitting motors using a phasor diagram. x torque/speed characteristics of single phase motors. x circuit diagrams of split-phase, capacitor start, capacitor start-run motors, shadedpole motor and universal motor. x methods of reversing the direction of rotation of single-phase motors. h) Single phase motor construction encompassing: x identification of the run winding and the start/auxiliary winding in a split-phase motor by resistance measurement at the motor terminals. x identification of the starting circuits switching devices and explain how they operate. x identification of the components in single-phase motors and explain their purpose. x identification of the devices used with single-phase motors to provide overload protection, over-temperature protection, automatic or remote starting and speed
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control. i) Single phase motor applications encompassing: x power, torque and speed characteristics of various types of motors. x power, torque, speed and efficiency of single-phase motors. x typical applications for various types of single-phase motors. j) Fault testing encompassing: x common causes of motor malfunction. x load test on a motor to determine whether the terminal voltage is correct, line current is balanced and the motor operates within rated speed. x faults in various motor windings for various winding conditions. x tests on motors and circuits to locate faults. k) Three-phase synchronous machines encompassing: x constructional details of three-phase alternators, induction generators and synchronous motors. x operation of three-phase alternators, induction generators and synchronous motors. x applications of induction generators and three-phase synchronous motors. x nameplate data. x full load current ratings of synchronous machines. l) Three-phase synchronous machines encompassing: x effect of a given load on the output characteristics of a three-phase alternator. x effect of excitation variation on a given operating condition of a three-phase alternator. x effect of load on a three-phase synchronous motor. x effect of excitation variation in relation to a three-phase synchronous motor. m) Single phase synchronous machines encompassing: x constructional details of common single-phase portable alternator. x operating characteristics of common single-phase alternators. x type of common single-phase synchronous motor given constructional details. x appropriate application of each type of motor identified. 2.6.7 Single phase transformers
Evidence shall show an understanding of single phase transformers to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications b) Operating principles and characteristics c) Installation and operating requirements and limitations d) Connection arrangements e) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions 2.6.8.1 Three phase transformers
Evidence shall show an understanding of three phase transformers to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications
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b) Operating principles and characteristics c) Installation and operating requirements and limitations d) Connection arrangements e) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions 2.6.8.2 Single & three-phase transformers
Evidence shall show an understanding of single and three phase transformers to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Transformer construction and operating principles encompassing: x types of lamination style and core construction used in single-phase, three-phase, double wound and auto transformers. x different winding styles/types used in transformers. x no load and load operating parameters. x transformation ratio. x nameplate data. x operation of a transformer under load/no load conditions. x application of transformers. x safety features specified in AS/NZS 3000:2000 with respect to transformers. x safety features specified in AS/NZS 3000:2000 with respect to isolating transformers. x basic insulation resistance, continuity and winding identification tests. b) Transformer parameters encompassing: x percentage impedance of a transformer. x equivalent circuit of a transformer. x voltage regulation. x losses that occur in a transformer. x tests to determine losses. x efficiency and all day efficiency of a transformer. c) Cooling methods encompassing: x methods of natural and forced cooling. x properties of transformer oil. x tests performed on transformer oil. x auxiliary equipment x purpose and operation of auxiliary equipment used on transformers
Note: Examples are: bushings, explosion vents, surge diverters, tap changers, conservator, breathers and desiccants, gas relays, temperature indicators.
d) Instrument transformers encompassing: x construction of current transformers. x uses and ratings of current transformers. x construction of voltage transformers. x uses and ratings of voltage transformers. x safety techniques when using instrument transformers. e) Transformer connections encompassing:
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x vector group of a transformer from a connection diagram. x connections of a three-phase transformer to create a particular vector group. x using the different vector groups. x tertiary windings. x consequences/effect of an incorrect connection. f) Parallel operation encompassing: x polarity markings for the windings of a transformer. x conditions/restrictions for parallel operation of transformers. x loading on transformers operating in parallel. x connection of transformers in parallel to supply a common load. x the consequences/effect of an incorrect connection. g) Harmonics in transformers encompassing: x harmonics generated in transformers. x problems caused by harmonics in transformers. x observation and measurement of the harmonics in a transformer. x methods/equipment used to overcome harmonics in transformers. h) High voltage isolation encompassing: x the term high voltage. x procedures for isolating high voltage apparatus. x regulations with respect to access permits. x clearances to be observed with respect to high voltages up to 33kV. x the term step and touch potential. 2.6.8.3 Power transformers diagnostics
Evidence shall show an understanding of power transformers to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Transformer construction and operating principles encompassing: x various types of lamination style and core construction used in single-phase, three-phase, double wound and auto transformers. x different winding styles/types used in transformers. x how input current is limited on no load and how power is transferred from primary to secondary when a load is connected. x using the transformation ratio to determine an unknown quantity of V, I, VA. x significance of nameplate data items. x operation of a transformer under load/no load conditions. x the reason any particular type of transformer is used in a specific application. x safety features specified in regulatory standards with respect to transformers. x safety features specified in regulatory standards with respect to isolating transformers. x basic insulation resistance, continuity and winding identification tests. b) Transformer parameters encompassing: x the percentage impedance of a transformer by test. x percentage impedance of a transformer by calculation.
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x the equivalent circuit of a transformer. x calculation of voltage regulation. x losses that occur in a transformer. x tests to determine losses. x efficiency and state typical values. x the all day efficiency of a transformer. c) Cooling methods encompassing: x methods of natural and forced cooling. x properties of transformer oil. x tests performed on transformer oil. x auxiliary equipment x the purpose and operation of the types of auxiliary equipment used on transformers
Note. Examples are bushings, explosion vents, surge diverters, tap changers, conservator, breathers and desiccants, gas relays, temperature indicators.
d) Instrument transformers encompassing: x construction of current transformers. x uses and ratings of current transformers. x construction of voltage transformers. x uses and ratings of voltage transformers. x safety techniques when using instrument transformers. e) Transformer connections encompassing: x vector group of a transformer from a connection diagram. x connections of a three-phase transformer to create a particular vector group. x reasons for using the different vector groups. x purpose of tertiary windings. x consequences/effect of an incorrect connection. f) Parallel operation encompassing: x polarity markings for the windings of a transformer. x conditions/restrictions for parallel operation of transformers. x calculation of loading on transformers operating in parallel. x connection of transformers in parallel to supply a common load. x the consequences/effect of an incorrect connection. g) Harmonics in transformers encompassing: x how harmonics are generated in transformers. x problems caused by harmonics in transformers. x measurement of the harmonics in a transformer. x methods/equipment used to overcome harmonics in transformers. h) High voltage isolation encompassing: x the term high voltage. x procedures for isolating high voltage apparatus. x regulations with respect to access permits. x clearances to be observed with respect to high voltages up to 33kV.
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x 2.6.9.1
the term step and touch potential. Lighting fundamentals
Evidence shall show an understanding of luminaires - lighting fundamentals to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Lighting concepts x Principles of light x Common lighting terms
Note. Example are lumens, lux, candela, efficacy, lamp, lamp life, luminance, illuminance, luminaire and lamp colour.
x Measurement of lighting levels using light meters. b) Light producing principles of incandescent, fluorescent and gas discharge lamps. 2.6.9.2 Luminaires and lighting systems
Evidence shall show an understanding of luminaires to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types and applications of luminaires b) Operating principles and connection arrangements
Note: Principles and connections include ancillary equipment and power factor improvement methods
c) Installation and operating requirements and limitations d) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions of lighting circuits x Common faults in fluorescent lights x Testing techniques dead and live testing e) Supply authority requirements for lighting circuits x Requirements for power factor correction x Requirements to prevent interference of supply authority control signals x Terms lead/lag, LPF, HPF/BI and stroboscopic effect. f) Evacuation lighting systems x Requirements of system (Building Codes and Standards) x Types of systems (central battery system and self contained system) x Luminaire types (non-maintained, maintained and sustained) x Maintenance requirements. 2.6.9.3 Venue lighting for audio/video/live presentations
Evidence shall show an understanding of venue lighting to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Lighting types and colour b) Effects of direction of light c) Use of natural light d) Lighting levels and control
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2.6.10
Electric heating
Evidence shall show an understanding of electric heating to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Heating and heat energy encompassing: x heat and temperature. x methods of heat transfer. x thermal conductivity and its dependent factors. b) Control of heating encompassing: x methods of heat control, manual and automatic x function of a thermostat with respect to its mechanical operation, sensitivity and differential x thermostat testing for correct operation within its specification x applications of thermostats x operation and application of a simmerstat x electronic techniques employed for heat control
Note. Example are zero crossing, phase control, voltage control, half/full wave
c) Heating process encompassing: x Types of domestic and industrial water heaters and their control. x Intrinsic safety precautions employed with water heaters. x Solar heating as a supplement or replacement for electrical heating. x Tariff mechanisms employed with heating processes. x Types of space heaters and their control methods
Note. Examples are strip heaters, storage heaters, under carpet heating, reverse cycle air conditioning and infra-red heating.
Types of cooking appliances and their control method

Note. Examples are resistance, induction heating and microwave.
Industrial process heating and their control

Note. Examples are resistance heating, infra-red ovens, induction heating, dielectric heating, electric arc.
Causes of a fault in a malfunctioning electric heating device/circuit

Note. Faults may include open circuits, short circuits, high resistance, low insulation resistance, thermostat or cut-out failure.
2.6.11
Direct current machine fundamentals
Evidence shall show an understanding of d.c. machine to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types and applications b) Motor circuit configurations c) Name plate details
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2.6.12
Direct current machines
Evidence shall show an understanding of d.c. machines to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose, types and applications b) Operating principles c) Installation and starting/running requirements and limitations d) Connection arrangements e) Typical fault symptoms and related conditions. 2.6.13 Motor starters and overload protection basics
Evidence shall show an understanding of motors starter and overload protection to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose of motor starters and overload protection b) Starting current limitations c) Types and applications d) Basic motor starter control circuits and safety interlocks 2.6.14 Direct-on-line (DOL) motor starters
Evidence shall show an understanding of DOL motors starter to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Operating principles b) Power and control connection arrangements encompassing: x Built-in stop/start control x Remote stop/start control x Overload protection x Interlocking with other starters c) Overload protection characteristics 2.6.15 Reduced voltage a.c. motor starters
Evidence shall show an understanding of reduced voltage motors starter to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types of starter and their operating principles
Notes: Types include star/delta; primary resistance; secondary resistance; auto transformer and soft starters.
b) Power and control connection arrangements encompassing: x Built-in stop/start control x Remote stop/start control x Overload protection x Interlocking with other starters and controls 2.6.16 Direct current motor controls
Evidence shall show an understanding of direct current motor controls to an extent

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indicated by the following aspects: a) Types of starter and their operating principles
Notes: Types include back emf; series-lockout, timed starters and electronic controllers
b) Power and control connection arrangements encompassing: x Built-in stop/start control x Remote stop/start control x Overload protection x Interlocking with other starters and controls c) Braking methods encompassing: x Dynamic, x Plugging, x Electromechanical, and x Regenerative. d) Speed control methods encompassing: x Field control x Reostatic control x Voltage control e) Protection of d.c. motors 2.6.17 Cells and batteries
Evidence shall show an understanding of cells and batteries to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types and electricity production processes.
Notes: 1. Types include primary and secondary cells in common use. 2. Processes include discharging and recharging
b) Cell parameters.
Note: Examples include terminal voltages, capacity and discharge and recharge characteristics.
c) Battery configurations and applications. d) Cell and battery safety practices. 2.6.18 RAPS systems basics
Evidence shall show an understanding of RAPS systems. to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) System components and their functions.
Note: 1. System components are engine driven generator sets, photo voltaic arrays, wind driven generator sets, battery banks, system inverters and controls. 2. The function of each component includes how they operate within the system.
b) Operating parameters of each component and of the system

Note: Operating parameters include voltage range and current supplied by each power component to the system and limitations on system components to supply various loads.
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2.6.19
RAPS systems demand side management
Evidence shall show an understanding of RAPS systems demand side management to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Need for demand side management b) Demand limitations and seasonal variations in capabilities of given RAPS systems
Note: Factors limiting demand are rating of the system and its components, demand of individual appliances, most suitable source of supply for individual appliances, population of local community and how and when appliances are used
c) Optimisation of system performance d) Methods for evaluating long term changes to community and/or household power requirements 2.6.20 Electrical mining systems overview
Evidence shall show an understanding of electrical mining systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Mine reticulation encompassing: x Mine reticulation x Substations x Transmission lines x Switchgear x Earthing b) Electrical control and protection encompassing: x Types of protection x Operation of protection devices and systems x Prospective fault currents x Discrimination c) Mining cables encompassing: x Handling x Storage x Testing d) Ventilation fans e) Operation and safety of mining equipment encompassing: x Battery charging x Battery operated vehicles x Conveyors x Mine winder and package systems x Ore extraction machinery x Shuttle cars x Ventilation fans f) Environmental monitoring and control encompassing: x Basic principle
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x Types and application of sensors x Control methods g) Equipment monitoring methods h) Fire detection, warning and control systems 2.6.21 Electricity supply and reticulation
Evidence shall show an understanding of electricity supply and reticulation systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Generation x primary energy sources x power stations x power station output x acts and legislation relating to generation x renewable energy sources and techniques b) Transmission x system requirements x principal components of a power system x voltage levels x grid systems x acts/legislation relating to transmission x future trends c) Distribution x high voltage distribution systems x medium/low voltage distribution systems x radial feeders x parallel feeders x ring main feeders x acts/legislation relating to distribution d) Substations x purpose x location x layout e) Overhead and underground systems x relative merits x applications x planning x installation f) Power distribution system electrical characteristics x transmission and distribution systems x inductance, capacitance and resistance g) Voltage problems in a power distribution system x lowvoltage x unbalanced voltages
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x voltage rises h) Voltage regulation x autotransformers with OLTC x transformers with OLTC x static capacitors x load control i) Control of OLTC x regulation relays x control circuits x line drop compensation j) Power distribution system faults x type/classification of fault x typical causes/effects of faults x three-phase symmetrical fault levels x fault level limitation k) Voltage surges in a power distribution system x lightning surges x switching surges x typical surge levels x surge impedance, typical values x significance of the system surge impedance. l) Metering and metered quantities x purpose x energy x maximum demand x accuracy classes for metering systems m) Energy and demand meters x construction x operation x adjustments x testing n) Metering circuits x direct metering x instrument transformer metering o) Electronic metering systems and recording meters x types x applications x connections p) Load control x purpose x methods 2.6.22.1 Electrical power system protection
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Evidence shall show an understanding of protection methods and devices for electrical power systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Protection fundamentals encompassing: x purpose of protection x features of a protection scheme b) Instrument transformers for protection encompassing: x Operating principles x Applications of current transformers x Applications of voltage transformers c) Feeder protection encompassing: x fuse protection x overcurrent & earth fault x sensitive earth fault x unit schemes x distance protection x trip/close sequences for feeders x recloser/sectionaliser systems d) Transformer protection encompassing: x overheating protection x overcurrent protection x restricted earth fault protection x differential protection x oil and gas devices e) Busbar protection encompassing: x types of fault x requirements of busbar protection x system protection x frame-earth protection f) Surge protection encompassing: x voltage surges (revision) x surge diverters x arcing horns 2.6.22.2 Electrical power system operations
Evidence shall show an understanding of electrical power system operations to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Control of voltage encompassing: x Conditions leading to voltage collapse and system disintegration. x Effects on the system of high/low volts x Voltage control devices
Note. Examples are voltage regulators applied to generators and synchronous phase modifiers, electromagnetic voltage regulators, series and parallel capacitors, OLTC transformers and static Var
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compensations (SVCs) such as saturated reactor compensations (SRs), thyristor controlled reactor compensators (TCRs), combined TCR/TSCs and the production of wave-form distorting harmonics and control devices.
b) The importance of the location in the system of voltage control devices. c) The use of graphical methods to calculate the size of VAr regulating plant. d) Control of power encompassing: x Base load and spinning reserve x Regulating machines x Rapid start plant, x Phase shifting transformers and various forms of load shedding. x Principles and practices of automated control of individual machines x Stations and transmission/tie-line elements. x Synchronising power e) The relationship between power and frequency encompassing: x Limiting values x Machine stabilising
Note. Examples are steam by-pass, rapid valving, slip stabilisers and over speed limiting.
x Use of single pole generator CB's. x Use of machine AVR's as angular stabilisers. x Damped and un-damped system oscillations. x Relationship between fault clearance times and system stability. x Calculation of critical clearance angles based on equal area criteria. f) Types of communication systems
Note. Examples are telephone, power line carrier, dedicated cable, microwave links and fibre optics.
x Quantities and signals to be communicated. x Advantages and disadvantages of the various systems. x Equipment requirements. g) Transient over-voltages in power systems encompassing: x Switching and lightning overvoltages and their effect on different plant items. x Transient over-voltage control and reduction using surge diverters, shield wires and CB are control. x Insulation systems, insulation coordination, insulation grading in plant items, bushings and capacitor bushings. h) Factors leading to the generation of corona encompassing: x Consequences of corona. x Reduction of corona
Note. Examples are conductor bundling, grading rings and conductor surface treatment.
i) Power System Protection encompassing: x Location of CT's in major plant items. x Earthing principles and devices. x Fault current control/limitation using neutral earthing compensators (NEC's), neutral point earth impedances, high conductivity shield wires and parallel feed
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x 2.6.22.3
interlocking. Application of different types of protection. Electrical power system transmission faults
Evidence shall show an understanding of electrical power system transmission faults to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Overview of the transmission system including lines, buses, transformers and cables. Line/bus layouts including single and double switching, breaker and a half systems and HV crossing methods. b) The principles involved in high voltage a.c. transmission including tower types and configurations, choice of towers or poles (economic and environmental), insulator types and configuration, types of conductors, their configuration and standard nomenclature. Typical line spacing and ground clearances. Line ratings based on ambient temperature. Conductor terminating and clamping equipment including vibration damping principles and equipment. c) The principles involved in d.c. transmission including the economics, harmonic generation, VAR requirements and protection difficulties. Types of connections and transformer requirements. Advantages and disadvantages of d.c. transmission. Typical overseas systems. Likely (future) use in this country. d) The principles of operation, voltage and current range, breaking capacity and field of use of the following types of circuit breakers. x bulk oil x small oil volume x air break x air blast x air puffer x vacuum and x SF6 (double pressure and puffer types). e) The types of isolators in use. Examples include duo-roll, blade and scissor type. f) Circuit breaker auxiliary systems including: x high pressure air systems and air storage and handling processes x d.c. systems including battery types, charging and protection systems and earth fault detection systems x SF6 conditioning, storage and handling system g) The characteristics of lines and cables including the calculation of R, X and B for different arrangements of conductor. Typical values for actual lines. Transposition. Models based on line length. Voltage and line regulation. The transmission of power (P) and VARs(Q). h) Control of voltage. Conditions leading to voltage collapse and system disintegration. Effects on the system of high/low volts. Voltage control devices including: x voltage regulators applied to generators and synchronous phase modifiers x electromagnetic voltage regulators x series and parallel capacitors x OLTC transformers and static Var compensations (SVCs) i) Range of devices covered by SVCs including: x saturated reactor compensations (SRs) x thyristor controlled reactor compensators (TCRs)
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x combined TCR/TSCs and x production of wave-form distorting harmonics and control devices j) Importance of the location in the system of voltage control devices k) Use of graphical methods to calculate the size of Var regulating plant l) Types of communication systems including telephone, power line carrier, dedicated cable, micro-wave links and fibreoptics. Quantities and signals to be communicated. Advantages and disadvantages of the various systems. Equipment requirements m) Transient over-voltages in power systems. Switching and lightning overvoltages and their effect on different plant items. Transient over-voltage control and reduction using surge diverters, shield wires and CB are control. Insulation systems, insulation coordination, insulation grading in plant items, bushings and capacitor bushings n) Factors leading to the generation of corona. Consequences of corona. Reduction of corona including conductor bundling, grading rings and conductor surface treatment 2.6.22.4 Distributive generation systems
Evidence shall show an understanding of distributive generation systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Concept and application b) Anti-islanding control and protection c) System monitoring and load management. 2.6.22.5 Electrical power system protection diagnostic
Evidence shall show an understanding of diagnosing faults in electrical power system protection to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Protection scheme requirements x Requirements of a protection scheme
Note: Includes relationship to primary system design, purpose of protection, safety of persons, protection of plant, system instability, system break up, loss of customers, loss of revenue, protection zones, restricted schemes, unrestricted schemes, duplicate protection, local backup protection, remote backup protection, selectivity, discrimination, stability, sensitivity, reliability
Components of a protection scheme

Note: Includes current transformers, potential transformers, summation current transformers, interposing transformers, multitapped transformers, all-or-nothing relays, induction relays, balanced beam relays, directional relays, biased relays, solid state relays, microprocessor based relays, gas relays, thermal sensors, hardwired communication, powerline carriers systems, microwave systems, fibre optic systems, need for isolation, need for interfacing
Protection applied to buses

Note: Includes overload, differential, earth leakage, structure leakage, combined schemes, protection overlap
Protection applied to transformers

Note: Includes biased differential, gas, winding temperature, oil temperature
Protection applied to single/radial lines

Note: Includes overcurrent, earth leakage, slow earth leakage, distance, auto reclose, sectionalising, over voltage
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Protection applied to interconnected lines

Note: Includes overcurrent, pilot wire, directional, directional overcurrent, current differential, phase comparison, current comparison, distance, impedance, admittance, offset
b) Discrete protection systems x Earth fault protection

Note: Includes master earth leakage schemes, sensitive earth fault relays and schemes, residual earth fault scheme, core balance earth fault scheme, frame/structure earth leakage scheme, time graded discrimination, backup protection
Overcurrent protection
Note: Includes feeder overcurrent protection, instantaneous overcurrent schemes, inverse timed overcurrent schemes, types and location of components of an overcurrent scheme, CT summation, time graded discrimination, backup protection
Alarms and controls

Note: Includes auxiliary relays, voltage regulating relays, line drop compensation, gas relay types, gas relay scheme operation and setting, over temperature schemes
c) Interdependent protection systems x Overcurrent and earth leakage intertripping, interlocking and blocking
Note: Includes logic mapping, master control, elctromechanical, electronic, shading coils
Pilot wire, phase comparison

Note: Includes opposed voltage schemes, circulating current schemes, location of components of a scheme, pilot supervisory techniques,
x x x
Load shedding, voltage control, parallel operation, load rejection CB failure protection Reclose systems
Note: Includes applications, single shot, multishot, blocking schemes, synchronisation checking
d) Complex protection systems x Distance

Note: Includes characteristics, electromechanical, electronic, impedance, mho, offset mho, switched schemes, non-switched schemes, blocking schemes, bus zone
Differential, transformer differential, bus overcurrent

Note: Includes principles, feeder protection, transformer protection, bias systems, harmonic restraint, CT connections, bus protection, low impedance schemes, high impedance schemes, bus overcurrent schemes, generator protection, CT connections, special considerations, digital systems
x x x x x
Types of revenue metering Applications of SCADA Complex protection systems for communications Harmonic control Point on wave switching
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2.6.22.6
Electrical power distribution systems diagnostic
Evidence shall show an understanding of diagnosing faults in power distribution systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Distribution system overview including: x regulatory conditions of supply and utilisation x compliance with Australian Standards. x reticulation system including overhead/underground, urban/rural, HV customers and high-rise building systems. The effects of industrial customers x methods used to ensure continuity of supply. x types of substations in current use. x systems of distribution used, (primary and secondary) x voltage levels, power factor, wave-form distortion and transient loading x supply quality x load curve profiles (residential/industrial/commercial) x types of feeders x distribution systems (urban, rural single-phase systems, SWER, spur, parallel and ring systems etc.) b) Overhead lines and installation x industry and safety regulations x overhead conductors x conductor material x current rating factors (heating, voltage drops, power losses) x aerial bundled cables (HV and LV) x covered conductors
Note: The characteristics of lines and cables including the calculation of R, X and B for different arrangements of conductor. Typical values for actual lines. Transposition. Models based on line length. Voltage and line regulation
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
overhead line poles types (wood, concrete and steel) installation of poles (tooling, rake, life, labelling, sinking) maintenance of poles above & below ground pole strength and loads crossarms types and standard sizes insulators insulation types types (pin, suspension or disc, shackle) creepage, necessary clearances arcing horns, insulator mounting structure types mechanical properties (working strength, maximum tension, limiting size) interpretation of stringing charts
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x determination of sag (by calculations or measurement and/or tension measurement) x sight and wave sagging, sag correction x stays x components, anchorage c) Use of design schedules x sample design problems
Note: Examples of common design practice line, voltage, structure types used, line deviation, span sag, crossarms, insulators and stays wind loading and line deviation loading basic surveying
x measurement of levels, deviation angle and compass bearings x perform survey of short distribution line extension of produce field notes d) Underground cables x cable types, ratings, core material, design considerations, cable dielectrics, insulating materials and abbreviations, electric stress, cable volt drop and volt drop calculations, cable termination, joints and installation. x induction and eddy currents x cable testing, cable fault location x cable drawing e) Voltage regulations of feeders and associated equipment x terminology used: distribution system, service line, customers terminals, customer voltage, utilisation voltage, base voltage, voltage variation and bandwidth x voltage limits and effects of voltage variation x causes of variation: inductance, capacitance and reactance of distribution lines, transformers x methods of voltage control: off-load, on-load tap changers, voltage regulating relays, line drop compensation, different types of voltage regulators x voltage profiles: principles, effect on voltage profiles, limits of voltage, voltage drops due to LV mains transformers, tapsettings feeder and service lines x determining volt drops for components within the profile. f) Control of voltage. Conditions leading to voltage collapse and system disintegration. Effects on the system of high/low volts. Voltage control devices including: x voltage regulators applied to generators and synchronous phase modifiers x electromagnetic voltage regulators x series and parallel capacitors x OLTC transformers and static Var compensations (SVCs) g) Range of devices covered by SVCs including: x saturated reactor compensations (SRs) x thyristor controlled reactor compensators (TCRs) x combined TCR/TSCs and x production of wave-form distorting harmonics and control devices h) Importance of the location in the system of voltage control devices i) Types of communication systems including telephone, power line carrier, dedicated cable, micro-wave links and fibreoptics. Quantities and signals to be communicated. Advantages and disadvantages of the various systems. Equipment requirements j) Transient over-voltages in power systems. Switching and lightning overvoltages and their effect on different plant items. Transient over-voltage control and reduction using surge
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diverters, shield wires and CB are control. Insulation systems, insulation co-ordination, insulation grading in plant items, bushings and capacitor bushings k) The principles of operation, voltage and current range, breaking capacity and field of use of the following types of circuit breakers. x bulk oil, small oil volume, air break, vacuum and SF6 (double pressure and puffer types). l) The types of isolators in use. Examples include duo-roll, blade and scissor type. m) Circuit breaker auxiliary systems including: x d.c. systems including battery types, charging and protection systems and earth fault detection systems x SF6 conditioning, storage and handling system 2.6.23 Marine electrical systems overview
Evidence shall show an understanding of marine electrical systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Marine electrical systems x Switchboards x Instrumentation x Earthing b) Alternators x Construction x Characteristics x Synchronised operation c) Switchboards and protection x Purpose x Testing and maintenance x Equipment removal d) Lighting systems x Purpose x Types e) Power supplies x UPS systems x Batteries x Maintenance x Safety procedures - battery banks f) Cathodic protection x Purpose x Operating parameters x Corrosion factors g) Safety x Equipment x Codes and Regulations h) Electrical system commissioning requirements and surveys
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2.6.24.1
Switchgear/controlgear
Evidence shall show an understanding of switchgear/controlgear to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types and applications b) Operating principles c) Interlocking systems d) Control and protection e) Installation requirements 2.6.24.2 Control panel wiring
Evidence shall show an understanding of control panel wiring to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Equipment layout methods and accessories b) Connection identification methods c) Wiring techniques 2.6.25 Hand power tools repairs
Evidence shall show an understanding of hand power tools to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types, applications, operating principles and characteristics b) Motors and drive mechanisms c) Control and over current protection methods and devices d) Typical hand power tool faults encompassing: x Motor faults x Power supply faults
Note. Examples include open circuit or tripped circuit in cord connected tools and battery charging and discharging problems in battery operated tools.
x x 2.6.26
Control faults Mechanical faults Appliance motors and circuits
Evidence shall show an understanding of appliance motors and circuits to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Fundamental a.c. circuit principles x Components of a circuit source, path, load and control x Notions of open circuit, closed circuit, and short circuits b) Circuit - basic configurations encompassing: x Single source Series, parallel, and series-parallel and circuits configurations x Relationship between voltage, current and impedance (Ohms law) x Components of impedance in a circuit
Note: Confined to basics of resistance, inductive reactance and capacitive reactance
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c) Electromagnetic induction basics encompassing: x Induction principles x Motor action and generator action x Transformer principles x Risks associated with electromagnetic induction d) Single phase supply and three phase supplies encompassing: x safety testing and isolation of single and three phase circuits x sine waves showing the nature of EMF and current in single and three phase supplies x Star and Delta connections of a three phase a.c. supply e) Electrical supply and distribution within a building or premises encompassing: x purpose and typical arrangement of main switchboards and distribution boards x arrangement of circuits x methods and devices for protection against direct and indirect contact with conductive parts x methods and device for protection against overload current and fault currents x the need for earthing and methods of testing for sound earthing. f) Operation, construction and applications of three phase induction motors encompassing: x Methods for determining polarity magnetic flux in relation to current flow in straight conductors and solenoids x circuit operating characteristics x characteristics of the magnetic field produced by a three phase winding x calculated speed of rotation of the rotating magnetic field x basic principle of operation, construction and applications of a three phase induction motor x three phase induction motor connections x reversing the direction of rotation of a three phase induction motor x equipment and methods for testing the motor winding resistance and insulation properties x effects of incorrect wiring a three phase motor. g) Operation, construction and applications of three phase motor starters encompassing: x regulatory requirements for starting, control and protection of induction motors x operating principle, construction and applications of motor starters x main advantages and disadvantages of a motor starter x motor starting circuit diagrams x starter and three phase motor connections x Method of testing and fault finding three phase motor starters. h) Components and arrangement of three phase motor circuits encompassing: x purpose of motor protection x three phase motor protection devices and their applications x construction and operating principle of thermal and magnetic motor protection x connection of thermal overloads in a three phase motors, starters circuit x Methods of testing and fault find three phase motor thermal overloads x electrical features of motor protection fuses
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effects of under and over voltage on motor circuits effects of repetitive starting and /or reversing motors special requirements for motor protection, in high humidity or moist environments, high temperature areas and corrosive atmospheres i) Construction, operation and applications of split phase and single phase motors and controls encompassing: x principle of operation of a split phase motor and starters x construction and basic characteristics of a split phase motor and starters x typical applications of a split phase motor x split phase motor and starter circuit diagrams x reversing direction of rotation of split phase motor x methods of testing a split phase motor to identify terminal connections. j) Operating principles, construction and applications of capacitor and shaded pole, single phase motors and controls encompassing: x types of single phase induction motors
Note. Examples are capacitor start, capacitor start/induction run, permanently split capacitor, shaded pole
x x x
x the principle of operation of each motor type and associated control. x operating characteristics and typical application of each motor and control. x single phase induction motors motor and starter circuit diagrams x reversing direction of rotation of single phase induction motors x methods of testing a single phase induction motors to identify terminal connections. k) Operating principles, construction and applications of series universal motors encompassing: x principle of operation of a series universal and synchronous motor x function of the basic parts of a series universal and synchronous motor x operating characteristics and typical uses for a series universal and synchronous motor x reversing direction of rotation of series universal and synchronous motor x list the common series universal and synchronous motor faults and possible causes. l) Speed control, protection devices and diagnostic testing of single phase induction motors encompassing: x principle of speed control for single phase induction motors x common faults in single phase induction motors and their control equipment x protection devices used with single phase motors and their operation. 2.6.27.1 Electric heating appliances
Evidence shall show an understanding of electrical heating appliances to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Heating principles and applications
Note. Principles include resistance, induction and microwave.
b) Types of heating appliances, their operating principles and characteristics c) Heating circuits and controls d) Typical faults
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2.6.27.2
Microwave ovens
Evidence shall show an understanding of microwave ovens to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Microwave cooking basics encompassing: x Properties of microwaves x Biological effects of microwaves x Fundamental microwave oven operations b) Microwave oven performance encompassing: x Radiation leakage x Power output measurement x Oven leakage safety system x Magnetron tests and measurements x Interlocks x Thermal cut outs and thermostats x Stirrer cooling and turntable systems c) Power control systems encompassing: x Hazards of microwaves and associated high voltages x High/low power selection x Duty cycle control systems x Basic circuit diagrams x New microwave oven technology such as inverter microwave ovens d) Auto-cook facilities encompassing: x Temperature control cooking systems x Humidity sensor cooking systems x Infrared sensor cooking systems x Convection microwave oven systems e) Service, fault finding and repair encompassing: x Manufacturers' data x Safety checks x Operating sequence x Typical fault symptoms x Test equipment x Fault identification x Fault location using test equipment and service manuals x Repairs techniques
2.6.28
Motor windings
Evidence shall show an understanding of motor windings to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Principles and construction encompassing: x direct-current machine types
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x construction of direct current machine x types of armature windings x parallel circuits in armature windings x value of generated e.m.f. b) Direct current armature windings encompassing: x terms used in armature winding x effects of chording x lap and wave windings x progressive and retrogressive windings. c) Simplex lap windings encompassing: x simplex lap armature winding x commutator pitch x number and position of brushes x characteristics of simplex lap windings x equalising connections for armature windings x applications for lap windings. d) Simplex wave windings encompassing: x simplex wave armature winding x commutator pitch x number and position of brushes x dummy coils x characteristics of simplex wave windings x applications of wave windings x comparison of lap and wave windings x armature winding calculations. e) Commutation and interpoles encompassing: x principles of commutation x conditions for sparkless commutation x methods used to reduce sparking x resistance commutation x e.m.f. commutation x interpoles or commutating poles x advantages of interpoles. f) Alternator windings encompassing: x elementary single-phase stator winding x elementary three-phase stator winding x half-coil and whole-coil windings x concentrated and distributed windings x chain, lap and wave windings x pole-pitch and coil-span x half-coil winding for a three-phase alternator x whole-coil stator winding for a three-phase alternator g) Breadth factor and sinusoidal output encompassing:
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x breadth factor x e.m.f. equation for an alternator x methods of obtaining sinusoidal wave form x star and delta connection of alternator windings h) Rating, cooling and regulation encompassing: x rating of alternators x cooling of alternators x the voltage regulator i) Testing techniques encompassing: x continuity x insulation testing x use of growler x magnetic field testing 2.6.29 Coil winding basics
Evidence shall show an understanding of basic of coil winding to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Coil data b) Coil former types and construction/set up c) Coil winding machines d) Coil insulations. 2.6.30 Coil testing
Evidence shall show an understanding of coil testing to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Testing devices and their purpose b) Types of tests c) Testing techniques 2.6.31.1 Electrical machine winding basic
Evidence shall show an understanding of the basic techniques in insulating and placing coils for electrical static and rotating machines to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Electrical machine insulation processes b) Coil types c) Coil placement techniques 2.6.31.2 Low voltage three phase motor winding techniques
Evidence shall show an understanding of the techniques of winding three phase motors to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Electrical machine insulation types and applications b) Coil placement techniques
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c) Coil connection arrangements and terminations d) Winding insulation methods 2.6.31.3 Direct current motor winding techniques
Evidence shall show an understanding of the techniques of winding direct current motors to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Critical details and measurements when stripping a stator encompassing: x Winding types
Note. Examples are wave winding and a lap winding with equalisers
x Winding diagram x Tests carried out on steel bands removed from an armature b) Procedures and precautions required when inspecting and/or re-using a commutator encompassing: x Method of removing the armature leads from the risers of a TIG welded commutator. x Dimension to be checked on a TIG welded commutator. x Features of TIG welded and soft soldered commutators. x Relationship between the position of the slot a coil is in and the commutator segments it is connected to. x Purpose of commutator wear ring. c) Outline the procedures for checking the condition of a stripped core and commutator in preparation for rewind encompassing: x Describe the sequence of events between the removal of an old winding and the start of rewinding. x Describe the method of carrying out the core loss test, the effect this test has on the core and expected test results. x Describe two methods of overcoming hot spots in an armature core. x Detail the tests and checks made to a commutator before it can be reused. d) Select the appropriate insulation for a particular application with reference to manufacturers' recommendations and standards encompassing: x Conductor insulations available for use in d.c. formed coils, their dielectric strength and temperature rating. x Various insulations used on the slot portion and overhang of a d.c. armature encompassing:
Note Examples may include: B stage insulation, VPI insulation
x Properties, method of application and specific uses for the above insulations. e) Calculations and insulation specifications for preparing coils and equalisers for rewinding with reference to manufacturers' specifications. x Special characteristics of copper used in formed armature coils. x Half coil length and the amount of copper required for a set of coils, given the dimensions, the voltage and winding pitch of an armature. x Preparation of copper prior to insulating the coils and equalisers for armatures
Note: Examples may include: commutators, TIG welded, soft soldered
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Insulation specification for each of the following impregnation systems given an armature, voltage rating, temperature rise and conductor size.
Note: Examples may include; solvent based impregnating system, a VPI impregnating system
f) Procedures and precautions required for fitting the coils and equalisers to the armature, wedging, connecting and banding with reference to manufacturers' specifications. x Method of insulating the overhang support rings. x Procedures required between the insulating of the support ring and the stage of fitting the temporary band. x Method of fitting a temporary band and it's purpose. x Purpose of stoving a large armature after the fitting of the temporary band. x Method of making the joints.
Note: Examples are: a soft soldered commutator, a TIG welded commutator
Calculation of turns required for both glass and steel bands given the armature dimensions, copper size, mean length of turn and speed. x Features and use of glass and steel bands g) Materials, procedures, tests and precautions required during and after the impregnation of completed armature. x Precautions to be taken when handling and using varnishes and resins. x Important features of an oven used to cure large impregnated machines. x Application and features of various impregnating materials
Note. Examples are water based varnish, Xylol base varnish and 100% solids resin
Method of carrying out a gel test on a resin and a viscosity test on a varnish Typical quality procedures carried out on an impregnating varnish. Procedure and precautions for carrying out the a hot dip impregnation and a VPI impregnation h) Describe methods for preparing and testing a bare commutator. x Describe the method of diamond turning a commutator. x Describe the method of undercutting and de-burring a commutator. x Detail the method of insulating the exposed Vee ring. x Explain the method and purpose of seasoning a commutator. x Procedures for Electrical testing procedures of a bare commutator. i) Procedures and precautions to be followed when performing static electrical testing of a completed rewind according to Australian, British and IEC standards encompassing: x Types and purpose of tests x Testing safety precautions x Testing procedures
Note. Example of tests are repetitive surge test, polarisation index (PI) test, induction/growler test an electrical test on the steel bands cold resistance test and polarity test.
x x x
x x
Interpretation of test results Calculation of winding cold resistance and resistance across adjacent bars of a commutator.
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2.6.31.4
High voltage three phase motor winding techniques
Evidence shall show an understanding of the techniques of winding high voltage three phase motors to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Critical details and measurements when stripping a stator encompassing: x Winding types
Note. Example are hairpin wound stator and lap wound stator
x Winding diagram x Wedges of a radially ventilated machine x Factors to be considered when selecting cables for a stator. b) Procedures for checking the condition of a stripped in preparation for rewind encompassing: x Manufacturers' specifications.
x x
x
Sequence of events between the removal of the old winding and the start of rewinding. Core loss test, the effect this test may have on the core and expected test results Methods of overcoming hot spots in a stator core.
Level of insulation required to insulate the steel bracing rings that support the overhang. x Difference between the slot liners and packers of a 3.3kV and a 6.6 kV machine. c) Procedures for the fitting of coils to core, wedging and bracing.
x
x
Significance of the slot portion of coils for machines above 3.3 kV Method of inserting the coils of a ribbon winding into slots. Effects of undue mechanical stress on B stage insulated coils. Importance of coil pitch and why it is important.
x
x
Sequence of events in fitting the first pole pitch group of coils in a lap winding x Sequence of events in fitting the coils of a concentric winding x Purpose and location of the excess packing in a slot. x Difference between the wedges for a lap and hairpin winding. x Method of fitting a wedge. x Difference that may be encountered between the wedges for a radial ventilated and the wedges for an axially ventilated machine. x Methods used to brace and strengthen the overhang of a lap winding and a hairpin winding d) Procedures for making inter turn and inter coil connections on a hairpin winding and inter coil connections on a lap and bar winding encompassing: x Sequence of events in making turn to turn connections, and insulating the turns of a lap winding
Note. Connection methods include silver solder or brazing and soft solder
Sequence of events, from hand forming the coil to final insulation, in making the turn to turn connections in a hairpin winding, using a welded joint. x Sequence of events in making the coil to coil connections in a bar winding. e) Testing according to British and IEC standards.
Note.
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Examples of testing are 3.3 kV B stage insulated winding test, 6.6 kV B stage insulated winding and VPI winding test.
f) Materials, procedures, tests and precautions required during and after the impregnation of completed windings according to Australian, British and IEC standards. x Precautions to be taken when handling and using varnishes and resins. x Important features of an oven used to cure large impregnated machines. x Application and features of various impregnating materials
Note. Examples are water based varnish, Xylol base varnish and 100% solids resin
Method of carrying out a gel test on a resin and a viscosity test on a varnish Typical quality procedures carried out on an impregnating varnish. Procedure and precautions for carrying out the a hot dip impregnation, a flood coat impregnation and a VPI impregnation x Tests to be carried out after impregnation and bake on a 3.3kV B stage insulated winding, a 6.6 kV B stage insulated winding and a VPI winding g) Winding to terminal connections according to British and IEC standards. x Criteria for selection of winding to terminal cables
Note. Examples are voltage rating, full load current and fault capacity.
x x x
Common types of terminal boxes and their structure.

Note. Example are phase segregated, phase separated and phase insulated
Method of making the joint between winding and terminal cables and insulating such a joint. h) Procedures and precautions to be followed when performing static electrical testing of a completed rewind according to Australian, British and IEC standards encompassing: x Types and purpose of tests x Testing safety precautions x Testing procedures
Note. Example of tests are repetitive surge test, loss tangent test, polarisation index (PI) test, cold resistance test and polarity test.
x x 2.6.31.5
Interpretation of test results Calculation of winding cold resistance and line and phase resistance Electrical machines, mechanical components
Evidence shall show an understanding of the mechanical components of electrical machines to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types of bearings used in electric motors: b) Bearing clearances. c) Techniques for removing and fitting bearings encompassing: x shafts x housings d) Handling and storage of bearings. e) Lubrication encompassing: x Safety and environment issues in handling and disposing of lubricants
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x Lubrication methods f) Calculation of bearing life. g) Bearing damage and remedial action h) Types of couplings, applications i) Fitting and aligning couplings j) Types of belts and their applications k) Fitting and aligning pulleys l) Machine cooling/ventilation methods and components 2.6.31.6 Electrical machines, performance monitoring
Evidence shall show an understanding of the performance monitoring of electrical machines to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Methods of testing the condition of bearings. b) Methods of testing the condition of windings and terminal boxes. c) Methods of testing the condition of the coolers d) Problems likely to be created due to lack of maintenance on brush gear. e) Method of testing the general condition of a machine by vibration analysis f) Methods of checking the condition of couplings, pulleys, belts and the like. g) Determining machine operating efficiency 2.6.32 Field power and distribution systems
Evidence shall show an understanding of field power and distribution systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Types applications and components b) Regulator and safety requirements and standard c) Equipment installation and commissioning d) Testing requirements 2.6.33 Variable speed drives for a.c. motors
Evidence shall show an understanding of a.c. variable speed drive to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Methods and operating principles b) Installation requirements c) Filtering d) Performance characteristics e) Set up and commissioning f) Common faults: their symptoms and causes. 2.6.34 Variable speed drives for d.c. motors
Evidence shall show an understanding of d.c. variable speed drive to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Methods and operating principles b) Installation requirements
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c) Filtering d) Performance characteristics e) Set up and commissioning f) Common faults their symptoms and causes. 2.6.35 Servomechanism systems
Evidence shall show an understanding of servomechanism systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Servomechanism terminology and concepts encompassing: x null, error signal, feedback and reference signal x damping: under, over, critical x hunting x overshooting x deadband x response time x time lag b) Difference between an open loop and a closed loop system encompassing: x the operation of a servomechanism system to block diagram level identifying the components: x command transmitter x error detector x amplifier x summing point/network x servo x position feedback x rate feedback x acceleration feedback x modulator/demodulator c) Differences in operation between types of servomechanism systems encompassing: x a.c., d.c. and hybrid types x advantages and limitations d) Causes of hunting. e) Inspection, testing, and alignment of a servomechanism system f) Common faults their symptoms and causes. g) Programming and configuration of a PLC driven servo system 2.6.36 Synchronous machine diagnostics
Evidence shall show an understanding of synchronous machine diagnostics to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) a.c. generators construction, types and cooling encompassing: x construction of stator and rotor windings x rotor construction (cylindrical and salient pole) x advantages of rotating field construction
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x excitation methods x cooling methods x prime movers b) a.c. generators operating principles and characteristics encompassing: x a.c. generator equivalent circuits (synchronous reactance and resistance components) x tests open circuit, short circuit, stator impedance x voltage regulation, island generators terminal voltage load power factor x determination of excitation voltage and load angle c) Synchronising a.c. generators encompassing: x conditions for synchronising (infinite bus) x methods for synchronising (lamp methods, synchroscope) x alternator load sharing, parallel operation d) a.c. generators power, torque and efficiency encompassing: x power input, input torque, speed x power losses x output power, load power factor, rotor angle, pu power x efficiency x performance chart interpretation e) Voltage regulation (AVR) encompassing: x need for AVRs x features of AVRs x effects of rotor inductance x connections of AVRs x operation of AVRs f) a.c. generator operational stability encompassing: x power output, VAR effects, rotor angle, excitation x control of VAR (OLTC transformers) x voltage dependant nature of stability x critical clearance angle of a.c. generator x stability limits g) a.c. generator protection encompassing: x restricted, unrestricted primary, back up and duplicated protection x overcurrent, short circuit, differential, reverse power, load unbalance, rotor overload, loss-of-field, rotor earth fault, station earth fault, under frequency protection x external fault protection h) Induction generator encompassing: x types operating principles, characteristics x excitation methods x losses and efficiency x synchronising and paralleling i) Three phase synchronous motors encompassing:
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x x x x x x x x 2.6.37
construction rotor, stator, windings excitation methods operating principles (equivalent circuits, synchronous impedance) hunting and stability limits power factor correction paralleling and synchronisation techniques starting methods braking methods Induction motors diagnostics
Evidence shall show an understanding of induction motors diagnostics to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Construction of polyphase induction motors encompassing: x squirrel cage motors x slip-ring motors b) Operating principles of polyphase induction motors encompassing: x rotating magnetic field torque slip x MMF relationships x Leakage fluxes c) Speed-torque relationships in induction motors encompassing: x maximum torque x torque slip relationships x types of motor squirrel cages x power flow in the motors x power distribution x torque units x slip ring rotors d) Induction motor performance testing encompassing: x no-load tests x locked rotor tests x development of motor equivalent circuit from test results x analysis of motor performance using circle diagrams e) Induction motor starters encompassing: x starting requirements x type of starters x starting torque x starting dynamics x static friction x mechanical loads x starting duration f) Reduced voltage starting encompassing: x starting dynamics
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x change over conditions x starting duration x acceleration curves g) Speed control of induction motors encompassing: x constant torque, constant power concepts x torque-flux-voltage relationships x rotor resistance control x stator impedance control x variable frequency control (e.g. PAM, PWM, Flux vector control) h) Braking of induction motors encompassing: x electrical braking systems (plugging, d.c. dynamic, regenerative, capacitormagnetic) x mechanical braking systems (mechanical drum, demag, eddy current) i) Motor protection encompassing: x overload x earth fault x phase failure j) Motor selection encompassing: x selection criteria x RMS rating k) Induction motor maintenance/repair encompassing: x routine maintenance schedules x type of repairs (mechanical, electrical) l) Single phase induction motors encompassing: x construction x operating principles x speed-torque relationships x testing 2.6.38 Direct current machines diagnostics
Evidence shall show an understanding of direct current machines diagnostics to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Basic d.c. machine construction and operation encompassing: x application of d.c. machine x construction of d.c. machines x d.c. machine connections x insulation x ratings x cooling paths x bearings x general maintenance of d.c. machines b) Construction and use of lap and wave windings encompassing: x coils and elements
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x generated voltage equation for generator x generated voltage equation for motors x application of lap and wave windings c) Commutation process encompassing: x use of interpoles x loading of machines x brush shifting x brush selection x classes of brush grades
Note: Examples include: natural graphite, hard carbon, electrographite, metal-graphite, metal-carbon, treated grades
carbon brush contact characteristics

Note: Examples include: specific resistance, thermal conductivity, density and porosity, elastic properties, contact properties
carbon brush factors

Note: Examples are: pressure, current, polarity, speed
brush construction
Note: Examples are: dimensions, tolerances, preferred sizes, surfaces, edges, bevels, flexible shunts, connection of flexible shunt to brush, insulation of flexible connections
brush holders
Note: Examples are: types, brush angles, trailing holders, reaction holders, top bevel angles, reversible rotation, cantilever holders, effective arc of contact, construction of brush holders, pressure mechanism
mounting of brush holders and brushes

Note: Examples are: clearances, brush angle, brush arm spacing, alignment, staggering, brush bedding, brush pressure
brush operation
Note: Examples are: temperature rise, number and size of brushes, current distribution between brushes, slotting brushes, polarity effects, arc of contact, materials for commutators, mica
selection of brush grades

Note: Examples are: machine data, current density, commutator peripheral speed, brush arc, pitch of segments, number of segments covered by brush, cooling surface
d) Armature reaction in d.c. machines x effect of armature reaction on d.c. machine characteristics x use of compensating winding e) d.c. generators x performance of generators supplying various loads x voltage regulation as a percentage or per unit value x operation in parallel
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f) d.c. motors x shape of motor speed/torque curves x reversal of machines g) Starting of d.c. motors x types of d.c. motor starters in use x d.c. motor protection h) Speed regulation and speed control of d.c. motors x methods in use x effect on motor design and operation caused by the use of SCR x speed control equipment i) Braking of d.c. motors x Plugging x Dynamic x Regenerative x Mechanical j) Losses and efficiency k) Acceleration of d.c. motors and loads x characteristics of typical loads x matching loads to a suitable motor x heating of windings x derating of motors l) Special d.c. motors construction, operation and applications x permanent-magnet motors x brushless motors (e.c. motors) x coreless and moving coil motors x linear motors x printed circuit motor x stepping motors x voice-coil motors m) Maintenance of d.c. machines x routine maintenance x breakdown repairs n) types of faults x brushes/brush gear problems
Note: Examples are: sparking, excessive heating, excessive wear of brushes, commutator or slip rings, bad surface conditions, excessive maintenance, flexible burning, flexible corrosion, separation or grooving, blackening, copper picking, copper dragging, brush noise
o) adjustment of machines x correct brush position x machining and finishing of commutators. 2.6.39 Lubrication of lift components
Evidence shall show an understanding of lubrication of lift components to an extent

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indicated by the following aspects: a) Purpose of lubrication encompassing: x Corrosion protection, x Friction reduction, x Cooling, b) Lubricant loss and loss estimation c) Suitability Oils, Greases, Coolants, Rust preventative, Solvents d) Selection of lubricant encompassing: x Viscosity x Types to suit device operation e) Application methods and quantities encompassing: x Hand, Grease guns, x Oil cans, x Pressure lubricators, x Oil misters, x Level indicators, x Estimating quantities, x Lubrication points x Automatic lubricators 2.6.40 Lift systems, roping
Evidence shall show an understanding of lift systems roping to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Single wrap encompassing: x Hoisting x Governor x Tappet x Compensator x Selector b) Multiple wrap encompassing: x Hoisting c) Types of ropes encompassing: x Normal lay x Langs lay d) Rope attachments encompassing: x Standards ends x Splices x Wedges sockets x Talurit fitting x Babbit sockets x Secon fitting
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2.6.41
Lift systems, rope inspection
Evidence shall show an understanding of lift systems rope inspection to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Inspection of ropes encompassing: x Requirements of Lift Code/enterprise x Purpose x Wear x Broken strands x Diameter x Deformation x Corrosion x Lubrication x Tension b) Rope stretch encompassing: x Requirements of Lift Code/enterprise x Counterweight clearance x Compensatory equipment c) Inspection of rope attachments encompassing: x Requirements of Lift Code/enterprise x Rope anchor rods x Castings, Springs x Wedges x Swaging x Checking for fracturing x Deformation x Remedial action d) Inspection of sheaves encompassing: x Groove condition x Riffling x Ropes down in sheaves x Maintenance records 2.6.42 Escalators, moving walk and tread way mechanics
Evidence shall show an understanding of escalators, moving walk and tread way mechanics to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Escalators encompassing: x Statutory and enterprise requirements: Lift Code, OHS, Emergency stop, Danger signage, Barriers and Running clearances x Purpose of Controller, Safety devices, Chain/steps and Hand rail x Techniques for repair of Steps/belts/pallets, Combs, Guards, Balustrades, Newel rollers, Balustrade lighting and hand rails x Adjustments of Chains, Hand rail, Brake, Steps and Safety devices
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b) Safe working procedures encompassing: x Removing steps/pallets, x Working in motor room/pit, x Cleaning/lubricating, x Guards x Hand rails remove/refit c) Installation and commissioning encompassing: x Aligning, x Testing, x Handling x Running clearances d) Escalator types to suit applications
Note. Factors include volume of people, Gradient and Multi floor use
e) Moving walks encompassing: x Types; Continuous belts and palletised types x Statutory requirements: OHS, Lift Code x Comparison with escalator f) Tread Ways encompassing: x Belt and palletised types x Statutory requirements, OHS, Lift Code 2.6.43 Lift systems, plumbing and setting out
Evidence shall show an understanding of plumbing and setting out to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Single lift wells encompassing: x Purpose x Need for accuracy x Modification of errors x Use of template x Use of plumb lines and weights x Measuring and marking out lift wells x Measuring and marking out machine room (where appropriate) x Plumbing chart x Identification of clearances x Adjustment of templates x Use of laser level b) Multiple lift wells encompassing: x Use of centre line/datum x Use of survey information and layouts x Setting of well templates x Plumb charts analysis for three dimensional impact x Corrective action
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x Use of theodolite c) Fixing devices and methods encompassing: x Inserts x Expansion anchors x Chemically bonded anchors 2.6.44 Lift equipment alignment techniques
Evidence shall show an understanding of lift components electrical/electronics to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Equipment layout encompassing: x Specifications x Clearances x 3D impact on layout x Lift code b) Alignment equipment encompassing: x Gauges x Straight edges x Rail gauges x Shims/packers x Lasers c) Machine room alignment encompassing: x Machine and fixings x Diverter sheave x Governor and tensioning sheaves x Counterweight centre lines x Sheave and roping system d) Lift car alignment encompassing: x Superstructure x Frames x Doors e) Lift well alignment encompassing: x Guides and brackets x Trimmer beams x Buffers x Landing doors and locks x Compensators f) Running clearances encompasssing: x Safety gear x Car sill x Door operator g) Car operating devices encompassing: x Slowdown switch
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x Limits x Inductors x Door locks x Vanes and Shaft information h) Installation and aligning hydraulic equipment procedure encompassing: x Ram/Cylinder x Hydraulic Lines x Bleeding Hydraulic system 2.6.45 Lift components electrical/electronics
Evidence shall show an understanding of lift components electrical/electronics to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Traction lifts encompassing: x Lift control circuits (relay logic only): floor selector circuitry, x Machine room control (selector) and well control (transducer) circuitry
Note: Examples are: direction slowing and stopping, re-leveling, door operator, acceleration, button, indicator/lantern, lights and emergency lights, traveling cables, key switch circuits, fans, main supply and power circuits
b) Safety circuits encompassing: x Type, operation and actuation

Note Examples are: landing door locks, car door locks, emergency stop, pit switch, car trap-door switch, fire service, car top switch, tappet switch, governor switch, safety gear switch, reverse phase relay, phrase failure relay and limit switches.
c) Maintenance, replacement and adjustment encompassing: x Electrical and electronic lift components
Note: Examples are: traveling cables, tachometers, selectors, encoders and transducers.
Safety devices:
Note: Examples are: overloads, circuit breakers, limit switches, terminal stopping, door protection, governors and safety gear/switches.
d) Electrical layout/drawings and special requirements encompassing: x Lift code & AS/NZS 3000 requirements x specific lift symbols x conduits x trailing cable x troughing x colour coding and labeling x segregation LV/ELV x telephone and communication cabling x regulatory requirements and door lock wiring. e) Safety drive adjustment encompassing: x Emergency stop button
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x speed governor x reverse phase protection x broken chain/step switch x broken main drive switch x drive access switch x start pressure switch and landing guards/barriers. f) Lift components electronic encompassing: x Encoders x Transducers x Electronic boards x Selectors x Rectifiers x Capacitors x Resistors x Processor Board x I/O board g) Drives - types, construction and operation encompassing: x Traction x Gearless types
Note: Examples are: Speed/load characteristics, Efficiency, Application, Brakes, Electric prime mover (motor types and control)
Geared types
Note: Examples are: Speed/load characteristics, Efficiency, Application, Brakes, Electric prime mover (motor types and control)
Other types of lifts

Note: Eamples are: Drum, Rack and pinion, Chain, Screw
h) Fault finding encompassing: x Visual inspection x Performance checks and application of fault finding x Principles 2.6.46 Lift systems basic operations
Evidence shall show an understanding of lift systems basic operations to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Safety issues encompassing: x Personal safety equipment x Hazard identification and reporting x Single and team manual handling x Communication on site x Emergency procedures b) Access to and safe working practice encompassing:
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x Machine room x Top of car x Lift pit c) Statutory requirements encompassing: x Lift Code x Australian Standards d) Escalators and moving walks encompassing: x Components
Note: Examples are: Machine Brakes, Controllers, Safety devices, Balustrade lighting, Steps/pallets/belts, Hand rail, Drive chain, Truss, Track systems, Step/pallet chains, Rollers, Tension carriage, Hand rail earthing
e) Traction lift components f) Types of lifts encompassing: x Passenger x Goods x Service g) Machine room equipment encompassing: x Machine x Controller x Governor x Floor selector h) Well equipment encompassing: x Guide rails x Landing doors and locks x Limit switches/operating devices x Ropes x Roping systems x Counterweights i) Pit equipment encompassing: x Buffers x Compensators x Safety equipment j) Car equipment encompassing: x Frame x Superstructure x Door operator x Travelling cable x Buttons and indicators x Communication devices x Safety gear 2.6.47 Lift components - electro-mechanical
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Evidence shall show an understanding of electro-mechanical lift components to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Lift control circuits using relay logic encompassing: x Button circuit x Indicator/lantern circuit x Key switch circuits x Fans x Mains supply x Power circuits x Floor selector circuitry x Motor room control (selector) x Well control (transducer) x Directional circuitry x Slowing and stopping circuitry x Re-levelling circuitry x Door operator circuitry x Acceleration circuits b) Safety circuits - type, operation and actuation encompassing: x Landing door locks x Car door locks x Emergency stop x Pit switch x Car trap-door limit switch x Fire service x Car top switch x Tappet switch x Governor/switch x Safety gear switch x Reverse phase relay x Phase failure relay x Overloads x Circuit breakers x Limit switches x Terminal stopping x Door protection x Circuit switches c) Lift components electronic encompassing: x Encoders x Transducers x Electronic boards x Selectors x Rectifiers
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x Capacitors x Resistors x Processor board x I/O board d) Lift components electrical encompassing: x Relays x Tachos x Limit switches x Brushes x Selectors x Motor/generator x Transformers x Fuses x Lamps x Terminals e) Electrical layout and special requirements encompassing: x Lift Code and AS 3000 requirements x Special lift symbols x Conduits x Travelling cable x Troughing x Colour coding and labelling x Segregation LV/ELV x Communication cabling x Door lock wiring f) Drives encompassing: x Types x Construction x Operation g) Traction encompassing: x Speed/load characteristics x Efficiency x Application x Brakes x Electric prime mover (motor types and control) h) Geared types encompassing: x Speed/load characteristics x x x x x Efficiency Application Brakes Electric prime mover (motor types and control) Drum
Note:
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Examples are: Rack and pinion, chain
2.6.48
Electric lifts - mechanics
Evidence shall show an understanding of the mechanics of electrical lifts to an extent indicated by the following aspects: a) Governors encompassing: x Types
Note: Examples are: Vertical shaft, Overspeed devices, Horizontal shaft
Operation
Note: Examples are: Testing procedures for each type of governor, Governor rope tension test
b) Safety gear encompassing: x Types

Note: Examples are: Type A instantaneous, Type B flexible guide clamp, Type C wedge clamp, Type D oil buffer
c) Release procedures for each type of safety gear/governor combination d) Statutory requirements e) Maintenance, replacement and adjustment of mechanical lift components encompassing: x Door locks x Air cords x Selectors x Bearings
Note: Examples are: Roller, Sleeve, Guide shoes, Roller, Slipper
x Door guides x Landing doors x Car doors x Tapes/chains x Motor room equipment x Well equipment x Pit equipment f) Brakes encompassing: x Geared machine brakes x Gearless machine brakes g) Brake function and statutory requirements h) Types of brake operation encompassing: x Mechanical configurations
Note: Examples are: External, Internal
Electrical operations
Note: Examples are: Stall motor, Solenoid, Hydraulic
i) Brake inspection and adjustment encompassing:
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x Mechanical x Electrical j) Brake circuit operation encompassing: x Brake circuitry k) Manual release of brakes encompassing: x Safe procedures x Release devices l) Statutory requirements 2.6.49 Electro-hydraulic lifts
Evidence shall show an understanding of electro-hydraulic lifts to an extent indicated by the following aspect: a) Electrical circuitry b) Pump motor, starter c) Control components and operation encompassing: x Governor switch x Over travel limits x Up, down solenoids x Up, down limit switches x Levelling switch x Stop button x Faulty components diagnosis d) Hydraulic components e) Hydraulic circuitry f) Servicing 2.6.50 Electro-hydraulic lifts - mechanical operation
Evidence shall show an understanding of the mechanical operation of electro-hydraulic lifts to an extent indicated by the following aspect: a) Principles of fluid power encompassing: x Fluids x Hydraulics x Pascals Law x Safety considerations of fluids under pressure b) Components encompassing: x Pump x Control of hydraulic pressure x Solenoid values x Directional flow
Note: Examples are: Pressure gauge
Ram/cylinders
Note
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Examples are: Single stage, Multi stage
x Oil cooler x Oil reservoir x Filters x Seals x Bleeding lines c) General operation d) Lift applications e) Types of arrangements encompassing: x Side acting x Direct x Suspended f) Requirements of Lift Code/Standards encompassing: x Viewing communication windows x Labelling circuit breakers x Head room/top of car x Pump installation under car x Anti-creep devices x Closing of landing doors g) Emergency passenger release encompassing: x Manual lowering x OHS considerations x communications 2.6.51 Emergency release procedures - trapped passengers
Evidence shall show an understanding of emergency release procedures for trapped passengers to an extent indicated by the following aspect: a) OHS considerations encompassing: x Enterprise requirements and procedures x Passenger safety x Moving under power x Hand winding b) Communication with passengers related to status of lift encompassing: x Determining numbers and condition of passengers x Direction of lift travel before stopping x Fault indication x Status of doors c) Communication with passengers related to passenger safety and comfort encompassing: x Warnings about using controls x Warnings about standing near doors x Information related to impending movement x Information relating to opening of doors x Reassurance as to safety of passengers
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Emergency medical support
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2.

6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus

b) Operating principles and characteristics

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

speed control methods

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

the term step and touch potential. Lighting fundamentals

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

Types of cooking appliances and their control method

Industrial process heating and their control

Causes of a fault in a malfunctioning electric heating device/circuit

Direct current machine fundamentals

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

Direct current machines

Evidence shall show an understanding of direct current motor controls to an extent

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

b) Operating parameters of each component and of the system

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

RAPS systems demand side management

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

Components of a protection scheme

Protection applied to buses

Protection applied to transformers

Protection applied to single/radial lines

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

Protection applied to interconnected lines

b) Discrete protection systems x Earth fault protection

Alarms and controls

Pilot wire, phase comparison

d) Complex protection systems x Distance

Differential, transformer differential, bus overcurrent

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

Electrical power distribution systems diagnostic

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

Control faults Mechanical faults Appliance motors and circuits

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council

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2.6 Electrical applications and apparatus EE-Oz Industry Skills Council