Power System Protection S.A.

Soman Origin of DC Offset Current

Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Power System Protection

S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Origin of DC Offset Current Peak Value of DC Offset Current CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current Consequences of CT Saturation CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

Origin of DC Offset Current Fault current consists of Symmetrical AC component. DC offset current. If Rline + j Lline models the line impedance, then for a fault at t = t0 , the fault current will be, i (t ) =
t t0 Vm sin( t + ) + I0 e ( ) |Zline |

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

Introduction
Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Origin of DC Offset Current Peak Value of DC Offset Current CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current Consequences of CT Saturation CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Peak Value of DC Offset Current The peak value of DC offset current is obtained by setting the current at t0 to zero. It is given by, I0 = Vm sin( t0 + ) |Zline |

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

The peak value of DC offset current depends upon the following parameters: Time at which fault strikes. Phase angle of AC voltage. |Zline | and of transmission line.

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

The severity of DC offset current is maximum when, = t0 = 2 It can be also concluded that, Peak value of DC offset current can be as high as the symmetrical AC peak. DC offset current can be positive or negative. If = and t0 = 0, DC offset current may be totally absent. It has adverse impact on CT performance.

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current When a CT core is saturated due to DC offset current, it cannot faithfully replicate the primary current waveform. The secondary current is given by, i2 = N1 I0 t e N2

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

The voltage developed across CT secondary would be,

dc v2 (t ) =

N1 RI0 t e N2

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Assume that initial ux in the transformer core at t = 0 is (0) = 0. Using Faradays law, v2 = N2 d dt (t ) (0) = max = dc
1 N2 t 0

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

v2 dt =

Since,maximum value of
N1 RVm 2 |Z N2 line |

N1 RI0 2 (1 N2 Vm I0 = |Z , line |

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

It can be seen that AC voltage induced ux is sinusoidal in nature and it has zero average value. DC offset induced ux is unidirectional and its average value is not zero. The peak value of instantaneous ux in the core is RVm N1 N1 RVm + 2 2 |Zline | N2 N2 |Zline |

Introduction
Power System Protection S.A.Soman

1
Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Origin of DC Offset Current Peak Value of DC Offset Current CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current Consequences of CT Saturation CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

The secondary current will not faithfully replicate the primary current. Secondary current is clipped. This clipping of CT current leads to blinding of the relay. The relay should be fast enough to take decision before CT saturation.

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

CT Oversizing Factor The way to avoid CT saturation on DC ux is by oversizing max the core so that for ux, max ac + dc , corresponding B is below knee point.The factor oversizing factor. Core oversizing factor = 1 +
max max ac +dc max ac

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

is known as core

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

Lline = 1 + = 1 + Rline = 1+ X R It is to be noted that high amount of oversizing is not practical.

max dc max ac

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Cautions in CT Selection The following precautions have to be taken while selecting a CT for a particular application. The CT rating and continuous load current should match. The maximum load current should be less than 20 times the CT rated current. The voltage rating of CT should be compatible. It should be ascertained that magnetizing current is kept much below the pick up value.

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary

CT Saturation and DC Offset Current

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Origin of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC Offset Current

Summary Origin of DC offset current. Range and peak value of DC offset current. CT saturation due to DC offset current. CT oversizing factor. Precautions to be taken while selecting a CT.

CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current

Consequences of CT Saturation

CT Oversizing Factor Cautions in CT Selection Summary