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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Progress and advancement of the countries of the world are always related to the kind of education they offer to their people. Generally education is the concern of government and public in democratic countries. Education is essential for human development. Modern age is the age of science and technology. Education gives people expertise and skills for different fields to keep them abreast with the changing realities of life. The development of education depends upon the language that is a unique tool granted to human beings for communication. It is one of the gifts, granted by Allah to distinguish mankind from animal. Therefore, development of civilization and education depend upon the growth and use of language. As a developing country, Indonesia really needs English. Firstly English is the language of science and technology. We cannot make progress in the field of science and technology without the knowledge of English language. Secondly, it is the common of lingua franca of the world. It is the tool through which we can conduct our daily business with the worlds community. Thirdly, it is the language of worlds literature for understanding the cultures of other nation so is essential for us to know the English

language. Fourthly, it is the language of the world diplomats. We cannot express ourselves on the world forum without English language. In short, the knowledge of English language is most important because of mentioned facts. It is the currency of our time. But in our country, the majority of the students fail in this subject because of the lack of language learning environment and incompetent teachers in the academic and professional areas. The problem that faced by students in learning English are; speaking, writing, listening, and reading. The fourth English skills are basic for us to mastery English. Most of students had difficulty in speaking and writing. In this study, writer would be focused in writing skill. Writing is a means of communicating ideas and information. Writing is one of important ways to expressing your thought, and communicating ideas and views to others. Writing is beneficial, specifically for those who are emotional, and do not express verbally. This tool allows them to express their ideas, thoughts or their existing mental condition. People express themselves by writing novels, short story, biographies, and even personal diaries, etc. this paper will help you to develop your writing. How to develop paragraph? How to list a support sentences? 1.2 Problem Statement The writer tries to formulate the research question based on the problem above as follow:

1. How does enumeration technique? 2. How is student of second grade SMU Islam Terpadu Yabis Bontang developing topic sentences using enumeration? 1.3 Objective of the Study The objectives of this study are: 1. To explain the enumeration technique? 2. To know whether enumeration can give effect to second grade SMU Islam Terpadu Yabis Bontang in developing topic sentences. 1.4 Significance of the Study This study is contributed for: 1. The writer: to fulfill the participle program of the studying at Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, one of requirement of which is to write a thesis in order to get Strata one Degree in English Department. 2. The students: this study can be used to increase their English achievement. 3. The teacher: this study can be enriching their method in teaching English.

1.5 Scope of the Study The writer will give limitation of this study to control the objective areas. These are focuses area of this study, first the object of this study is the student of second grade SMU Islam Terpadu Yabis Bontang. Second, the writer will be focus on writing skill only, that study about the way in developing topic sentence that identifies your support point. And the last is the writer will hence this study on personal topic sentence.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains the relevant information selected for supporting the problem that has been determined.

2.1 Topic Sentences Topic sentence consist of two words, they are topic and sentence. The meaning of each word is topic means a heading in an outlined argument or exposition. While sentence means a word, clause, or phrase or a group of clauses or phrases forming a syntactic According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, topic sentence is a sentence that states the main thought of paragraph or of a larger unit of discourse and is usually placed at or near the beginning. The other dictionary said that topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the essential idea of a paragraph or larger section, usually appearing at the beginning. The topic sentence is a perspective grammatical term to describe the sentence in an expository paragraph which summarizes the main idea of that paragraph. It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph. The American Heritage Dictionary states topic sentence is the sentence within a paragraph or discourse that states the main thought, often placed at the beginning.

According to the respected grammarian and expert linguist David Crystal most native English speakers are taught that sentences are constructions which can used on their own-units of meaning which seem to make sense by themselves. 2.1.1 Structure and Coherence Topic sentence have difficult history in the business of teaching writing, in the 1960s, an influential article was published in a scholarly journal read by writing teachers which proclaimed that research proved that topic sentences were practically nonexistent. However, that research was ba sed on light, journalistic, entertainment-oriented texts where topic sentences would be the equivalent of lead boots. Actually, topic sentences play an important role in giving a document coherence especially technical, scientific, and business

document. In light, journalistic, entertainment oriented writing, topic sentences of a subtle, unobtrusive type are used.

2.1.2 Anatomy of the Topic Sentence What is the topic sentence? It is a sentence occurring towards the beginning of a paragraph that some way tips the reader off as to the focus, purpose, contents of that paragraph (and perhaps one or more paragraph following). At its best, it focuses the readers attention; it says hey, heres what were talking about! heres an example:

There is no doubt that Gage suffered the accident, and that it had a dramatic impact on his life. However, in his book An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas casts Gage, serious

Australian

psychologist

Malcolm

Macmillan

doubts on the accuracy of the account that entered both scientific and popular discourse. First, very little is known about Gage's personality and habits before the

accident. . . .

In this example,

serious doubts on the accuracy of the account

is

the core of the topic sentence, indicating the focus of the following discussion, which is doubts. Notice it does not begin the paragraph; the first sentence seems to be transitioning from a previous paragraph. 2.1.3 Types of Topic Sentences Six kinds of topic sentences are commonly used by experienced writers. They are not the only kinds, but if you learn how to write them, you will be able to express the main idea of almost any paragraph. 1. A Basic Topic Sentence A basic topic sentence is the quickest and simplest way to begin your paragraph. Just copy the main idea from the outline, making sure that the sentence has a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. Make sure, too, that the sentence begins with a capital letter and ends in a period. When we write a basic topic sentence, do not change any key words

or add any new words that might change the meaning of our main idea. Here are three examples: Main idea Topic sentence Main idea Topic sentence Main idea Topic sentence : Tango is my favorite restaurant. : Tango is my favorite restaurant. : Music is important in my life. : Music is important in my life. : I could not live without my car. : I could not live without my car.

Basic topic sentences are clear and direct, and they get us writing quickly. You might want to use a basic topic sentence in the following situations: If we are being timed and must write quickly If we get stuck when we try to begin writing If a topic is difficult for us

When we begin our paragraph with a basic topic sentence, you can always go back and revise it later if we have time. 2. A Topic Sentence That Adds a Description A topic sentence that adds a description is similar to a basic topic sentence but requires just a little more work. Copy the main idea from the outline and add a brief descriptive phrase to clarify the subject of the paragraph. Here are three examples with the descriptive phrase underlined:

Main idea Topic sentence

: Tango is my favorite restaurant. : Tango, an Argentinean restaurant in my neighborhood, is my favorite place to eat.

Main idea Topic sentence Main idea Topic sentence

: Music is important in my life. : Hip-Hop and classical music are important in my life. : I could not live without my car. : I could not live without my car, a beat-up 1992 Honda Civic.

A topic sentence that adds a description is more precise and colorful than a basic topic sentence. With practice, we will be able to add a brief descriptive phrase to the topic sentences with little effort or loss of time. However, in order to keep the main idea clear, remember these suggestions: Use only brief descriptive phrases. Do not change any key words or add any new words that might change the meaning of your main idea. If a descriptive phrase does not fit smoothly into the main idea, do not force it. Some main ideas do not work well with an added description 3. A Topic Sentence That Creates a Contrast A contrast is another effective way to start the paragraph. To form this type of topic sentence, we will need to write a complex sentence beginning with although, even though, or while. Here are three examples:

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Main idea Topic sentence

: Tango is my favorite restaurant. : Although I have eaten at many good restaurants, Tango stands out as my favorite.

Main idea Topic sentence

: Music is important in my life. : Event though I dont get to listen to music as often as I would like, it is very important in my life.

Main idea Topic sentence

: I could not live without my car. : while I could survive without many of my possessions. I could not live without my car.

A topic sentence that creates a contrast shows that we have a deep understanding of our main idea. However, since this type of topic sentence tends to be longer than a basic topic sentence, we must be careful that our main idea stays clear. Keep these suggestion in mind: Make sure that the first word of the sentence is although, even though, or while. Be sure that the main idea is in the second half of the sentence. When writing the main idea, do not change any key words or add any new words that might change its meaning. 4. A Topic Sentence That Identifies The Support Points Identifying the support points is another popular and effective way to begin the paragraph. This type of topic sentence includes the main idea and briefly identifies the support points that you will develop in the paragraph.

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These support points may be introduced by the word because, as shown in the following examples. Keep your list as brief as possible so that it flows smoothly.

MAIN IDEA Tango is my favorite restaurant. SUPPORT POINT 1 The food is delicious.

TOPIC SENTENCE Tango is my favorite restaurant because of the delicious food, romantic atmosphere, and reasonable prices.

SUPPORT POINT 2 The atmosphere is romantic. SUPPORT POINT 3 The prices are reasonable.

A topic sentence that identifies the support point gives the reader a snapshot of the paragraph and it demonstrates that we have a firm grasp on the organization. However, since this type of topic sentence tend to be longer than a basic topic sentence, we must be careful that your main idea stays clear. Keep these suggestions in mind: Be sure the main idea is in the first half of the sentence.

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When writing the main idea, do not change any key words or add any new words that might change its meaning.

When copying the support points from outline, we may shorten them so that they flow smoothly; however, do not omit any of them or change their meaning.

If we use the word because before the support points, it should come in the middle of the topic sentence.

2.1.4 The Purpose of a Topic Sentence The main point (claim) of a paragraph is often indicated in a single sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence is like a thesis in that you can also ask yourself: Can I disagree? You want to be able to answer YES to show that there is an arguable claim that needs to be proven. While it is true that in published writing youll sometimes find topic sentences in the middle or even at the end of a paragraph, placing your topic sentences at the beginning of each of your paragraphs is useful because: A strong topic sentence can help you, the writer to focus each

paragraph around one main point. A strong topic sentence can help your reader to see where you

are headed with your ideas in a particular paragraph; topic sentences help your reader form a mental map of your essay.

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A strong topic sentence connects back to your overall thesis and connects forward to the specific supporting point you are making in the paragraph to prove and illustrate your thesis.

And forward to the supporting point

THESIS

Topic Sentence

Supporting Point

Connects back to the thesis

2.1.5 The Differentiates a Strong Topic Sentence from a Weak Topic Sentence The chart below points out some of the main difference between a topic sentence that is genuinely helpful to the reader:

A weak topic sentence:

A strong topic sentence:

Doesnt fit your paragraphthat Fits your paragraph, is, it misleads your reader into accurately reflecting what

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thinking you will be writing about one thing, but the paragraph itself is about something else

youve actually written

Is so general that your reader cant Is specific enough that your form a clear image about what is reader can predict what you to come will cover in that paragraph

Simply states a fact, a piece of information that can be confirmed with observation or reference to reputable sources. Your reader is left wondering, What is the point of this paragraph? What is the writer trying to prove with this piece of information?

Like a thesis statement, it sets up the controlling idea of the paragraph, clearly indicating the point or claim the writer will illustrate, describe, explain, analyze in the body of the paragraph

Does not seem clearly related to your thesis

Helps your reader see how this paragraph relates to and advances/supports your thesis

A topic sentence must predict or promise what follows, so it cannot be a question. To orient the reader, you may use a question as the first sentence, with the topic sentence as the answer to that question.

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Weak: Strong:

Should schools provide free computers for their students? Schools must provide free computers for their students to assist

them in their studies and prepare them for their future careers. Phrases such as I think or in my opinion may muddle or weaken topic sentences. Your writing is always your opinion, so you dont need these phrases unless they are central to the idea that you are trying to convey. Weak: Strong: I think that it is important for every woman to carry pepper spray. As violent criminals take over the city streets, women must carry

pepper spray to protect themselves. The topic sentence should provide clear relationships among all of its elements so that it can provide a framework for understanding the rest of the paragraph. Weak: Strong: Historians record only dry statistics; we should read novels. Accurate historical novels give us a deeper understanding of the

past than do the dry collections of facts and statistics that pass for history texts. A topic sentence needs to be clear and specific, so that it can predict and summarize the rest of the paragraph for the reader. Weak: Strong: Public transit is terrible. Incapable of providing reliable, comfortable service, the San

Francisco Municipal Transit System is failing its ridership.

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Good topic sentences can improve an essays readability and organization. They usually meet following criteria: 1. A topic sentence is usually the first sentence of the paragraph, not the last sentence of the previous paragraph. 2. Topic sentences use keywords or phrases from the thesis to indicate which part of the thesis will be discussed. 3. Topic sentences tell the reader what concept will be discussed and provide and introduction to the paragraph. 4. Topic sentences link the subject of the present paragraph to that of the previous paragraph. Good topic sentences also include: 1. Topic sentences may also signal to the reader where the essay has been and where it is headed through the use of certain words such as first, second, or finally. 2. Topic sentences may act as a mini thesis statement, essentially saying that this is my claim, or point I will prove in the following paragraph. All the sentences that follow these topic sentences must relate to it in some way. 3. Topic sentences make a point and give reasons or examples to support it.

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Good topic sentences typically do not begin with following. 1. A quotation from a critic or the piece of fiction you are discussing. The topic sentence should relate to your points and tell the reader what the subject of the paragraph will be. Beginning the paragraph with someone else's words doesn't allow you to provide this information for the reader. 2. A piece of information that tells the reader something more about the plot of the story. When you're writing about a piece of literature, it's easy to fall into the habit of telling the plot of the story and then adding a sentence of analysis, but such an approach leaves the reader wondering what the point of the paragraph is supposed to be; it also doesn't leave you sufficient room to analyze the story fully. These "narrative" topic sentences don't provide enough information about your analysis and the points you're making.

Weak "narrative" topic sentence: Lily Bart next travels to Bellomont, where she meets Lawrence Selden again.

Stronger "topic-based" topic sentence: A second

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example of Lily's gambling on her marriage chances occurs at Bellomont, where she ignores Percy Gryce in favor of Selden. [Note that this tells your reader that it's the second paragraph in a series of paragraph relating to the thesis, which in this case would be a thesis related to Lily's gambling on her marriage chances.] 3. A sentence that explains your response or reaction to the work, or that describes why you're talking about a particular part of it, rather than why the paragraph is important to your analysis. Weak "reaction" topic sentence: I felt that Lily should have known that Bertha Dorset was her enemy.

Stronger "topic-based" topic sentence: Bertha Dorset is first established as Lily's antagonist in the train scene, when she interrupts Lily's conversation with Percy Gryce and reveals that Lily smokes. 2.2 Enumeration An enumeration is a data type consisting of a set of named values that represent integral constants, known as enumeration constants. An enumeration also referred to as an enumerated type because you must list

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(enumerate) each of the values in creating a name for each of them. In addition to providing a way of defining and grouping sets of integral constants, enumerations are useful for variables that have a small number of possible values. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, enumerate means to ascertain the number of, to specify one after another. World English Dictionary define enumerate is 1) To mention separately or in order; name one by one; list, 2) to determine the number of; count. When an enumeration is used in an ordered list context, we impose some sort of ordering structure requirement on the index set. While we can make the requirements on the ordering quite lax in order to allow for great generality, the most natural and common prerequisite is that index set be well-ordered. According to this characterization, an ordered enumeration is define to be a surjection with a well-ordered domain. This definition is natural in sense that a given well-ordering on the index set provides a unique way to list the next element given a partial enumeration From all definition above, the writer conclude that enumeration is proceeds to break general class down by listing some or all of its members or parts.

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General structure

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

Part 5

2.3 Conceptual Framework

Writing Skill

Paragraph Enumeration Topic Sentence

Student Development
The conceptual above explains the process of teaching English writing in developing students writing skill in terms of developing topic sentences. The process of teaching, students will give another way in developing topic sentence. The writer sure that the students of SMA IT Yabis Bontang will be easier in developing topic sentence by using enumeration.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter deals with research types, research variables and indicators, research hypothesis, population and sample, research instrument, and data collection

3.1 Research Design This study will be a true-experimental research is one kinds of experimental research. In experimental design for the objective of explaining the progress after treatment, the research design is conducted as follows:

Pretest

Treatment

Posttest

Comparison The design of the study, namely Pretest and Posttest control group design; it involves two groups, those groups take a pretest-treatment-posttest. One group is given new treatment and the other class is usual treatment

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This design is one of the most effective designs in minimizing the threats to experimental validity but there may be the possibility of influence of the effect of testing and interaction with experimental variable (Farooq, 2001) 3.2 Research Variables and Indicators 3.2.1 The Variables The variables of this research consist of independent variable and dependent variable. The independent variable of this research is the use of Enumeration in developing paragraph. While, dependent variable of this research is development of topic sentence in writing achievement in developing personal topic sentence that identifies the support point. 3.2.2 Indicators The indicator of this research is the students of SMA Islam Terpadu Yabis Bontang in writing skills, in developing topic sentence through enumeration which consists of determine the topic or main idea, then listing the supporting point with related topic. 3.3 Research Hypothesis The writer considers that the hypothesis of this research is students of SMA IT Yabis Bontang could develop a writing skill in developing topic sentence through Enumeration. 3.4 Population and Sample 3.4.1 Population

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Students at second grade Senior High School at Bontang constitute the target population of the study. The accessible population will comprise students at second grade SMA IT Yabis Bontang.

3.4.1 Sample The sample will consist of two class, they are IPA and IPS, assigned to experimental and control class. writer will choose by random whether IPA or IPS classes as experimental class or control class. there was no another second grade class at this school besides of them. 3.5 Research Instrument In order to measure the achievement of sample students before and after the study the subject of writing, Pretest, and Posttest will develop for the study. Achievement test (pretest as well as posttest) consist of giving an a topic sentence than they develop it sentence into paragraph. After giving a pretest both of experimental class and control class, the experimental class will be given a treatment by teacher, it is developing topic sentence by enumeration, while control class will not give any treatment. 3.6 Data Collection This study will presents qualitative data, and served data with words, phrases, clauses, sentences, expressions, texts, etc. because this is a experimental study so writer use test for gathering data. The test will be given

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such make paragraph by listing each topic sentence. This external data is main data that will be gather by writer. Gathering data is very important for this study, it could be a mirror that will be presented by writer and know the effectiveness of enumeration. 3.7 Data Analysis After collecting the data from students on pretest, and posttest the writer will present the correlation between topic sentences and enumeration, and the different posttest between experimental class and control class.