Digital Re-print July | August 2013

Improving poultry health and production efficiency with probiotics

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FEATURE

Improving poultry health and production efficiency with probiotics

by Dr Detlef Kampf Orffa Additives, the Netherlands

o avoid diseases resulting from high pathogenic pressure in intensive broiler and turkey housing systems, antibiotic growth promoters have been used in many cases in the past. Since the EU-prohibition of these products, an increasing interest exists for alternatives to support the microbiota in the intestine and for the maintenance of animal health. Therefore, the use of probiotics has been established. Probiotics are living cultures of non-pathogenic strains of bacteria and yeasts which are able to influence the microbiota in the intestine of the host animal in a positive way (Fuller 1989). Many of the known probiotics are unable to survive the techniques used in modern feed production, for example heat exposure during the pelleting process of temperatures up to 90C. One possibility to mitigate these problems is the use of spore forming probiotics, especially probiotics of the genus Bacillus subtilis. Also, the compatibility with other feed additives, such as organic acids, coccidiostats and antibiotics for therapeutic purposes, has to be considered in a practical situation. Image 1: Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (compact and singular colony form) Different modes of action form the basis of the use of Bacillus subtilis in poultry feed, so the influence of improved production parameters can be explained. Bacillus subtilis consumes oxygen in the digestive tract and produces different enzymes like, for example, subtilisin and catalase. As a result, the environmental conditions for beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacilli, will improve. These bacteria colonize the gut wall and block the binding sites of pathogenic bacteria, a mechanism called competitive inhibition. Additionally, Lactobacilli produce lactic acid, which can affect pathogenic bacteria, such Bacillus subtilis (incoherent colony form)

as, Salmonella, E. Coli, Campylobacter and Clostridiae (Hosoi et al. 2000). Many trial results, concerning the reduction of these pathogens have already been published (Marutra et al. 1996, Fritts et al. 2000, La Ragione and Woodward 2003). For example, Maruta et al. (1996) described not only fewer infected animals in a trial with in total 18,000 broilers, but also a reduced concentration of pathogenic bacteria in the faeces of infected animals was observed (Table 1). In another research trial in broilers, a reduction of campylobacter infection from

Mode of action
Potential probiotics are characterized by the forming of natural colonies with a complex aerobic structure, which has to be seen in connection with higher bacterial possibilities (Image 1). If bacteria are kept in an artificial environment ('domesticated'), they lose many of their natural capabilities. Therefore probiotics can be evaluated in a simple plate test concerning to their efficacy due to their aerobic form (Aguilar et al. 2007).
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Table 1: Influence of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (Calsporin) on the concentration of Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella (Maruta et al. 1996) control (9,000 broiler) Calsporin Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (3x108 CFU/kg feed)

Clostridium perfringens, log10/g faeces Cl. perfringens, % positive animals Salmonella spp., log10/g faeces Salmonella spp., % positive animals * P<0.01

3.390.79 93% 2.970.36 57%

2.620.47* 47%* 3.060.62 17%*

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Table 2: Zootechnical results of the use of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 in broilers and turkeys (Gracia and Medel 2004, Gracia et al. 2007, EFSA 2010, Blair et al. 2004) Trial no. Number of animals (replications per trial group x animals/pen) Calsporin Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (CFU/kg feed) Body weight at trial end (kg) Average daily weight gain (g/day)

Broiler 1 (4 trials) Broiler 2 (4 trials) Turkeys 1#

5524 (63 x 22-100) 8208 (139 x 26-50) 600 (12 x 25) 960 (32 x 15) 400 (8 x 25)

0 5x108 0 10x108 0 3x108 0 3x108 0 3x108

2.599 2.640* 2.372 2.436*** 6.498 6.732** 9.522 9.854** 13.41 14.32**

61.2 62.2* 55.5 57.0*** 77.7 80.5** 112.6 116.6** 105.9 113.2**

Turkeys 2#

Turkeys 3#

Significant differences between trial and control group *P<0.10; **P<0.05; ***P<0.001 # Trial 1 only female animals, trial 2 and 3 only male animals

100 percent in the control group to 40 percent in the trial group was found when Bacillus subtilis was fed from day 34 to 56, and to 16 percent when Bacillus subtilis was fed from day 17 - 56 (Maruta et al. 1996). Also in this investigation not only was the

number of infected birds reduced, but also a significantly lower concentration of campylobacter in the faeces of the infected animals was measured (Maruta et al. 1996). Further studies describe a lower pathogenic contamination of broiler carcasses with salmo-

nella and clostridia (La Ragione and Woodward 2003) or with salmonella and campylobacter Feed (Fritts et al. 2000) by the use conversion of Bacillus subtilis. (kg feed/ As mentioned before not kg gain) only the compatibility with other feed components like organic acids, coccidiostats 1.90 and therapeutic antibiotics 1.85** but also the stability against heat treatments during feed 1.82 production is crucially impor1.77*** tant. Spore forming probiotics like Bacillus subtilis exist 2.06 in an inactive stable form 2.05 and germinate only under ideal conditions (Hongh et al. 2.05 2005). This advantage, com2.02** pared to non spore forming probiotics is reflected in the 2.42 results of several investiga2.42 tions on the influence of heat exposure and pelleting processes of temperatures up to 90C and also under expansion conditions up to 105C (Nollet 2005, Kampf and van der Aa 2010). The compatibility of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 with coccidistatics, therapeutical antibiotics and organic acids has also been proven in scientific investigations (Enthoven and van der Lee 2004).

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FEATURE of the animals has been established in feeding practice in recent years. Trial Run No. birds Country FCRc1500 Difference ADG Difference Especially spore Control Control Calsporin Control Calsporin forming probiotics of the genus Bacillus subtilis 1 90,200 NL 1.461 1.439 -1.5% 54.3 1.461 1.439 have been referred 2 102,000 NL 1.410 1.368 -3.0% 56.8 1.410 1.368 to because they can be used 3 50,000 NL 1.561 1.478 -5.3% 50.0 1.561 1.478 without issue in 4 1 66,000 NL 1.413 1.379 -2.4% 56.0 1.413 1.379 combination with 4 2 66,000 NL 1.413 1.426 0.9% 56.0 1.413 1.426 organic acids, coccidiostats and 5* 1,500,000 FR 1.660 1.641 -1.1% 49.2 1.660 1.641 therapeutic antibi6* 39,270 FR 1.666 1.634 -1.9% 51.0 1.666 1.634 otics, beside that 7 33,000 UK 1.295 1.233 -4.8% 66.1 1.295 1.233 these products can easily survive heat 8 128 PO 1.238 1.222 -1.3% 60.2 1.238 1.222 treatments during 9 1 175 GE 1.235 1.149 -7.0% 66.1 1.235 1.149 feed production 9 2 150 GE 1.193 1.180 -1.1% 64.0 1.193 1.180 e.g. while pelleting. Concerning 10# 480,000 GE 1.263 1.289 2.1% 56.9 1.263 1.289 the use of spore Average 2,426,923 1,401 1.401 1.370 -2.2% 57.2 1.401 forming probiotics, and in particular * = in these trials Calsporin was tested in comparison to a positive control with essential oils the strain Bacillus # = in this trial Calsporin was showing a significant reduction of necrotic enteritis corresponding with a significantly subtilis C-3102 lower amount of treatments in the Calsporin group (Calsporin), numerous studies Trial results for broiler and turkey to the supplementation with Bacillus subtilis exist describing the positive effects to achieve an optimized gut flora with regard Of course the effectiveness of viable C-3102 (- 69.0 %, Blair et al. 2004). to a reduction of pathogens in the gut and spores in broilers and turkeys in feeding also in the carcass. In numerous efficacy practice has to be proven in scientific inves- Practical experience tigations. Furthermore, all probiotics need Probiotics also need to be tested con- studies with in total nearly 14,000 broilbe to registered according to the current tinuously under practical conditions. Table ers and 2,000 turkeys it has also been EU legislation, without use in general is 3 shows an overview of results obtained proven, those viable spores of Bacillus subnot possible. In order to obtain such a from practical broiler trials with the product tilis C-3102 in turkey as well as in broiler registration for Bacillus subtilis C-3102, a Calsporin (Bacillus subtilis C-3102) col- feed have a positive effect on production total of eight studies were carried out at lected from 2008 to 2012. These results parameters especially daily weight gain several research institutes involving tests on are in good accordance with the results and feed conversion. The results of these 13,732 broilers. The results of these studies from scientific studies. Very interesting to studies, together with widespread practical have been evaluated in two meta-analyses highlight is trial 10 where Calsporin was trials, show the contribution of a stable (Gracia and Medel 2004, Gracia et al. 2007). resulting in a significant reduced occur- in feed probiotic for efficient turkey and Furthermore three studies with 1960 turkeys rence of necrotic enteritis (approximately broiler production. In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis C-3102 have been performed for the registration in - 40%) corresponding with a significantly turkeys (EFSA 2010, Blair et al. 2004). lower amount of treatments (0.5 vs. 3.0 in (Calsporin ) can be used successfully in The zootechnical results of all studies are control) in this group. This can be seen as broiler and turkey production. Its use presented in Table 2. The supplementation evidence of a markedly improved intestinal can help to maintain good gut health of 10x108 CFU Bacillus subtilis C-3102/kg health through the use of Calsporin but and pathogenic bacteria can be reduced, feed improved growth (+ 2.7 %) and feed the fewer treatments can also be viewed thereby reducing the incidence of disease conversion (- 2.7 %) significantly. By applying as the reason for not improved production in the poultry themselves and potential food poisoning episodes in humans after 5x108 CFU/kg feed a better daily weight parameters in this experiment. Concerning the economic consideration, the consumption of poultry meat. gain (+ 1.6 %) and improved feed converLiterature is available upon request from sion (- 2.6 %) was obtained in broilers. In it should be mentioned that the costs for a both meta-analyses an increased EPEF-Value probiotic like Calsporin according to the the author. (European Production Efficiency Factor) was required dosage (3x108 CFU/kg feed for calculated (Gracia and Medel 2004, Gracia turkeys, and 5x108 CFU/kg feed for broilers) et al. 2007). will be between 0.15-0.25 /100 kg feed. More InforMatIon: The supplementation of 3x108 CFU/kg When contrasting the extra costs with the feed caused a significantly higher daily weight improvements in feed conversion (Table 2 Dr Detlef Kampf gain (in average + 4.6 %) in turkeys in com- and 3), the supplementation of Bacillus subtiOrffa Additives B.V. parison to the control group. Concerning lis C-3102 results in an economic benefit in Vierlinghstraat 51 the feed conversion only one trial showed feed costs of 0.75-0.90 /100 kg produced 4251 LC Werkendam a significant influence (- 1.5 %, table 3, EFSA meat. The Netherlands Tel: +31 183 447771 2010; Blair et al. 2004). Beside that in the Email: kampf@orffa.com third trial a reduced ammonia concentration Conclusions Website: www.orffa.com in the faeces of only 7.8 ppm versus 25.2 The use of probiotics to support the ppm in the control group could be seen due gut microflora and to maintain the health
Table 3: Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (Calsporin) on feed conversion (corrected to 1,500 g live weight) and daily gain (g/day) in broiler chicken under EU practical conditions (2008-2012)
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