Final Project Report

1.
INTRODUCTION
The population explosion and advent of industrial revolution led to the exodus of
people from villages to urban areas. This urbanisation led to a new problem less space for
housing, work and more people. Because of the demand of the land, the land costs got
skyrocketed. So, under the changed circumstances, the vertical growth of buildings i.e.
constructions of multi-storeyed buildings has become inevitable both for residential and as
well as office purposes.
For multi-storeyed buildings, the conventional load bearing structures become
uneconomical as they require larger sections to resist huge moments and loads. But in a
framed structure, the building frame consists of a network of beams and columns which are
built monolithically and rigidly with each other at their joints. Because of this rigidity at the
joints, there will be reduction in moments and also the structure tends to distribute the loads
more uniformly and eliminate the excessive effects of localised loads. Therefore in non-load
bearing framed structures, the moments and forces become less which in turn reduces the
sections of the members. As the walls dont take any load, they are also of thinner
dimensions. So, the lighter structural components and walls reduce the self weight of the
whole structure which necessitates a cheaper foundation. Also, the lighter walls which can
easily be shifted about provide flexibility in space utilisation. In addition to the above
mentioned advantages the framed structure is more effective in resisting wind loads and earth
quake loads.
Work done in this project:
A plot of 369.75 m2 has been selected for the construction of a multi-storeyed office
building. In the office building the functions will be different and it plays a major role
because of different loads acts on different slabs. The frame analysis requires the dimensions
of the members. For the analysis, 6 substitute frames taken in transverse direction and in
longitudinal direction the net moment acting is zero because of the same span and assumed as
a simply supported. For the maximum mid span moment obtained from the analysis, a Tbeam has been designed and for the support moment doubly reinforced section has been
provided. Stair case has also been designed. Isolated rectangular sloped footings have been
designed to transfer the load to the ground strata.
Analysis of structure:
1
Kanis method and substitute frame method is generally used to analyse a multistoreyed frame. The substitute frame method requires less computations and easier to carry
out the analysis. Therefore, here substitute frame method has been employed to carry out the
frame analysis and method is discussed in the following paragraphs.
Theoretically, a load applied at any point of the structure cause reactions at all
sections of the frame, but a close study of this aspect has shown that the moments in any
beam or column are mainly due to the loads on spans very close to it. The effect of loads on
distant panels is small. To facilitate the determination of moments in any member of a frame,
it is usual to analyse only a small portion of the frame consisting of adjacent members only.
Such a small portions are termed SUBSTITUTE FRAMES. Their form and the end
conditions of their members are so adopted that the reaction in question works out to be the
greatest.
The reactions worked out with the help of substitute frame may sometimes appear to
be lower by about 10% compared with the value obtained from exact analysis. But it may be
mentioned that for analysis all the panels are located at the same time. Such a combination of
loading is highly improbable in practice. Thus the substitute frames give results are safe for
all practical purposes.
Design concept:
There are three design philosophies to design a reinforced concrete structures. They
are:
1. Working stress method,
2. Ultimate load method and
3. Limit state method.
In the working stress method it is seen that the permissible stresses for concrete and
steel are not exceeded anywhere in the structure when it is subjected to the worst
combination of working loads. A linear variation stress form zero at the neutral axis to the
maximum stress at the extreme fibre is assumed.
Practically, the stress strain curve for concrete is not linear as it was assumed in
working stress method. So, in ultimate load design an idealised form of actual stress
strain diagram is used and the working loads are increased by multiplying them with the
load factors.
The basis for limit state method is a structure with appropriate degrees of reliability
should be able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life
and it should also satisfy the serviceability requirements such as limitations on deflection
and cracking.
Limit state method is the most rational method of the three methods. It considers the
actual behaviour of the materials at failure and also it takes serviceability also into
consideration. Therefore, limit state method has been employed in this work.
2. DESIGN OF SLABS
Typically we divided the slabs into two types:
i.
Roof Slab and
ii.
Floor Slab
In case of roof slab the live load obtained is less compared to the floor slab. Therefore we
first design the roof slab and then floor slabs.
We have two types of supports. They are:
1. Ultimate support and
2. Penultimate support
Ultimate support is the end support and the penultimate supports are the intermediate
supports.
Wu x L2
Ultimate support tends to have a bending moment of
and the penultimate supports
10
have
Wu x L2
12
Design of roof slab:

It is a continuous slab on the top of the building which is also known as terrace.
Generally terrace has less live load and it is empty in most of the time except some occasions
in case of any residential building. In case of office buildings it will be empty and live load
act is very less.
According to the end conditions and the dimensions, the slabs are divided into 4 types. They
are Roof S1, Roof S2, Roof S3 and Roof S4.
Slab
Dimensions (M x M)
Roof S1
8.62 X 3.05
Roof S2
8.62 X 3.05
Roof S3
5.78 X 3.05
Roof S4
5.78 X 3.05
4
We can observe the slab panels in the above figure and all the slabs are designed as one way
slab for the easy arrangement of the reinforcement and ease of work.
Roof S1 and Roof S2 are the slabs with same dimensions but different in end conditions.
Roof S3 and Roof S4 are also the slabs with the same conditions as mentioned above.
But the point to be noted is that all the Slabs have same shorter span and in design of one way
slab shorter span is of more importance. Therefore we design any two slabs with different end
conditions and the remaining two slabs also follow same design.
Design of Roof Slab S1:
Calculation of Depth (D) by using modification factor:
Assume the percentage of the tension reinforcement (Pt) provided is 0.4%
From IS456-2000, P38 Fig4, we get the modification factor () = 1.4
Required Depth (D) =
L
+ d1
ra
Where,
L
=
ra
Span
L
allowable d ratio
d1 = Centre of the reinforcement to the end fibre (= 20mm for slab)

From IS456-2000, P39, Clause 24 & Clause 23.2 for continuous span we have
Span
L
Effective depth = d = 26
ra = 26 x 1.4 = 36.4
3.05 x 103
Therefore, D = 36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 110 mm
Effective depth (d) = D d1 = 110 20 = 90mm
Loads:
Dead loads (From IS875 Part 1):
Terrace water proofing
= 2.5 KN/m2
Self weight of the slab
110
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 2.75 KN/m2
Live loads (From IS875 Part 2):

Roof
= 1.5 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 2.5 +2.75 + 1.5 = 6.75 KN/m2

Ultimate load or limit state load or design load (Wu) = 1.5 x W = 1.5 x 6.75
=10.125 KN/m2
Design moment: (for end panel)
Wu x L2 10.125 x (3.05)2
Mu = 10 =
= 9.42 KN-m
10
Calculation of area of steel:

From IS456-2000, P96, Clause G-1.1 (b) we have
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
Or
Ast = 0.5 x
fck
Mu
(1-(1-4.6
)1/2) b x d
fy
fck x b x d
9.42 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 90 x (1 -
415 x Ast
)
20 x 1000 x 90
Ast = 312.4 mm2

Spacing of 8mm bars =
ast x 1000
1000
2
=
x
8
x
Ast
4
312.4 = 160.9mm
Therefore, Provide 8mm @ 150mm c/c.

Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 110 x 1000 = 132 mm2.
1000
Spacing of 8mm bars = 4 x 82 x 132 =380mm
Design of Roof slab S2:

Depth D = 110mm
Total load (W) = 6.75 KN/m2
Limit state load (Wu) = 1.5 x 6.75 = 10.125 KN/m2
Design moment: (for intermediate panel)
Wu x L2 10.125 x (3.05)2
Mu = 12 =
= 7.85 KN-m
12
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
7.85 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 90 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 90 )
Ast = 256.78 mm2
1000
Spacing of 8mm bars = 4 x 82 x 256.78 = 195.75mm
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 110 x 1000 = 132 mm2.
1000
Design of Roof Slab S3 is same as Roof Slab S1.

Design of Roof Slab S4 is same as Roof Slab S2.
Area of steel at support next to end support:
From IS 456-2000, moment =
Wu x L2
10
Total Load acting on the support (Wu) = 10.125 KN/m

10.125 x (3.05)2
Therefore, Moment =
= 9.42 KN-m
10
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
9.42 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 90 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 90 )
Ast = 312.4 mm2
Area of steel available by bending up the alternate bars of mid span steel:
1
From Slab S1 = 2 x 312.4 = 160.7 mm2
1
From Slab S2 = 2 x 256.78 = 128.39 mm2
Total Ast (available) = 160.7 + 128.39 = 284.59 mm2
Therefore, extra bars required for Ast = 312.4 284.59 = 27.81 mm2
Area of steel at any other interior support:

Wu x L2
From IS 456-2000, moment = 12
Therefore, Moment =
10.125 x (3.05)2
= 7.85 KN-m
12
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
7.85 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 90 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 90 )
Ast = 256.78 mm2
1
From Slab S2 = 2 x 256.78 = 128.39 mm2
1
From Slab S2 = 2 x 256.78 = 128.39 mm2
Therefore Ast (available) = Ast (required)
No need of providing extra bars.
10
Design of Floor Slab:

It is the slab in which live load is more when compared to the roof slab. In this project
the slab is divided into 9 types according to the end condition and function of slab.
S1
Toilet and WCs
S2
Office
S3
Office sup dept.
S4
Assembly hall
S5 (a), S5 (b) -
Office chamber and waiting chamber
S6 (a), S6 (b) -
Office
S7
Library
S8
Secretary Room
S9 (a), S9 (b) -
Officers chamber
11
Floor Slab
Dimensions
S1 to S5 (b)
8.62 x 3.05
S6 (a) to S9 (b)
5.78 x 3.05
DESIGN OF FLOOR SLAB (S1):

Calculation of Depth (D) by using modification factor:
Assume the percentage of the tension reinforcement (Pt) provided is 0.4%
From IS456-2000, P38 Fig4, we get the modification factor () = 1.4
Required Depth (D) =
L
ra =
Where,
L
+ d1
ra
Span
L
allowable d ratio
d1 = Centre of the reinforcement to the end fibre (= 20mm for slab)

From IS456-2000, P39, Clause 24 & Clause 23.2 for continuous span we have
Span
L
=
Effective depth d = 26
ra = 26 x 1.4 = 36.4
Therefore, D =
3.05 x 103
36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm

Loads:
Floor finish
Sanitary Blocks including filling
= 1 KN/m2
= 2.5 KN/m2
12
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 =
120
x 25
1000
= 3 KN/m2
Sanitary blocks public
= 3 KN/m2
Corridor
= 5 KN/m2
Maximum = 5 KN/m2
For Partition Wall = 1.5 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 1 + 2.5 +3 + 5 + 1.5 = 13 KN/m2
Ultimate load or limit state load or design load (Wu) = 1.5 x W = 1.5 x 13
=19.5 KN/m2
Mu =
Wu x L2 19.5 x (3.05)2
= 18.14 KN-m
10 =
10

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
Or
Ast = 0.5 x
fck
Mu
(1-(1-4.6
)1/2) b x d
fy
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
18.14 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 569.79 mm2
ast x 1000
1000
= 4 x 102 x 569.79 = 137.83mm
Ast
13

Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000

3.05 x 103
D = 36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm
Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Office
= 4 KN/m2
Corridor
= 5KN/m2
14
Therefore, Maximum load
= 5 KN/m2
For Partition wall
= 1.5 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 5 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 10.5 KN/m2

=15.75 KN/m2
Design moment:
Wu x L2 15.75 x (3.05)2
Mu = 12 =
= 12.21 KN-m
12
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
12.21 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 365.97 mm2
1000
Spacing of 10mm bars = x 102 x
= 214.61mm
4
365.97
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
2 1000
x8 x
=349mm
4
144
15
Area of steel at support next to end support (between S1 and S2):

Wu x L2
13 15.75
Total Load acting on the support (Wu) = 2 + 2 = 14.375 KN/m
Therefore, Moment =
14.375 x (3.05)2
= 13.372 KN-m
10
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
13.372 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast = 404.28 mm2
1
From Slab S1 = 2 x 569.79 = 284.895 mm2
1
From Slab S2 = 2 x 365.97 = 182.985 mm2
D=
3.05 x 103
36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm
16

Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Private
= 2 KN/m2
Corridor
= 5 KN/m2
Maximum load
= 5 KN/m2
For Partition wall
= 1.5 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 5 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 10.5 KN/m2

=15.75 KN/m2
Design moment:
Mu =
Wu x L2 15.75 x (3.05)2
= 12.21 KN-m
12 =
12

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
12.21 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 365.97 mm2
17

1000
Spacing of 10mm bars = x 102 x
= 214.61mm
4
365.97
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
2 1000
x8 x
=349mm
4
144
Area of steel at any other interior support: (Between S2 and S3)

Wu x L2
12
Total Load acting on the support (Wu) =
Therefore, Moment =
15.75 15.75
2 + 2 = 15.75 KN/m
15.75 x (3.05)2
= 12.21 KN-m
12
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
12.21 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast = 365.97 mm2
18
1
From Slab S2 = 2 x 365.97 = 182.985 mm2
1
From Slab S3 = 2 x 365.97 = 182.985 mm2
D=
3.05 x 103
36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm

Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Assembly
= 5 KN/m2
Corridor
= 5 KN/m2
Maximum load
= 5 KN/m2
For Partition wall
= 1.5 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 5 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 10.5 KN/m2
19
=15.75 KN/m2
Design moment:
Mu =
Wu x L2 15.75 x (3.05)2
= 12.21 KN-m
12 =
12

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
12.21 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 365.97 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
20
Area of steel at any other interior support: (Between S3 and S4)

Same as between S2 and S3
DESIGN OF FLOOR SLAB (S5 (a)):
D=
3.05 x 103
36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm

Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Office chamber
= 4 KN/m2
Private
= 2 KN/m2
For Partition wall
= 1.5 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 2 + 4 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 11.5 KN/m2

=17.25 KN/m2
Design moment:
Wu x L2 17.25 x (3.05)2
Mu = 12 =
= 13.372 KN-m
12
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 21
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
)
20 x 1000 x 100
13.372 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 Ast
= 404.27 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
Area of steel at any other interior support: (Between S4 and S5 (a))

Wu x L2
15.75 17.25
2 + 2 = 16.5 KN/m
16.5 x (3.05)2
Therefore, Moment =
= 12.79 KN-m
12
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
22
12.79 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 -
415 x Ast
)
20 x 1000 x 100
Ast = 385 mm2

1
From Slab S4 = 2 x 365.97 = 182.985 mm2
1
From Slab S5 (a) = 2 x 404.27 = 202.135 mm2
DESIGN OF FLOOR SLAB (S5 (b)):
D=
3.05 x 103
36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm

Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Office chamber
= 4 KN/m2
Private
= 2 KN/m2
For Partition wall
= 1.5 KN/m2
23
Total load (W) = 2 + 4 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 11.5 KN/m2

=17.25 KN/m2
Wu x L2 17.25 x (3.05)2
Mu = 10 =
= 16.047 KN-m
10
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
16.047 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 495.37 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
24
Area of steel at support next to end support (between S5 (a) and S5 (b)):
Wu x L2
17.25 17.25
2 + 2 = 17.25 KN/m
17.25 x (3.05)2
Therefore, Moment =
= 16.05 KN-m
10
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
16.05 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast = 495.47 mm2
1
From Slab S5 (a) = 2 x 404.27 = 202.135 mm2
1
From Slab S5 (b) = 2 x 495.47 = 247.735 mm2
3.05 x 103
D = 36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm
Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
25
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 =
120
x 25
1000
= 3 KN/m2
= 4 KN/m2
Office
Total load (W) = 4 +3 + 1 = 8 KN/m2

=12 KN/m2
Mu =
Wu x L2 12 x (3.05)2
= 11.163 KN-m
10 =
10

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
11.163 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 332.06 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
26

D=
3.05 x 103
36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm

Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Office
= 4 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 4 +3 + 1 = 8 KN/m2

=12 KN/m2
Wu x L2 12 x (3.05)2
Mu = 12 =
= 9.3025 KN-m
12
27

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
9.3025 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 273.13 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
Wu x L2
Total Load acting on the support (Wu) = 12 KN/m
12 x (3.05)2
Therefore, Moment =
= 11.163 KN-m
10
28
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
11.163 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast = 332.06 mm2
From Slab S6 (a) =
1
x 332.06 = 166.03 mm2
2
1
From Slab S6 (b) = 2 x 273.23 = 136.565 mm2
3.05 x 103
D = 36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm
Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Library
= 10 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 10 +3 + 1 = 14 KN/m2

29
=21 KN/m2
Mu =
Wu x L2 12 x (3.05)2
= 19.54 KN-m
10 =
10

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
19.54 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 621.3 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
30

3.05 x 103
D = 36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm
Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

= 2 KN/m2
Private
Total load (W) = 2 +3 + 1 = 6 KN/m2

= 9 KN/m2
Design moment:
Mu =
Wu x L2 9 x (3.05)2
= 6.97 KN-m
12 =
12

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
6.97 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 201.47 mm2
1000
31

Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
Area of steel at support next to end support (between S7and S8):

Wu x L2
10
21 9
Total Load acting on the support (Wu) = 2 + 2 = 15 KN/m
15 x (3.05)2
Therefore, Moment =
= 13.95 KN-m
10
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
13.95 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast = 423.61 mm2
32
1
x 621.3 = 310.65 mm2
2
From Slab S7 =
1
From Slab S8 = 2 x 201.47 = 100.735 mm2
D=
3.05 x 103
+ 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm
36.4

Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Office chamber
= 3 KN/m2
Total load (W) = 3 +3 + 1 = 7 KN/m2

= 10.5 KN/m2
Design moment:
Wu x L2 10.5 x (3.05)2
Mu = 12 =
= 8.14 KN-m
12
33

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
8.14 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 237.12 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
Area of steel at any other interior support: (Between S8 and S9 (a))

Wu x L2
9 10.5
Total Load acting on the support (Wu) = 2 + 2 = 9.75 KN/m
Therefore, Moment =
9.75 x (3.05)2
= 7.56 KN-m
12
34
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
7.56 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast = 219.38 mm2
1
x 201.47 = 100.735 mm2
2
From Slab S8 =
1
From Slab S9 (a) = 2 x 237.12 = 118.56 mm2
D=
3.05 x 103
36.4 + 20 = 103.79mm say 120 mm

Loads:
Floor finish
= 1 KN/m2
120
= 1 x 1 x D x 25 = 1000 x 25
= 3 KN/m2

Office chamber
= 3 KN/m2
35
Total load (W) = 3 +3 + 1 = 7 KN/m2

= 10.5 KN/m2
Wu x L2 10.5 x (3.05)2
Mu = 10 =
= 9.77 KN-m
10
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
9.77 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast
= 287.79 mm2
1000
Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 120 x 1000 = 144 mm2.
1000
36
Wu x L2
Therefore, Moment =
10.5 x (3.05)2
= 9.77 KN-m
10
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
9.77 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 100 )
Ast = 287.79 mm2
1
From Slab S9 (a) = 2 x 237.12 = 118.56 mm2
1
From Slab S9 (b) = 2 x 287.79 = 143.895 mm2
Detail of reinforcement provided in slabs:
Slab
Roof S1 and
Roof S3
Function
Terrace
Main steel
Distribution steel
8mm bars @
8mm bars @
150mm c/c
300mm c/c
37
End shears
Long
Short
span
span
Wu x L
(
)
2
Wu x L
(
)
6
KN/m
KN/m
15.441
5.1467
Roof S2 and
8mm bars @
8mm bars @
190mm c/c
300mm c/c
15.441
5.1467
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
29.738
9.913
130mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
24.019
210mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
24.019
210mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
24.019
210mm c/c
300mm c/c
Office chamber
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
and Waiting space
190mm c/c
300mm c/c
26.306
8.77
Office chamber
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
and Waiting space
150mm c/c
300mm c/c
26.306
8.77
Office
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
18.3
6.1
230mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
18.3
6.1
280mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
32.025
10.675
120mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
13.725
4.575
300mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
16.01
5.3375
300mm c/c
300mm c/c
10mm bars @
8mm bars @
16.01
5.3375
270mm c/c
300mm c/c
Terrace
Roof S4
Floor S1
Floor S2
Floor S3
Floor S4
Floor S5 (a)
Floor S5 (b)
Floor S6 (a)
Floor S6 (b)
Floor S7
Floor S8
Floor S9 (a)
Floor S9 (b)
Toilet
Office
Office SupDt.
Assembly Hall
Office
Library
Secretary room
Office chamber
Office chamber
38
3. Analysis of frames
We have many number frames from the plan and the need to be analysed. We have two
different types of frames:
1. Longitudinal direction frame
2. Transverse direction frame
Transverse frame:
The frames are chosen in such a way that the loads vary from one frame to the other and we
have 6 transverse frames.
i.
Frame 19-10-01
ii.
Frame 20-11-02
iii.
Frame 24-15-06
iv.
Frame 25-16-07
v.
Frame 26-17-08
vi.
Frame 27-18-09
In every frame we need to analyse the three types of loading cases and each frame consists of
roof and floor analysis.
Here we assumed the cross sections of beams and columns in advance and with the help of
the assumed dimensions, we calculate the stiffness of the members and there by the
distribution factors for the members especially at the joints.
To analyse the frame we use the substitute frame method and there by applying the moment
distribution method to know the moments carried by the member at the joints.
We take each floor span and we assume the top and bottom storeys are fixed by the substitute
frame principle.
39
Typical building frame:
We have G+5frame with all the details shown in the above figure.
40
Type of
b(mm) x
Length
M.O.I
Multiplying
Final
K=
member
D(mm)
(mm)
(mm4) =
factor for
M.O.I
b x D3
12
flanged
(mm4)
final M.O.I
LENGTH
517.5 x
1035 x 106
172.5 x 103
1035 x 106
123.07 x 103
3493.125
582.18 x 103
Beam
230 x
6000
106
300
230 x
8410
517.5 x
106
300
Beam
230 x
6000
1746.56 x
106
450
230 x
8410
230 x
6000
230 x
3493.125
415.35 x 103
x 106
4140 x
8280 x 106
1.38 x 106
8280 x 106
0.985 x 106
4140 x 106
1235.82 x
106
8410
4140 x
106
600
Column
106
600
230 x
x 106
1746.56 x
450
Beam
(mm3)
section
3350
4140 x
106
600
103
Frame 19-10-01:
Calculation of loads:
Roof:
Slab: 110mm
Dead load = self weight + F.F
= (0.11 x 25) + 2.5 = 5.25 KN/m2
Live load = 1.5 KN/m2
Beam (19-10) (230mm X 300mm)
Dead load:
Self weight = 0.23 x 25 x (0.3-0.11) = 1.1 KN/m
41
Due to Slab =
W x L 5.25 x 3.05
=
= 8 KN/m
2
2
250mm thick wall of 1m height = 0.25 x 1 x 20 = 5 KN/m

Live load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 1.5 x 3.05
= 2.29KN/m
2 =
2
Therefore, Maximum load = 1.5 x (D.L + L.L) = 1.5 x (1.1 + 8 + 2.29 + 5)

= 24.6 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (1.1 + 8 + 5) = 13 KN/m
Beam (10-01) (230mm X 300mm)
Dead load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 5.25 x 3.05
= 8 KN/m
2 =
2
250mm thick wall of 1m height = 0.25 x 1 x 20 = 5 KN/m

Live load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 1.5 x 3.05
= 2.29KN/m
2 =
2
Therefore, Maximum load = 1.5 x (D.L + L.L) = 1.5 x (1.1 + 8 + 2.29 + 5)

= 24.6 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (1.1 + 8 + 5) = 13 KN/m
Case 1:
Maximum load on beam 19-10 and minimum load beam 10-01
42
Calculation of distribution factors:

Joint
Member
D.F
Column
1235.82 x 103
1.41 x 106
0.88
Beam
172.5 x 103
Beam
172.5 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.81
Beam
123.07 x 103
0.08
Beam
123.07 x 103
column
1235.82 x 103
Calculation of moments:
43
0.12
1.53 x 106
1.35 x 106
0.11
0.09
0.91
Calculation of support reactions:

From beam 1-2, M1=0
6
64.85 + V2 x 6 = 24.6 x 6 x 2 + 78.52
V2 = 76.07 KN
V1 + V2 = 24.6 x 6 = 147.6 KN
V1 = 71.54 KN
Maximum Span moment,
71.54
X= 24.6 = 2.91m from the left support
Therefore, maximum moment =
71.54 x 2.91
- 64.85 = 39.24 KN-m
2
From beam 2-3, M2=0

8.41
79.93 + V3 x 8.41 = 69.78 + 13 x 8.41 x 2
V3 = 53.46 KN
V2 + V3 = 13 x 8.41 =109.33 KN
V2 = 55.87 KN
44

53.46
X= 13 = 4.12m from the right support
53.46 x 4.12
- 69.78 = 40.35 KN-m
2
Case 2:
Minimum load on beam 19-10 and maximum load on 10-01
Distribution factors are same as calculate in case 1.

45

From beam 1-2, M1=0
6
28.96 + V2 x 6 = 13 x 6 x 2 + 53.16
V2 = 42.87 KN
V1 + V2 = 13 x 6 = 78 KN
V1 = 35.13 KN
35.13
X= 13 = 2.7m from the left support
35.13 x 2.7
- 28.16 = 19.27 KN-m
2
From beam 2-3, M2=0

8.41
142.85 + V3 x 8.41 = 136.01 + 24.6 x 8.41 x 2
V3 = 102.63 KN
V2 + V3 = 24.6 x 8.41 = 206.89 KN
V2 = 104.26 KN
102.63
X= 24.6 = 4.17m from the right support
46
102.63 x 4.17
- 136.01 = 77.97 KN-m
2
Case 3:
Max load on beam 19-10 and beam 10-01
Distribution factors are same as calculated in case 1.

Calculations of moments:
47

From beam 1-2, M1=0
6
61.38 + V2 x 6 = 24.6 x 6 x 2 + 86.09
V2 = 77.92 KN
V1 + V2 = 24.6 x 6 = 147.6 KN
V1 = 69.68 KN
69.68
69.68 x 2.83
- 61.38 = 37.22 KN-m
2
From beam 2-3, M2=0

8.41
145.76 + V3 x 8.41 = 134.65 + 24.6 x 8.41 x 2
V3 = 102.05 KN
V2 + V3 = 24.6 x 8.41 = 206.89 KN
V2 = 104.84 KN
102.05
102.05 x 4.15
- 134.65 = 77.1 KN-m
2
48
Beam and column bending moments (KN-m):

Joint 1
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 2
Max
Beam
Column
Joint 3
Beam
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
64.85
64.65
39.24
78.43
1.5
78.93
40.35
69.78
69.86
28.96
28.96
29.27
53.16
89.7
142.86
77.97
136.01
135.67
61.38
61.38
37.22
86.09
59.67
145.76
77.1
134.64
134.48
Max
64.85
64.65
39.24
86.09
89.7
145.76
77.97
136.01
135.67
Shear or support reaction (KN):

Case no.
Joint 4
Joint 5
Joint 6
71.54
76.07
55.87
53.46
35.13
42.87
104.26
102.63
69.68
77.92
104.84
102.05
Maximum shear
71.54
77.92
104.84
102.63
Maximum column load
71.54
182.76
Floor:
Slab: 120mm
= (0.12 x 25) + 1 = 4 KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2 for Beam 19-10
= 5 KN/m2 for Beam 10-01
Beam (19-10) (230mm X 450mm)
Dead load:
49
102.63
Due to Slab =
W x L 4 x 3.05
=
= 6.1 KN/m
2
2
250mm thick wall = 0.25 x 20 x (3.35-0.3) = 15.25 KN/m

Live load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 4 x 3.05
= 6.1KN/m
2 =
2
Therefore, Maximum load = 1.5 x (D.L + L.L) = 1.5 x (1.9+6.1+15.25+6.1)

= 44.025 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (1.9+6.1+15.25) = 21 KN/m
Beam (10-01) (230mm X 450mm)
Dead load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 4 x 3.05
= 6.1 KN/m
2 =
2

Live load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 5 x 3.05
= 7.625KN/m
2 =
2

= 46.5 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (1.9+6.1+15.25) = 21KN/m
50
Case 1:
Maximum load on beam 19-10 and minimum load on beam 10-01

Joint
4
Member
K
3
D.F
6
Column
1235.82 x 10
Beam
582.18 x 103
0.2
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.4
Beam
582.18 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.36
Beam
415.35 x 103
0.11
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.36
Beam
415.35 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.43
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.43
51
3.05 x 10
3.47 x 106
2.89 x 106
0.4
0.17
0.14

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
106.54 + V5 x 6 = 44.025 x 6 x 2 + 143.19
V5 = 138.18 KN
V4 + V5 = 44.025 x 6 = 264.15 KN
V4 = 125.97 KN
52

125.97
125.96 x 2.86
- 106.54 = 73.58 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
133.85 + V6 x 8.41 = 105.76 + 21 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 84.96 KN
V5 + V6 = 21 x 8.41 = 176.61 KN
V5 = 91.65 KN
84.96
84.96 x 4.05
- 105.76 = 66.28 KN-m
2
Case 2:
Minimum load on beam 19-10 and maximum load on beam 10-01
Distribution factors are same as calculated in case-1.
53

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
34.99 + V5 x 6 = 21 x 6 x 2 + 105.91
V5 = 74.81 KN
V4 + V5 = 21 x 6 = 126 KN
V4 = 51.19 KN
54

51.19
51.19 x 2.45
- 34.99 = 27.72 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
269.10 + V6 x 8.41 = 246.62 + 46.5 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 192.86 KN
V5 + V6 = 46.5 x 8.41 = 391.07 KN
V5 = 198.21 KN
192.86
192.86 x 4.15
- 246.62= 153.57 KN-m
2
Case 3:
Maximum load on both beams
55

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
96.02 + V5 x 6 = 44.025 x 6 x 2 + 169.53
V5 = 144.33 KN
V4 + V5 = 44.025 x 6 = 264.15 KN
V4 = 119.82 KN
119.82
56
119.82 x 2.72
- 96.02 = 66.94 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
277.32 + V6 x 8.41 = 242.87 + 46.5 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 191.43 KN
V5 + V6 = 46.5 x 8.41 = 391.07 KN
V5 = 199.64 KN
191.43
191.43 x 4.12
- 242.87= 151.48 KN-m
2

Joint 4
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 5
Max
Beam
Column
Beam
Joint 6
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
53.27
106.54
73.58
143.19
4.67
133.84
65.86
105.75
53.13
17.5
34.99
27.2
105.91
81.6
269.1
153.57
246.62
122.6
48.01
96.02
66.94
169.53
53.9
277.32
151.48
242.87
121.11
Max
53.27
106.54
73.58
169.53
81.6
277.32
153.57
246.62
122.6

Case no.
Joint 4
Joint 5
125.6
138.18
91.65
84.96
51.19
74.81
198.21
192.85
119.82
144.33
199.64
191.43
Maximum shear
125.6
144.33
199.64
192.85
Maximum column load
125.6
343.97
57
Joint 6
192.85
Frame 20-11-02:
Calculation of loads:
Roof:
Slab: 110mm
= (0.11 x 25) + 2.5 = 5.25 KN/m2
Beam (20-11) (230mm X 450mm)
Dead load:
Due to Slab = W x L= 5.25 x 3.05= 16.0125 KN/m
Live load:
Therefore, Maximum load = 1.5 x (D.L + L.L) = 1.5 x (1.2+16.0125+4.6)
= 33 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (1.2+16.0125) = 15.49 KN/m
Beam (11-02) (230mm X 450mm)
Dead load:
Live load:
58

= 33 KN/m
Case 1:
Maximum load on beam 20-11 and minimum load beam 11-02

Joint
Member
D.F
Column
1235.82 x 103
1.818 x 106
0.68
Beam
582.18 x 103
Beam
582.18 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.55
Beam
415.35 x 103
0.19
Beam
415.35 x 103
column
1235.82 x 103
59
0.32
2.234 x 106
1.651 x 106
0.26
0.25
0.75

From beam 1-2, M1=0
6
68.42 + V2 x 6 = 33 x 6 x 2 + 111.87
V2 = 106.24 KN
V1 + V2 = 33 x 6 = 198 KN
V1 = 91.76 KN
60

91.76
91.76 x 2.78
- 68.42 = 59.13 KN-m
2
From beam 2-3, M2=0

8.41
105.03 + V3 x 8.41 = 67.38 + 15.49 x 8.41 x 2
V3 = 60.66 KN
V2 + V3 = 15.49 x 8.41 =130.27 KN
V2 = 69.61 KN
60.66
60.66 x 3.92
- 67.38 = 51.51 KN-m
2
Case 2:
Minimum load on beam 20-11 and maximum load on 11-02
Distribution factors are same as calculate in case 1.
61

From beam 1-2, M1=0
6
16.56 + V2 x 6 = 15.49 x 6 x 2 + 94.59
V2 = 59.48 KN
V1 + V2 = 15.49 x 6 = 92.94 KN
V1 = 33.46 KN
62

33.46
33.46 x 2.16
- 16.56 = 19.58 KN-m
2
From beam 2-3, M2=0

8.41
188.13 + V3 x 8.41 = 158.87 + 33 x 8.41 x 2
V3 = 135.28 KN
V2 + V3 = 33 x 8.41 = 277.53 KN
V2 = 142.25 KN
X=
135.28
33 = 4.1m from the right support
135.28 x 4.1
- 158.81 = 118.52 KN-m
2
Case 3:
Max load on beam 20-11 and beam 11-02

Calculations of moments:
63

From beam 1-2, M1=0
6
57.83 + V2 x 6 = 33 x 6 x 2 + 140.51
V2 = 112.78 KN
V1 + V2 = 33 x 6 = 198 KN
V1 = 85.22 KN
85.22
64
85.22 x 2.58
- 57.83 = 52.1 KN-m
2
From beam 2-3, M2=0

8.41
199.52 + V3 x 8.41 = 153.93 + 33 x 8.41 x 2
V3 = 133.34 KN
V2 + V3 = 33 x 8.41 = 277.53 KN
V2 = 144.19 KN
X=
133.34
133.34 x 4.04
- 153.93 = 115.42 KN-m
2

Joint 1
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 2
Max
Beam
Column
Joint 3
Beam
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
68.42
68.42
59.13
111.87
6.84
105.0
51.51
67.38
68.22
16.58
16.58
19.58
94.59
93.54
188.13
118.52
158.81
155.58
57.85
57.83
52.1
140.51
59
199.51
115.42
153.93
152.3
Max
68.42
68.42
59.13
140.51
93.54
199.51
118.52
158.81
155.58

Case no.
Joint 4
91.76
106.24
69.61
60.66
33.46
59.48
142.25
135.28
85.22
112.78
144.11
133.34
Maximum shear
91.76
112.78
144.11
135.28
Maximum column load
Joint 5
91.76
256.89
65
Joint 6
135.28
Floor:
Slab: 120mm
= (0.12 x 25) + 1 = 4 KN/m2
Beam (20-11) (230mm X 600mm)
Dead load:
Due to Slab = W x L= 4 x 3.05= 12.2 KN/m
Live load:
= 41 KN/m
Beam (11-02) (230mm X 600mm)
Dead load:
Live load:
Due to Slab = W x L= 5 x 3.05= 15.25KN/m
66
Therefore, Maximum load = 1.5 x (D.L + L.L) = 1.5x(2.76+12.2+14.5+15.25)

= 67.1 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9x(2.76+12.2+14.5) = 26.5 KN/m
Case 1:

K
Joint
Member
Column
1235.82 x 103
Beam
1.38 x 106
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.32
Beam
1.38 x 106
0.29
Column
1235.82 x 103
Beam
0.985 x 106
D.F
0.32
3.85 x 106
4.84 x 106
0.36
0.26
0.19
Column
1235.82 x 10
0.26
Beam
0.985 x 106
0.28
Column
1235.82 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
67
3.46 x 106
0.36
0.36

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
75.53 + V5 x 6 = 41 x 6 x 2 + 154.22
V5 = 136.12 KN
V4 + V5 = 41 x 6 = 246 KN
V4 = 109.88 KN
68

X=
109.88
41 = 2.68m from the left support
109.88 x 2.68
- 75.53 = 71.71 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
172.08 + V6 x 8.41 = 114.85 + 26.5 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 104.63 KN
V5 + V6 = 26.5 x 8.41 = 222.87 KN
V5 = 118.24 KN
104.63
104.63 x 3.95
- 114.85 = 91.8 KN-m
2
Case 2:
69

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
16.29 + V5 x 6 = 13.5 x 6 x 2 + 158.17
V5 = 64.15 KN
V4 + V5 = 13.5 x 6 = 81 KN
V4 = 16.85 KN
16.85
70
16.85 x 1.25
- 12.92 = -2.39 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
375.67 + V6 x 8.41 = 315.93 + 67.1 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 275.05 KN
V5 + V6 = 67.1 x 8.41 = 564.31 KN
V5 = 289.26 KN
275.05
275.05 x 4.1
- 315.93= 247.92 KN-m
2
Case 3:
71

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
49.25 + V5 x 6 = 41 x 6 x 2 + 228.89
V5 = 152.94 KN
V4 + V5 = 41 x 6 = 246 KN
V4 = 93.06 KN
93.06
72
93.06 x 2.27
- 49.25 = 56.37 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
393.9 + V6 x 8.41 = 308.24 + 67.1 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 271.97 KN
V5 + V6 = 67.1 x 8.41 = 564.31 KN
V5 = 292.34 KN
271.97
271.97 x 4.05
- 308.24= 242.5 KN-m
2

Joint 4
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 5
Max
Beam
Column
Beam
Joint 6
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
37.77
75.53
71.71
154.21
8.9
172.08
91.8
114.85
57.45
6.42
12.92
3.092
158.17
108.74
375.67
247.92
315.93
153.37
24.66
49.25
56.37
228.89
82.5
393.9
242.5
308.24
150.94
Max
37.77
75.53
71.71
228.89
108.74
393.9
247.92
315.93
153.37

Case no.
Joint 4
Joint 5
109.8
136.12
118.24
104.63
16.85
64.15
289.26
275.05
93.06
152.94
292.34
271.97
Maximum shear
109.8
152.94
292.34
275.05
Maximum column load
109.8
445.28
73
Joint 6
275.05
Frame 24-15-06
Roof:
Same as frame 20-11-02
Floor:
Slab = 120mm
= (0.12 x 25) + 1 = 4 KN/m2
Beam (24-15) (230mm X 600mm)
Dead load:
150mm wall of 2.2m height = 0.15 x 20 x 2.2 = 6.6 KN/m
Live load:
Due to Slab =
5 x 3.05 2 x 3.05
+
= 10.675 KN/m
2
2

= 48.5 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (2.76+12.2+6.6) = 19.5 KN/m
74
Beam (15-06) (230mm X 600mm)

Dead load:
Live load:
Due to Slab = W x L= 5 x 3.05= 15.25KN/m
= 45.5 KN/m
Case 1:
75

K
Joint
Member
Column
1235.82 x 103
Beam
1.38 x 106
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.32
Beam
1.38 x 106
0.29
Column
1235.82 x 103
Beam
0.985 x 106
D.F
0.32
3.85 x 106
4.84 x 106
0.36
0.26
0.19
Column
1235.82 x 10
0.26
Beam
0.985 x 106
0.28
Column
1235.82 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
76
3.46 x 106
0.36
0.36

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
95.08 + V5 x 6 = 48.5 x 6 x 2 + 166.11
V5 = 157.34 KN
V4 + V5 = 48.5 x 6 = 291 KN
V4 = 133.66 KN
133.66
133.66 x 2.76
- 95.08 = 89.37 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
155.12 + V6 x 8.41 = 93.64 + 22.5 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 87.3 KN
V5 + V6 = 22.5 x 8.41 = 189.23 KN
V5 = 101.93 KN
77

87.3
87.3 x 3.88
- 93.64 = 75.72 KN-m
2
Case 2:

78

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
14.68 + V5 x 6 = 19.5 x 6 x 2 + 133.86
V5 = 78.37 KN
V4 + V5 = 19.5 x 6 = 117 KN
V4 = 38.63 KN
38.63
38.63 x 1.98
- 14.68 = 23.56 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
261.6 + V6 x 8.41 = 211.34 + 45.5 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 185.35 KN
V5 + V6 = 45.5 x 8.41 = 382.66 KN
V5 = 197.31 KN
79

185.35
185.35 x 4.07
- 211.34= 165.85 KN-m
2
Case 3:

80

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
80.19 + V5 x 6 = 44.5 x 6 x 2 + 208.43
V5 = 166.87 KN
V4 + V5 = 48.5 x 6 = 291 KN
V4 = 124.13 KN
124.13
124.13 x 2.56
- 80.19 = 78.7 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
280.82 + V6 x 8.41 = 203.22 + 45.5 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 182.1 KN
V5 + V6 = 67.1 x 8.41 = 382.66 KN
V5 = 200.56 KN
182.1
X= 45.5 = 4m from the right support
81
182.1 x 4
- 203.22= 160.98 KN-m
2

Joint 4
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 5
Max
Beam
Column
Beam
Joint 6
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
47.54
95.08
89.37
166.11
5.5
155.12
75.72
93.64
47.54
7.34
14.63
23.56
133.86
63.86
261.6
166.85
211.34
103.08
40.11
80.19
78.7
208.43
36.19
280.82
160.98
203.22
100.52
Max
47.54
95.08
89.37
208.43
63.86
280.82
166.85
211.34
103.08

Case no.
Joint 4
Joint 5
133.66
157.34
101.93
87.3
38.63
78.37
197.31
185.35
124.13
166.87
200.56
182.1
Maximum shear
133.66
166.87
200.56
185.35
Maximum column load
133.66
367.43
Frame 25-16-07
Roof:
Floor:
Slab = 120mm
= (0.12 x 25) + 1 = 4 KN/m2
82
Joint 6
185.35

Beam (25-16) (230mm X 600mm)
Dead load:
Live load:
Due to Slab =
2 x 3.05 3 x 3.05
+
= 7.625 KN/m
2
2

= 44 KN/m
Beam (16-07) (230mm X 600mm)
Dead load:
Live load:
Due to Slab =
5 x 3.05 6 x 3.05
+
= 16.775 KN/m
2
2

= 57.51 KN/m
83

Case 1:

K
Joint
Member
Column
1235.82 x 103
Beam
1.38 x 106
D.F
0.32
3.85 x 106
3
0.36
Column
1235.82 x 10
0.32
Beam
1.38 x 106
0.29
Column
1235.82 x 103
Beam
0.985 x 106
0.19
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.26
Beam
0.985 x 106
0.28
Column
1235.82 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
84
4.84 x 106
3.46 x 106
0.26
0.36
0.36

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
85.69 + V5 x 6 = 44 x 6 x 2 + 152.33
V5 = 143.11 KN
V4 + V5 = 44 x 6 = 264 KN
V4 = 120.89 KN
85

X=
120.89
120.89 x 2.75
- 85.69 = 80.45 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
145.58 + V6 x 8.41 = 89.17 + 21.3 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 82.86 KN
V5 + V6 = 21.3 x 8.41 = 179.13 KN
V5 = 96.27 KN
82.86
82.86 x 3.89
- 89.17 = 72 KN-m
2
Case 2:
86


From beam 4-5, M4=0
6.85 + V5 x 6 = 19.5 x 6 x
6
+ 155.96
2
V5 = 83.35 KN
V4 + V5 = 19.5 x 6 = 117 KN
V4 = 33.65 KN
87

33.65
33.65 x 1.73
- 6.85 = 22.26 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
327.23 + V6 x 8.41 = 268.6 + 57.51 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 234.86 KN
V5 + V6 = 57.51 x 8.41 = 483.66 KN
V5 = 248.8 KN
234.86
234.86 x 4.08
- 268.6= 210.5 KN-m
2
Case 3:
88

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
62.24 + V5 x 6 = 44 x 6 x 2 + 218.95
V5 = 158.11 KN
V4 + V5 = 48.5 x 6 = 264 KN
V4 = 105.89 K
89

X=
105.89
105.89 x 2.41
- 62.24 = 65.36 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
343.47 + V6 x 8.41 = 257.17 + 57.51 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 231.56 KN
V5 + V6 = 67.1 x 8.41 = 483.66 KN
V5 = 252.1 KN
231.56
231.56 x 4.03
- 257.17= 209.42 KN-m
2

Joint 4
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 5
Max
Beam
Column
Beam
Joint 6
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
42.84
85.69
80.45
152.33
3.38
145.56
72
89.17
45.17
3.46
6.85
22.26
155.96
85.63
327.23
210.5
268.55
130.75
31.15
62.24
65.36
218.95
62.25
343.47
209.42
261.7
128.6
Max
42.84
85.69
80.45
218.95
85.63
343.47
210.5
268.55
130.75
90

Case no.
Joint 4
Joint 5
Joint 6
120.89
143.11
96.27
82.86
33.65
83.35
248.8
234.86
105.89
158.11
251.1
231.56
Maximum shear
120.89
158.11
251.1
234.86
Maximum column load
120.89
409.21
Frame 26-17-08
Roof:
Floor:
Slab = 120mm
= (0.12 x 25) + 1 = 4 KN/m2
Beam (26-17) (230mm X 600mm)
Dead load:
Live load:
Due to Slab = 3 x 3.05= 9.15 KN/m
Therefore, Maximum load = 1.5 x (D.L + L.L) = 1.5x (2.76+12.2+9.15)
= 36.2 KN/m
91
234.86

Beam (17-08) (230mm X 600mm)
Dead load:
Live load:
Due to Slab = 6 x 3.05= 18.3 KN/m
Therefore, Maximum load = 1.5 x (D.L + L.L) = 1.5x (2.76+12.2+18.3)
= 50 KN/m
Case 1:
92

K
Joint
Member
Column
1235.82 x 103
Beam
1.38 x 106
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.32
Beam
1.38 x 106
0.29
Column
1235.82 x 103
D.F
0.32
3.85 x 106
4.84 x 106
0.36
0.26
Beam
0.985 x 10
0.19
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.26
Beam
0.985 x 106
0.28
Column
1235.82 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
93
3.46 x 106
0.36
0.36

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
73.1+ V5 x 6 = 36.2 x 6 x 2 + 117.93
V5 = 116.07 KN
V4 + V5 = 46.2 x 6 = 217.2 KN
V4 = 101.13 KN
101.13
101.13 x 2.8
- 73.1 = 68.48 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
97.78 + V6 x 8.41 = 54.2 + 13.5 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 51.59KN
V5 + V6 = 13.5 x 8.41 = 113.54 KN
V5 = 61.95 KN
51.59
94
51.59 x 3.82
- 54.2 = 44.34 KN-m
2
Case 2:
95

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
1.84 + V5 x 6 = 13.5 x 6 x 2 + 126.71
V5 = 61.31 KN
V4 + V5 = 13.5 x 6 = 81 KN
V4 = 19.69 KN
19.69
19.69 x 1.46
- 1.84 = 12.54 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
282.21 + V6 x 8.41 = 234.45 + 50 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 204.57 KN
V5 + V6 = 50 x 8.41 = 420.5 KN
V5 = 215.93 KN
X=
204.57
96
204.57 x 4.09
- 234.45= 183.9 KN-m
2
Case 3:

97

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
49.5 + V5 x 6 = 36.2 x 6 x 2 + 185.08
V5 = 131.2 KN
V4 + V5 = 36.2 x 6 = 217.2 KN
V4 = 86 KN
86
86 x 2.38
- 49.5 = 52.84 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
297.26 + V6 x 8.41 = 228.1 + 50 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 202.03 KN
V5 + V6 = 50 x 8.41 = 420.5 KN
V5 = 218.47 KN
X=
202.03
98
202.03 x 4.04
- 228.1= 180 KN-m
2

Joint 4
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 5
Max
Beam
Column
Beam
Joint 6
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
36.55
73.1
68.48
117.93
10.07
97.78
44.34
54.2
27.9
0.9
1.85
12.54
126.71
77.74
282.21
183.9
234.45
113.98
24.76
49.5
52.84
185.08
56.08
297.26
180
228.1
111.97
Max
36.55
73.1
68.48
185.08
77.74
297.26
183.9
234.45
113.98

Case no.
Joint 4
Joint 5
101.13
116.07
61.95
51.59
19.69
61.31
215.93
204.57
86
131.2
218.47
202.03
Maximum shear
101.13
131.2
218.47
204.57
Maximum column load
101.13
349.67
Frame 27-18-09
Roof:
Same as of roof frame 19-10-01
Floor:
Slab: 120mm
= (0.12 x 25) + 1 = 4 KN/m2
99
Joint 6
204.57

Beam (27-18) (230mm X 450mm)
Dead load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 4 x 3.05
= 6.1 KN/m
2 =
2

Live load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 3 x 3.05
= 4.6KN/m
2 =
2

= 42 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (1.9+6.1+15.25) = 21 KN/m
Beam (18-09) (230mm X 450mm)
Dead load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 4 x 3.05
= 6.1 KN/m
2 =
2

Live load:
Due to Slab =
W x L 6 x 3.05
= 9.15KN/m
2 =
2

= 48.6 KN/m
Minimum load = 0.9 x D.L = 0.9 x (1.9+6.1+15.25) = 21KN/m
100
Case 1:

Joint
Member
D.F
Column
1235.82 x 103
3.05 x 106
0.4
Beam
582.18 x 10
0.2
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.4
Beam
582.18 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.36
Beam
415.35 x 103
0.11
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.36
Beam
415.35 x 103
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.43
Column
1235.82 x 103
0.43
101
3.47 x 106
2.89 x 106
0.17
0.14

From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
101.22 + V5 x 6 = 42 x 6 x 2 + 137.6
V5 = 132.06 KN
V4 + V5 = 42 x 6 = 252 KN
V4 = 119.94 KN
102

X=
119.94
119.94 x 2.86
- 101.22 = 70.3 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
133.13 + V6 x 8.41 = 106.52 + 21 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 85.14 KN
V5 + V6 = 21 x 8.41 = 176.61 KN
V5 = 91.47 KN
85.14
85.14 x 4.05
- 106.52 = 65.89 KN-m
2
Case 2:
103


From beam 4-5, M4=0
34.07 + V5 x 6 = 21 x 6 x
6
+ 108.08
2
V5 = 75.34 KN
V4 + V5 = 21 x 6 = 126 KN
V4 = 50.66 KN
104

50.66
50.66 x 2.41
- 34.07 = 26.98 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
280.96 + V6 x 8.41 = 257.96 + 48.6 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 201.63 KN
V5 + V6 = 48.6 x 8.41 = 408.73 KN
V5 = 207.1 KN
201.63
201.63 x 4.15
- 257.96= 160.42 KN-m
2
Case 3:
105


From beam 4-5, M4=0
6
89.24 + V5 x 6 = 42 x 6 x 2 + 166.05
V5 = 138.8 KN
V4 + V5 = 42 x 6 = 252 KN
V4 = 113.2 KN
106

113.2
113.2 x 2.7
- 89.24 = 63.58 KN-m
2
From beam 4-5, M5=0

8.41
288.45 + V6 x 8.41 = 254.55 + 48.6 x 8.41 x 2
V6 = 200.33 KN
V5 + V6 = 48.6 x 8.41 = 408.73 KN
V5 = 208.4 KN
200.33
200.33 x 4.12
- 254.55= 158.33 KN-m
2

Joint 4
Case
Column
Beam
Joint 5
Max
Beam
Column
Beam
Joint 6
Max
span
span
moment
moment
Beam
Column
50.61
101.22
70.3
137.6
2.24
133.12
65.89
106.09
53.26
17.04
34.07
26.98
108.08
86.44
280.96
160.42
257.96
128.22
44.62
89.24
63.58
166.06
61.2
288.45
158.33
254.55
126.86
Max
50.61
101.22
70.3
166.06
86.44
288.45
160.42
257.96
128.22
107

Case no.
Joint 4
Joint 5
119.94
132.06
91.47
85.14
50.66
75.34
207.28
201.63
113.2
138.8
208.4
200.33
Maximum shear
119.94
138.8
208.4
200.33
Maximum column load
119.94
347.2
108
Joint 6
200.33
4. DESIGN OF BEAMS
Bending moment diagram for entire building:
109
1. Longitudinal beams
a. Beam 23-24
Roof:
Section:
230mm x 300mm (b x D)
Cover: 25mm
Effective depth (d) = 300 25 = 275mm
Concrete: M20
Steel: Fe415
Loads:
Slab: 110mm thick
Dead load = self weight + floor finish
= 0.11 x 25 +2.5 = 5.25 KN/m2
Acting on beam:
Dead load:
Self weight = 0.23 x 25 x (0.3 0.11) = 1.1 KN/m
Slab =
5.25 x 3.05
= 2.67 KN/m
6
Parapet wall (250mm wall including plastering of 1m height)

=
20 x 0.25 x 1 = 5 KN/m
Live load:
Slab =
1.5 x 3.05
= 0.76 KN/m
6
Therefore, Total load (W) = 5 + 2.67 + 1.1 + 0.76 = 9.53 KN/m

Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 x 9.53 = 14.3 KN/m
110
Maximum load on column removing the triangular load = 1.5 (1.1 +5)
= 9.15 KN/m
Shear on column =
column load x l 9.15 x 3.05

=
= 13.96 KN (from each side)
2
2
Design moment:
Mu =
14.3 x (3.05)2
= 11.09 x 106 N-mm = 11.09 KN-m
12
Calculation of Ast:
From IS456-2000, P96a, clause G-1.1 (b), we have
fy x Ast
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 - f x b x d )
ck
415 x Ast
11.09 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 x (1- 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast = 116.12 mm2
No. of 10mm diameter bars =
4 x 116.12
x 102 = 1.5 say 2 bars
Therefore, provided Ast = 2 x 4 x 102 = 157.08 mm2

Design of shear reinforcement:
Vu =
Wu x Lx 14.3 x 3.05
=
= 21.81KN
2
2
Nominal shear stress,
v=
Vu
21.81 x 103
2
=
b x d 230 x 275 = 0.35 N/mm
Ast = 157.08 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 157.08

b x d = 230 x 275 = 0.25
111
From IS 456-2000, Table 19:

Pt
0.25
Therefore,
0.36
c=
0.36 N/mm2
v approximately
equals to
Therefore, provide minimum shear reinforcement.

Assuming 8mm- 2legged stirrups
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Min shear reinforcement (IS456-2000, clause 26.5.1.6, P48)

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
Provide 8mm dia stirrups @ 300mm c/c.
Floor:
Section:
230mm x 450mm (b x D)
Cover: 25mm
Concrete: M20
Steel: Fe415
112
Loads:
Slab: 120mm thick
= 0.12 x 25 +1 = 4 KN/m2
Live load = 10 KN/m2
Acting on beam:
Dead load:
Slab =
4 x 3.05
= 2.03 KN/m
6
Parapet wall (250mm wall including plastering of 2.2m height)

=
20 x 0.25 x (3.35-0.3) = 15.25 KN/m
Live load:
Slab =
10 x 3.05
= 5.08 KN/m
6
Therefore, Total load (W) = 1.9 + 2.03 + 15.25 + 5.08 = 24.26 KN/m
Maximum load on column removing the triangular load = 1.5 (1.9 +5.08)
= 25.725 KN/m
Shear on column =

=
2
2
Design moment:
Mu =
36.39 x (3.05)2
= 28.21 x 106 N-mm = 28.21 KN-m
12
113
Calculation of Ast:
fy x Ast
ck
415 x Ast
28.21 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 425 x (1- 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast = 191.64 mm2
4 x 191.64
x 102 = 2.33 say 3 bars

Vu =
Wu x Lx 36.39 x 3.05
=
= 55.5KN
2
2
Vu
55.5 x 103
2
=
=
v
b x d 230 x 425 = 0.57 N/mm

Ast = 235.62 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 235.62

b x d = 230 x 425 = 0.24

Pt
0.15
0.28
0.24
0.25
0.36
Therefore,
c=
0.36-0.28
0.28 + 0.25-0.15 x (0.24-0.15) = 0.352 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
114
From IS456-2000(Clause 40.4, P72)

When
exceeds
c,
shear reinforcement shall be provided
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to Vu -
cbd.
The strength of
shear reinforcement Vus shall be calculated as follows:

Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d
sv
Stirrups are designed for shear Vus = Vu -
cbd
= (55.5 x 103) (0.32 x 230 x 425)

= 24220N
2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
Spacing of stirrups, sv =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
24220
=636.9mm
From IS456-2000, (clause 26.5.1.5, P47)

The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall
not be exceed 0.75d for vertical stirrups where d is the effective depth of the section under
consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300mm.
Provide spacing = 300mm
Therefore, Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
= 51419.83N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
115
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

= 76.44mm2 <100.5mm2 (safe)
0.87 x 415
b. Beam 14-15
Roof:
Section:
230mm x 300mm (b x D)
Cover: 25mm
Concrete: M20
Steel: Fe415
Loads:
Slab: 110mm thick
= 0.11 x 25 +2.5 = 5.25 KN/m2
Acting on beam:
Dead load:
Slab = 2 x
5.25 x 3.05
= 5.34 KN/m
6
116
Live load:
Slab = 2 x
1.5 x 3.05
= 1.53 KN/m
6
Therefore, Total load (W) = 1.1 + 5.34 + 1.53 = 7.97 KN/m

Maximum load on column removing the triangular load = 1.5 (1.1)
= 1.65 KN/m
Shear on column =

=
2
2
Design moment:
11.96 x (3.05)2
Mu =
= 9.27 x 106 N-mm = 9.27 KN-m
12
Calculation of Ast:
fy x Ast
ck
415 x Ast
9.27 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 x (1- 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast = 96.41 mm2
4 x 96.41
x 82 = 1.91 say 2 bars

Vu =
Wu x Lx 11.96 x 3.05
=
= 18.239KN
2
2
Vu
18.239 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 275 = 0.29 N/mm
Ast = 100.53 mm2

117
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 100.53

=
= 0.15
bxd
230 x 275

Pt
0.15
Therefore,
0.28
c=
0.28 N/mm2
v approximately
equals to

Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4

Therefore, Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 275

=
= 33371.66KN
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
118
Floor:
Section:
230mm x 450mm (b x D)
Cover: 25mm
Concrete: M20
Steel: Fe415
Loads:
Slab: 120mm thick
Dead load = self weight + floor finish + wall
= 0.12 x 25 +1 + 1.5 = 5.5 KN/m2
Live load = 10 KN/m2 + 5 KN/m2
Acting on beam:
Dead load:
Slab =
5.5 x 3.05 4 x 3.05

+
= 4.83 KN/m
6
6
Internal wall (150mm wall including plastering of 2.2m height)

=
20 x 0.15 x 2.2 = 6.6 KN/m
Live load:
Slab =
15 x 3.05
= 7.625 KN/m
6
Therefore, Total load (W) = 1.9 + 4.83 + 6.6 + 7.625 = 20.955 KN/m
= 12.75 KN/m
119
Shear on column =

=
2
2
Design moment:
Mu =
31.4325 x (3.05)2
= 24.37 x 106 N-mm = 24.37 KN-m
12
Calculation of Ast:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
24.37 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 425 x (1- 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast = 164.5 mm2
4 x 164.5
No. of 10mm diameter bars = x 102 = 2.1 say 3 bars

Vu =
Wu x Lx 20.955 x 3.05
=
= 31.96KN
2
2
Vu
31.96 x 103
2
=
=
v
b x d 230 x 425 = 0.33 N/mm
Ast = 235.62 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 235.62

b x d = 230 x 425 = 0.24

Pt
0.15
0.28
120
0.24
0.25
0.36
Therefore,
c=
0.36-0.28
0.28 + 0.25-0.15 x (0.24-0.15) = 0.352 N/mm2
Therefore,
approximately equals to
c,

Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
c. Beam 7-8
Roof:
Section:
230mm x 300mm (b x D)
Cover: 25mm
Concrete: M20
Steel: Fe415
121
Loads:
Slab: 110mm thick
= 0.11 x 25 +2.5 = 5.25 KN/m2
Acting on beam:
Dead load:
Slab =
5.25 x 3.05
= 2.67 KN/m
6
Parapet wall (250mm wall including plastering of 1m height)

=
20 x 0.25 x 1 = 5 KN/m
Live load:
Slab =
1.5 x 3.05
= 0.76 KN/m
6
Therefore, Total load (W) = 5 + 2.67 + 1.1 + 0.76 = 9.53 KN/m

Maximum load on column removing the triangular load = 1.5 (1.1 +5)
= 9.15 KN/m
Shear on column =

=
2
2
Design moment:
14.3 x (3.05)2
Mu =
= 11.09 x 106 N-mm = 11.09 KN-m
12
122
Calculation of Ast:
From IS456-2000, P96a, clause G-1.1 (b), we have
fy x Ast
ck
415 x Ast
11.09 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 x (1- 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast = 116.12 mm2
4 x 116.12
= 1.5 say 2 bars
x 102

Vu =
Wu x Lx 14.3 x 3.05
=
= 21.81KN
2
2
Vu
21.81 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 275 = 0.35 N/mm
Ast = 157.08 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 157.08

b x d = 230 x 275 = 0.25

Pt
0.25
Therefore,
0.36
c=
0.36 N/mm2
v approximately
equals to

123
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
Floor:
Section:
230mm x 450mm (b x D)
Cover: 25mm
Concrete: M20
Steel: Fe415
Loads:
Slab: 120mm thick
Dead load = self weight + floor finish + wall
= 0.12 x 25 +1 + 1.5 = 5.5 KN/m2
Live load = 6 KN/m2
Acting on beam:
Dead load:
124
Slab =
5.5 x 3.05
= 2.8 KN/m
6
External wall (250mm wall including plastering)

=
20 x 0.25 x (3.35 0.3) = 15.25 KN/m
Live load:
Slab =
6 x 3.05
= 3.05 KN/m
6
Therefore, Total load (W) = 1.9 + 2.8 + 15.25 + 3.05 = 23 KN/m

Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 x 23 = 34.5 KN/m
= 25.73 KN/m
Shear on column =

=
2
2
Design moment:
34.5 x (3.05)2
Mu =
= 26.75 x 106 N-mm = 26.75 KN-m
12
Calculation of Ast:
fy x Ast
ck
415 x Ast
26.75 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 425 x (1- 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast = 181.3 mm2
4 x 181.3
No. of 10mm diameter bars = x 102 = 2.31 say 3 bars
125

Vu =
Wu x Lx 34.5 x 3.05
=
= 52.61KN
2
2
Vu
52.61 x 103
2
=
=
v
b x d 230 x 425 = 0.54 N/mm

Ast = 235.62 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 235.62

b x d = 230 x 425 = 0.24

Pt
0.15
0.28
0.24
0.25
0.36
Therefore,
c=
0.36-0.28
0.28 + 0.25-0.15 x (0.24-0.15) = 0.352 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (52.61 x 103) (0.35 x 230 x 425)

= 18397.5N
2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
18397.5
= 838.48mm
126

Therefore, Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
= 51419.83N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
127
2. Transverse beams:
a. Beam 19-10 and Beam 10-01
128
ROOF: (section 230mm x 300mm, d' = 25mm)

From analysis of frames the moments acting on the supports are:
At left support (Ast1):

Moment due to external load (Mu) = 64.65 KN-m
From IS456-2000, P96, clause G-1.1 (c), moment of resistance of the section is given by
MuLimit = 0.36 x
For Fe 415,
xumax
xumax
2
d x (1- 0.42 x d ) x b x d x fck
xumax
d = 0.48
Mulimit = 0.138 x fck x b x d2

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (275)2 = 48 x 106 N-mm = 48 KN-m
Mu > Mulimit , therefore design as doubly reinforced beam.
d' 25
Consider d = 275 = 0.1
Therefore, fsc = 353 N/mm2
Area of steel in compression (Asc):
Mu - Mulimit (64.65 - 48) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') = 353 x (275 - 25) =188.67 mm2
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
Mulimit = 0.87 x fy x Ast1 x d x (1 - f x b x d )
ck
129
48 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 275 x (1 -
415 x Ast1
)
20 x 230 x 275
Ast1 = 602.55 mm2

To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 188.67
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =184.46 mm2
y
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 = 602.55 + 184.46 = 787.01 mm2
Between the support:
Span moment = 39.24 KN-m
For T-beam, from IS456-2000, P37, clause 23.1.2 (a)
l0
Effective width of flange (bf) = 6 + (6 x Df) + bw
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm
Therefore, bf =
4200
6 + (6 x 110) + 230
= 1590 mm
Therefore Mulimit = 0.36 x fck x bf x Df x(d 0.42Df)

= 0.36 x 20 x 1590 x 110 x (275 0.42 x 110)
= 288.12 KN-m
Mu < < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
39.24 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 275 x (1- 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast2 = 466.65 mm2
130
At right support (Ast3):

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (275)2 = 48 x 106 N-mm = 48 KN-m
d' 25
Mu - Mulimit (86.09 - 48) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') = 353 x (275 - 25) =431.62 mm2
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
48 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 275 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast1 = 602.55 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 431.62
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =422 mm2
y
Ast3 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 602.55 + 422 = 1024.55 mm2
At support (Ast4):
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (275)2 = 48 x 106 N-mm = 48 KN-m
131

d' 25
Mu - Mulimit (145.76 - 48) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') = 353 x (275 - 25) =1107.76 mm2
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
48 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 275 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast1 = 602.55 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 1107.76
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =1083.06 mm2
y
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 602.55 + 1083 = 1685.61 mm2
Between the support (Ast5):
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
Therefore, bf =
5887
6 + (6 x 110) + 230
= 1871.16 mm
132

= 0.36 x 20 x 1871.16 x 110 x (275 0.42 x 110)
= 339.07 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast5
77.97 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast5 x 275 x (1- 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast5 = 1411.66 mm2
At right end (Ast6):
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (275)2 = 48 x 106 N-mm = 48 KN-m
d' 25
Mu - Mulimit (136.01 - 48) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') = 353 x (275 - 25) =997.28 mm2
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
48 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 275 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 275 )
Ast1 = 602.55 mm2
133
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 997.28
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =975.05 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 602.55 + 975.05 = 1577.6 mm2

At left support:
End shear = (Vu) = 71.54 KN
v=
Vu
71.54 x 103
2
=
b x d 230 x 275 = 1.13 N/mm
Ast = 787.01 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 787.01

b x d = 230 x 275 = 1.25

Pt
1.25
Therefore,
0.67
c=
0.67 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (71.54 x 103) (0.67 x 230 x 275)

= 29162.5N
134

2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 275

=
Vus
29162.5
= 342.27mm

Therefore, Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 275

=
= 33261.73N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
Therefore, provide 8mm dia stirrups @ 300mm c/c.

At middle support:
Vu
77.92 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 275 = 1.23 N/mm
Ast = 1024.55 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1024.55

b x d = 230 x 275 = 1.62

Pt
1.5
0.72
135
1.62
1.75
0.75
Therefore,
c=
0.75-0.72
0.72 + 1.75-1.5 x (1.62-1.5) = 0.734 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (77.92 x 103) (0.734 x 230 x 275)

= 31494.5N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 275

=
Vus
31494.5
= 316.93mm

Therefore, Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 275

=
= 33261.73N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
136
At middle support:
Vu
104.84 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 275 = 1.66 N/mm

Ast = 1685.61 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1685.61

b x d = 230 x 275 = 2.67

Pt
2.67
Therefore,
0.82
c=
0.82 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (104.84 x 103) (0.82 x 230 x 275)

= 52975N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 275

=
Vus
52975
= 188.42mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
137
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 180

= 45.87mm2 <100.5mm2 (safe)
0.87 x 415

At right support:
Vu
102.63 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 275 = 1.63 N/mm

Ast = 1577.6 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1577.6

b x d = 230 x 275 = 2.5

Pt
2.5
Therefore,
0.82
c=
0.82 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (102.63 x 103) (0.82 x 230 x 275)

= 50765N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 275

=
Vus
50765
= 196.62mm < 300mm
138

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 190

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 48.41mm <100.5mm (safe)

Reinforcement for roof 19-10-01:
FLOOR: (section: 230mm x 450mm, d= 25mm)

The moments acting on the beam are:

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit , therefore design as singly reinforced beam.
139
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
106.54 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast1 = 546 mm2
Between the supports (Ast2):
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm
Therefore, bf =
4200
6 + (6 x 120) + 230
= 1650 mm
Therefore Mulimit = 0.36 x fck x bf x Df x (d 0.42Df)

= 0.36 x 20 x 1650 x 120 x (425 0.42 x 120)
= 534.03 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
73.58 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 425 x (1- 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast2 = 852.07 mm2
140

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
d' 25
Consider d = 425 = 0.05
Mu - Mulimit (169.53 - 114.66) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=386.84 mm2
353 x (425 - 25)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
114.66 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast1 = 932 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 386.84
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 380.36 mm2
y
Ast3 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 932 + 380.6 = 1312.36 mm2
At support (Ast4):
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
d' 25
Consider d = 425 = 0.05
141

Mu - Mulimit (277.32 -11 4.66) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=1145.5 mm2
353 x (425 - 25)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
114.66 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 -
415 x Ast1
)
20 x 230 x 425
Ast1 = 932 mm2

To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 355 x 1145.5
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =1126.31 mm2
y
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 923 + 1126.31 = 2058.31 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
Therefore, bf =
5887
6 + (6 x 120) + 230
= 1931.67 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1871.16 x 120 x (425 0.42 x 120)
= 625.2 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
142
Ast:
415 x Ast5
153.57 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast5 x 425 x (1- 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast5 = 1442.53 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
d' 25
Consider d = 425 = 0.05
Mu - Mulimit (246.62 - 114.66) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=929.29 mm2
355 x (425 - 25)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
114.66 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast1 = 932 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 355 x 929.29
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =913.72 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 932 + 913.72 = 1845.72 mm2
143

At left support:
Vu
125.6 x 103
2
=
=
v
b x d 230 x 425 = 1.29 N/mm

Ast = 546 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 546

b x d = 230 x 425 = 0.56

Pt
0.5
0.48
0.56
0.75
0.56
Therefore,
c=
0.56-0.48
0.48 + 0.75-0.5 x (0.56-0.5) = 0.5 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (125.6 x 103) (0.5 x 230 x 425)

= 76725N
144

2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
76725
= 184.87mm <300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 180

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 45.86mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
144.35 x 103
2
=
=
v
bxd
230 x 425 = 1.48 N/mm

Ast = 1312.16 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1312.16

b x d = 230 x 425 = 1.34

Pt
1.25
0.67
1.34
1.5
0.72
145
Therefore,
c=
0.67 +
Therefore,
0.72-0.67
x (1.34-1.25) = 0.69 N/mm2
1.5-1.25
>
c,
cbd
= (144.32 x 103) (0.69 x 230 x 425)

= 78827.5N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
78827.5
= 195.7mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 190

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 48.41mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
199.64 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 425 = 2.04 N/mm
Ast = 2058.31 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 2058.31

b x d = 230 x 425 = 2
146

Pt
2.00
Therefore,
0.79
c=
0.79 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (199.64 x 103) (0.79 x 230 x 425)

= 122417.5N
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 425

=
Vus
122417.5
= 196.9mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 190

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 48.41mm <157.07mm (safe)

At right support:
Vu
192.85 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 425 = 1.97 N/mm
147
Ast = 1845.72 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x1845.72

b x d = 230 x 425 = 1.89

Pt
1.75
0.75
1.89
0.79
Therefore,
c=
0.79-0.75
0.75 + 2-1.75 x (1.89-1.75) = 0.77 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (192.85 x 103) (0.77 x 230 x 425)

= 117582.5N
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 425

=
Vus
117582.5
= 204.98mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 200

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 50.96mm <157.07mm (safe)
148

Reinforcement for floor 19-10-01:
149
b. Beam 20-11 and Beam 11-02
150
ROOF (section: 230mm x 450mm, d = 25mm)


= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
68.42 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast1 = 498.67 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm
Therefore, bf =
4200
6 + (6 x 110) + 230 = 1590 mm
151

= 0.36 x 20 x 1590 x 110 x (425 0.42 x 110)
= 477.02 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
59.13 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 425 x (1- 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast2 = 423.4 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
d' 25
Consider d = 425 = 0.05
Mu - Mulimit (140.51 - 114.66) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=181.97 mm2
353 x (425 - 25)
sc
To find Ast1:
Mulimit = 0.87 x fy x Ast1 x d x (1 -
fy x Ast1
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast1
114.66 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast1 = 932 mm2
152
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 355 x 181.97
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 178.92 mm2
y
Ast3 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 932 + 178.92 = 1110.4 mm2
At support (Ast4):
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
d' 25
Consider d = 425 = 0.05
Mu - Mulimit (199.51 -11 4.66) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=597.46 mm2
353 x (425 - 25)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
114.66 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast1 = 932 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 355 x 597.46
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =587.45 mm2
y
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 923 + 587.45 = 1518.93 mm2
153

l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
Therefore, bf =
5887
6 + (6 x 110) + 230
= 1871.17 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1871.16 x 110 x (425 0.42 x 110)
= 561.37 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast5
118.5 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast5 x 425 x (1- 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast5 = 973.38 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (425)2 = 114.66 x 106 N-mm = 114.66 KN-m
d' 25
Consider d = 425 = 0.05
154

Mu - Mulimit (158.81 - 114.66) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=310.85 mm2
355 x (425 - 25)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
114.66 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 425 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 425 )
Ast1 = 932 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 355 x 310.85
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 =305.64 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 932 + 305.64 = 1237.12 mm2

At left support:
v=
Vu
91.76 x 103
2
=
b x d 230 x 425 = 0.94 N/mm
Ast = 498.67 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 498.67

b x d = 230 x 425 = 0.51
155

Pt
0.5
0.48
0.51
0.75
0.56
Therefore,
c=
0.56-0.48
0.48 + 0.75-0.5 x (0.51-0.5) = 0.483 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (91.76 x 103) (0.483 x 230 x 425)

= 44546.75N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
44546.75
= 346.29mm >300mm

Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
= 51419.84N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)
156

At middle support:
Vu
112.78 x 103
2
=
=
v
bxd
230 x 425 = 1.15 N/mm

Ast = 1110.4 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1110.4

b x d = 230 x 425 = 1.14

Pt
1.00
0.62
1.15
1.25
0.67
Therefore,
c=
0.67-0.62
0.62 + 1.25-1 x (1.15-1.00) = 0.65 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (112.78 x 103) (0.65 x 230 x 425)

= 49242.5N
2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
157
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
49242.5
= 313.26mm < 300mm

Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
= 51419.84N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
144.11 x 103
2
=
=
v
bxd
230 x 425 = 1.47 N/mm
Ast = 1598.13 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1598.13

b x d = 230 x 425 = 1.64

Pt
1.50
0.72
1.64
1.75
0.75
158
Therefore,
c=
0.72 +
Therefore,
0.75-0.72
x (1.64 1.5) = 0.74 N/mm2
1.75-1.5
>
c,
cbd
= (144.11 x 103) (0.74 x 230 x 425)

= 71775N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
71775
= 214.92mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 210

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 53.51mm <100.5mm (safe)

At right support:
Vu
135.28 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 425 = 1.38 N/mm
Ast = 1237.12 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x1237.12

b x d = 230 x 425 = 1.27
159

Pt
1.25
0.67
1.27
1.5
0.72
Therefore,
c=
0.72-0.67
0.67 + 1.5-1.25 x (1.27-1.25) = 0.674 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (135.28 x 103) (0.674 x 230 x 425)

= 69396.5N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 425

=
Vus
69396.5
= 222.28mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 220

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 56.06mm <100.5mm (safe)
160
FLOOR (Section: 230mm x 600mm, d = 50mm)


= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
75.53 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 407.61 mm2
161

l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm
Therefore, bf =
4200
6 + (6 x 120) + 230
= 1650 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1590 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 712.23 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
71.71 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast2 = 385.5 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
162

Mu - Mulimit (228.89 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=208.86 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 208.86
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 201.21 mm2
y
Ast3 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 204.21 = 1409.53 mm2
At support (Ast4):
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (393.9 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=1143.76 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
163
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
Ast2 =
fsc x Asc 353 x 1143.76

=
= 1118.26 mm2
0.87 x fy
0.87 x 415
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 1118.26 = 2323.58 mm2

l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
Therefore, bf =
5887
6 + (6 x 120) + 230
= 1931.17 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1931.7 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 833.83 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
247.92 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast5 = 1751.94 mm2
164

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (315.93 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=701.76 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 701.76
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 686.11 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 686.11 = 1891.43 mm2
165

At left support:
Vu
109.8 x 103
2
=
=
v
b x d 230 x 550 = 0.87 N/mm

Ast = 407.61 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 407.61

b x d = 230 x 550 = 0.32

Pt
0.25
0.36
0.32
0.5
0.48
Therefore,
c=
0.48-0.36
0.36 + 0.5-0.25 x (0.32-0.25) = 0.4 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (109.8 x 103) (0.4 x 230 x 550)

= 59200N
166

2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
59200
= 337.21mm >300mm

Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
= 66543.32N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
152.94 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.21 N/mm
Ast = 1409.33 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1409.33

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.12
167

Pt
1.00
0.62
1.12
1.25
0.67
Therefore,
c=
0.67-0.62
0.62 + 1.25-1 x (1.12-1) = 0.65 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (152.94 x 103) (0.65 x 230 x 550)

= 70715N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
70715
= 282.3mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 280

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 71.35mm <100.5mm (safe)
168
At middle support:
Vu
292.34 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 2.31 N/mm

Ast = 2323.58 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 2323.58

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.84

Pt
1.75
0.75
1.84
2.00
0.79
Therefore,
c=
0.79-0.75
0.75 + 2-1.75 x (1.84-1.75) = 0.77 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (292.34 x 103) (0.77 x 230 x 550)

= 194935N
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
194935
= 160mm < 300mm
169

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 160

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 40.77mm <157.07mm (safe)

At right support:
Vu
275.05 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 2.18 N/mm

Ast = 1891.43 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1891.43

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.5

Pt
1.5
Therefore,
0.72
c=
0.72 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (275.05 x 103) (0.72 x 230 x 550)

= 183970N
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
170
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
183970
= 169.54mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 160

= 40.77mm2 <157.07mm2 (safe)
0.87 x 415

171
c. Beam 24-15 and Beam 15-06
172
ROOF Same as in case of roof 20-11-12

FLOOR:

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
95.08 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 523.81 mm2
l0
173
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm

Therefore, bf =
4200
6 + (6 x 120) + 230
= 1650 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1590 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 712.23 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
89.37 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast2 = 489.33 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (208.43 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=92.94 mm2
353
x
(550
50)
sc
174
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
Ast2 =
fsc x Asc 353 x 92.94

=
= 90.87 mm2
0.87 x fy
0.87 x 415
Ast3 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 90.87 = 1296.19 mm2

At support (Ast4):
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (280.82 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=503.08 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
175
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2

To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 503.08
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 491.86 mm2
y
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 491.86 = 1697.18 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
Therefore, bf =
5887
6 + (6 x 120) + 230
= 1931.17 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1931.7 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 833.83 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
166.85 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast5 = 1006.35 mm2
176
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm

= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (211.34 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=109.42 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 109.42
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 106.98 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 106.98 = 1312.3 mm2
177

At left support:
Vu
133.66 x 103
2
=
=
v
bxd
230 x 550 = 1.06 N/mm

Ast = 523.81 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 523.81

b x d = 230 x 550 = 0.42

Pt
0.25
0.36
0.42
0.5
0.48
Therefore,
c=
0.48-0.36
0.36 + 0.5-0.25 x (0.42-0.25) = 0.44 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (133.66 x 103) (0.44 x 230 x 550)

= 78000N
2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
78000
= 255.94mm <300mm
178

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 250

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 63.7mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
166.87 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.32 N/mm

Ast = 1296.19 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1296.19

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.03

Pt
1.00
0.62
1.03
1.25
0.67
Therefore,
c=
0.67-0.62
0.62 + 1.25-1 x (1.03-1) = 0.63 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (166.87 x 103) (0.63 x 230 x 550)

= 87175N
179
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
87175
= 229mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 220

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 56.05mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
200.56 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.59 N/mm

Ast = 1697.18 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1697.18

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.34

Pt
1.25
0.67
1.34
1.50
0.72
Therefore,
c=
0.72-0.67
0.67 + 1.5-1.25 x (1.34-1.25) = 0.69 N/mm2
180
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (200.56 x 103) (0.69 x 230 x 550)

= 113275N
2 x x 102
Asv =
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
113275
= 275.35mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 270

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 68.8mm <157.07mm (safe)

At right support:
Vu
185.35 x 103
2
=
=
v
bxd
230 x 550 = 1.47 N/mm
Ast = 1312.3 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1312.3

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1
181

Pt
1
0.62
Therefore,
c=
0.62 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (185.35 x 103) (0.62 x 230 x 550)

= 106920N
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
106920
= 291mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 290

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 73.9mm <157.07mm (safe)
182
183
d. Beam 25-16 and Beam 16-07
184
ROOF Same as 20-11-02

FLOOR:

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
85.69 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 467.34 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm
185
Therefore, bf =
4200
+ (6 x 120) + 230
6
= 1650 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1590 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 712.23 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
80.45 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast2 = 436.37 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (218.95 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=152.54 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
186
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 -
415 x Ast1
)
20 x 230 x 550
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2

To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 152.54
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 149.14 mm2
y
Ast3 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 149.14 = 1354.46 mm2
At support (Ast4):
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (343.47 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=858.03 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
187
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 858.03
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 838.9 mm2
y
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 838.9 = 2044.22 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
Therefore, bf =
5887
6 + (6 x 120) + 230
= 1931.17 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1931.7 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 833.83 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
210.5 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast5 = 1366.21 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
188

d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (268.55 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=433.56 mm2
353
x
(550
50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 433.56
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 423.9 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 423.9 = 1629.22 mm2

At left support:
189
v=
Vu
120.89 x 103
=
= 0.96 N/mm2
bxd
230 x 550
Ast = 467.34 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 467.34

b x d = 230 x 550 = 0.37

Pt
0.25
0.36
0.37
0.5
0.48
Therefore,
c=
0.48-0.36
0.36 + 0.5-0.25 x (0.37-0.25) = 0.42 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (120.89 x 103) (0.42 x 230 x 550)

= 67760N
2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
67760
= 294mm <300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
190
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 290

= 73.9mm2 <100.5mm2 (safe)
0.87 x 415

At middle support:
Vu
158.11 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.25 N/mm

Ast = 1354.46 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1354.46

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.07

Pt
1.00
0.62
1.07
1.25
0.67
Therefore,
c=
0.67-0.62
0.62 + 1.25-1 x (1.07-1) = 0.634 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (158.11x 103) (0.634 x 230 x 550)

= 77909N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
191
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
77909
= 256.24mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 250

= 63.7mm2 <100.5mm2 (safe)
0.87 x 415

At middle support:
Vu
251.1 x 103
2
=
=
v
b x d 230 x 550 = 2 N/mm

Ast = 2044.2 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 2044.2

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.62

Pt
1.5
0.72
1.62
1.75
0.75
Therefore,
c=
0.75-0.72
0.72 + 1.75-1.5 x (1.62-1.5) = 0.73 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
192
cbd
= (251.1 x 103) (0.73 x 230 x 550)

= 158755N
2 x x 102
Asv =
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
158755
= 196.5mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 190

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 48.41mm <157.07mm (safe)

At right support:
Vu
234.86 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.86 N/mm
Ast = 1629.22 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1629.22

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.29

Pt
1.25
0.67
193
1.29
1.5
0.72
Therefore,
c=
0.72-0.67
= 0.67 + 1.5-1.25 x (1.29-1.25) = 0.68 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (234.86 x 103) (0.68 x 230 x 550)

= 148840N
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
148840
= 209.56mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 200

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 50.96mm <157.07mm (safe)
194
Reinforcement for roof 25-16-07
195
e. Beam 26-17 and Beam 17-08
196

FLOOR:

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
73.1 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 393.52 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm
197
Therefore, bf =
4200
+ (6 x 120) + 230
6
= 1650 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1590 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 712.23 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
68.48 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast2 = 366.94 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
To find Ast3:
fy x Ast3
ck
185.08 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast3 x 550 x (1 -
415 x Ast3
)
20 x 230 x 550
Ast3 = 1148.33 mm2

At support (Ast4):
198

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (297.26 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=596.22 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 596.22
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 582.93 mm2
y
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 582.93 = 1788.25 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
199
Therefore, bf =
5887
+ (6 x 120) + 230
6
= 1931.17 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1931.7 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 833.83 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
183.9 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast5 = 1138.82 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (234.45 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=240.36 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
200
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 -
415 x Ast1
)
20 x 230 x 550
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2

To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 240.36
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 235 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 235 = 1440.32 mm2

At left support:
v=
Vu
101.13 x 103
2
=
bxd
230 x 550 = 0.8 N/mm
Ast = 393.52 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 393.52

b x d = 230 x 550 = 0.31

Pt
0.25
0.36
0.31
0.5
0.48
201
Therefore,
c=
0.36 +
Therefore,
0.48-0.36
x (0.31-0.25) = 0.39 N/mm2
0.5-0.25
>
c,
cbd
= (101.13 x 103) (0.39 x 230 x 550)

= 51795N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
51795
= 385.42mm >300mm

Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
= 66543.32N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44 mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
131.2 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.04 N/mm
202
Ast = 1148.33 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1148.33

b x d = 230 x 550 = 0.91

Pt
0.75
0.56
0.91
1.00
0.62
Therefore,
c=
0.62-0.56
0.56 + 1-0.75 x (0.91-0.75) = 0.6 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (131.2x 103) (0.6 x 230 x 550)

= 55300N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
55300
= 361mm > 300mm

Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
= 66543.32N
sv
300
203
Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44 mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
v=
Vu
218.47 x 103
=
= 1.73 N/mm2
bxd
230 x 550
Ast = 1788.25 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1788.25

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.42

Pt
1.25
0.67
1.42
1.5
0.72
Therefore,
c=
0.72-0.67
0.67 + 1.5-1.25 x (1.42-1.25) = 0.71 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (218.47 x 103) (0.71 x 230 x 550)

= 128655N
2 x x 102
Asv =
= 157.07mm2
4
204
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
128655
= 242.5mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 240

= 61.16mm2 <157.07mm2 (safe)
0.87 x 415

At right support:
Vu
204.57 x 103
2
=
=
v
bxd
230 x 550 = 1.62 N/mm

Ast = 1400.32 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1400.32

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.11

Pt
1.00
0.62
1.11
1.25
0.67
Therefore,
c=
0.67-0.62
= 0.62 + 1.25-1.00 x (1.11-1.00) = 0.64 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
205
cbd
= (204.57 x 103) (0.64 x 230 x 550)

= 123610N
2 x x 102
Asv =
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
123610
= 252.33mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 250

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 63.7mm <157.07mm (safe)

206
f. Beam 27-18 and Beam 18-09
207

FLOOR:

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
101.22 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 561.43 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 6000 = 4200 mm
208
Therefore, bf =
4200
+ (6 x 120) + 230
6
= 1650 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1590 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 712.23 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
70.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast2 = 377.38 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
To find Ast3:
fy x Ast3
ck
166.06 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast3 x 550 x (1 -
415 x Ast3
)
20 x 230 x 550
Ast3 = 1000.42 mm2

At support (Ast4):
209

= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (288.45 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=546.31 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
415 x Ast1
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 - 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2
To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 546.31
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 534.13 mm2
y
Ast4 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 534.13 = 1739.45 mm2
l0
l0 = 0.7 x l = 0.7 x 8410 = 5887 mm
210
Therefore, bf =
5887
+ (6 x 120) + 230
6
= 1931.17 mm

= 0.36 x 20 x 1931.7 x 120 x (550 0.42 x 120)
= 833.83 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Ast:
415 x Ast2
160.42 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast2 x 550 x (1- 20 x 230 x 550 )
Ast5 = 958.56 mm2
= 0.138 x 20 x 230 x (550)2 = 192.027 x 106 N-mm
= 192.027 KN-m
d' 50
Mu - Mulimit (257.96 - 192.027) x 106
Asc = f x (d - d') =
=373.56 mm2
353 x (550 - 50)
sc
To find Ast1:
fy x Ast1
ck
211
192.027 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast1 x 550 x (1 -
415 x Ast1
)
20 x 230 x 550
Ast1 = 1205.32 mm2

To find Ast2:
fsc x Asc 353 x 373.56
Ast2 = 0.87 x f = 0.87 x 415 = 365.23 mm2
y
Ast6 = Ast1 + Ast2 = 1205.32 + 365.23 = 1570.55 mm2
At left support:
v=
Vu
119.94 x 103
2
=
bxd
230 x 550 = 0.95 N/mm
Ast = 561.43 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 561.43

b x d = 230 x 550 = 0.44

Pt
0.25
0.36
0.44
0.5
0.48
Therefore,
c=
0.48-0.36
0.36 + 0.5-0.25 x (0.44-0.25) = 0.45 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
212
cbd
= (119.94 x 103) (0.45 x 230 x 550)

= 63015N
2 x x 82
Asv =
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
63015
= 316.8mm >300mm

Vus =
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
= 66543.32N
sv
300

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44 mm <100.5mm (safe)

At middle support:
Vu
138.8 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.1 N/mm
Ast = 1000.42 mm2

Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1000.42

b x d = 230 x 550 = 0.79
213

Pt
0.75
0.56
0.79
1.00
0.62
Therefore,
c=
0.62-0.56
0.56 + 1-0.75 x (0.79-0.75) = 0.57 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (138.8x 103) (0.57 x 230 x 550)

= 66695N
Asv =
2 x x 82
= 100.53mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550

=
Vus
66695
= 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 300

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 76.44 mm <100.5mm (safe)
214
At middle support:
Vu
208.4 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.65 N/mm

Ast = 1739.5mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1739.5

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.38

Pt
1.25
0.67
1.38
1.5
0.72
Therefore,
c=
0.72-0.67
0.67 + 1.5-1.25 x (1.38-1.25) = 0.7 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (208.4 x 103) (0.7 x 230 x 550)

= 119850N
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
119850
= 260.25mm < 300mm
215

Asv
0.4
b x Sv 0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 260

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 66.25mm <157.07mm (safe)

At right support:
Vu
200.33 x 103
2
v=
b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.58 N/mm

Ast = 1570.5 mm2
Consider Pt =
100 xAst 100 x 1570.5

b x d = 230 x 550 = 1.24

Pt
1.00
0.62
1.24
1.25
0.67
Therefore,
c=
0.67-0.62
= 0.62 + 1.25-1.00 x (1.24-1.00) = 0.67 N/mm2
Therefore,
>
c,
cbd
= (200.33 x 103) (0.67 x 230 x 550)

= 115575N
216
Asv =
2 x x 102
= 157.07mm2
4
Therefore,
0.87 x fy x Asv x d 0.87 x 415 x 157.07 x 550

=
Vus
115575
= 269.87mm < 300mm

Asv
0.4
b x Sv
0.87 x fy
Asv =
0.4 x 230 x 260

2
2
0.87 x 415 = 66.25mm <157.07mm (safe)

217
5. DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Since the loads and moments in the three columns in a frame are different. Each of the
Column is required to be designed separately. However, when entire building is to be
designed, there will be a number of other columns along with each of the above columns to
form a group.
Since exact values of Pu and Mu are known for all storeys for all columns, the column
section will be designed using exact method using charts and tables. Charts are useful for any
which of column. It is advisable to have curves plotted of Pu-Mu for standard sections
normally used in building design to avoid calculations.
All the columns are subjected to axial loads and uni-axial bending. They will be
designed to resist Pu and Mu for bending @ x-axis which is the major axis.
For frame 19-10-01:
Columns are C19 at left end, C10 at middle and C01 at right end of the frame.
The moments and axial forces are calculated in analysis of frames and design of
beams. We have transverse frames and in these frames the plinth level transverse beams are
absent and longitudinal beams are present at the plinth level.
In each level the types of loads are:
1. Max shear from transverse beams
2. Shear from longitudinal beams
3. Self weight of columns.
But in plinth level shear from transverse beams is absent. We have only two values at the
plinth level
Section: 230mm x 600mm
Cover (d) = 50mm
Minimum eccentricity (ex,min) =
unsupported length lateral dimension

+
or
500
30
= 20mm
218
Pu Load acting on the column

Mux,min = ex,min x Pu
MuD = Maximum (Mu, Mux,min)
fck x b x D
= 20 x 230 x 600 = 2760000N = 2760 KN
fck x b x D2 = 20 x 230 x (600)2 = 1676 x 106 N-mm = 1676 KN-m

219
For Column 19:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
3050
26.1
102.83
64.85
2.68
64.85
5-4
2900
25.8
271.485
53.27
53.27
4-3
2900
25.8
440.14
53.27
11.36
53.27
3-2
2900
25.8
608.795
53.27
15.71
53.27
2-1
2900
25.8
777.45
53.27
20.06
53.27
1- Plinth
4900
29.8
946.11
53.27
28.19
53.27
Plinth
29.8
982.185
29.27
29.27
Footing
By the help of SP16, chart no:32,

Pu
MuD
From f x b x D and f x b x D2
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck
Where p is the percentage of steel reinforcement

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.04
0.04
0.015
0.3
5-4
0.1
0.03
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.16
0.03
0.01
0.2
3-2
0.22
0.03
0.01
0.2
2-1
0.28
0.03
0.01
0.2
1- Plinth
0.34
0.03
0.01
0.2
Plinth Footing
0.36
0.02
0.01
0.2
But from Is 456-2000, P48, Clause 26.5.3.1 (a)

The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than
0.8% nor more than 6% of the gross cross-sectional area (b x D) of the column.
220
Therefore, provide P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
No. of bars of 16mm bars = x (16)2 = 5.49 say 6 bars
Therefore provide 6 bars of 16mm bars.
Design of lateral ties:
1. Should not be less than 6mm
1
1
2. 4 x diameter of max main steel bar = 4 x 16 = 4mm
Maximum of two values =6mm.
But in the recent construction the usage of 6mm bars is outdated. Therefore consider
minimum 8mm dia bars.
Design of pitch:
1. Least lateral dimension = 230mm
2. 16 x diameter of main steel bar = 16 x 16 = 256
3. 300mm
Minimum of the above values is considered.
Therefore, provide 8mm bars @230mm c/c.
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1104
6 bars of 16mm
Plinth footing
1104
6 bars of 16mm
221
For Column 10:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
3050
26.1
202.61
89.7
5.29
89.70
5-4
2900
25.8
583.35
81.6
15.05
81.60
4-3
2900
25.8
964.09
81.6
24.87
81.60
3-2
2900
25.8
1344.83
81.6
34.70
81.60
2-1
2900
25.8
1725.57
81.6
44.52
81.60
1- Plinth
4900
29.8
2106.31
81.6
62.77
81.60
29.8
2136.1
63.66
63.66
Plinth
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.4
5-4
0.21
0.05
0.02
0.4
4-3
0.35
0.05
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.49
0.05
0.04
0.8
2-1
0.63
0.05
0.08
1.6
1- Plinth
0.76
0.05
0.12
2.4
Plinth Footing
0.77
0.04
0.12
2.4
But from Is 456-2000, P48, Clause 26.5.3.1 (a)

The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than
0.8% nor more than 6% of the gross cross-sectional area (b x D) of the column.
222

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
For P = 1.6%
Ast =
1.6
x 230 x 600 = 2208 mm2
100
4 x 2208
No. of bars of 20mm bars = x (20)2 = 7 bars
Therefore provide 8 bars of 20mm bars. (Each side 4bars)
For P = 2.4%
2.4
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 3312 mm2
4 x 3312
No. of bars of 25mm bars = x (25)2 = 6.75 bars say 8 bars
1
1
2. 4 x diameter of max main steel bar = 4 x 25 = 6.25mm say 8mm
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
223

No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
2208
8 bars of 20mm
1-Plinth
3312
8 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
3312
8 bars of 25mm
For Column 01:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
3050
26.1
133.97
136.67
3.50
136.67
5-4
2900
25.8
383.39
122.6
9.89
122.60
4-3
2900
25.8
632.81
122.6
16.33
122.60
3-2
2900
25.8
882.23
122.6
22.76
122.60
2-1
2900
25.8
1131.65
122.6
29.20
122.60
1- Plinth
4900
29.8
1381.07
122.6
41.16
122.60
Plinth
29.8
1430.66
42.63
42.63
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck
224
Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.05
0.08
0.02
0.4
5-4
0.14
0.07
0.02
0.4
4-3
0.23
0.07
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.32
0.07
0.04
0.8
2-1
0.41
0.07
0.04
0.8
1- Plinth
0.50
0.07
0.06
1.2
Plinth Footing
0.52
0.03
0.06
1.2
Provide min P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
For P=1.2%
1.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1656 mm2
4 x 1656
1
1
Design of pitch:
225

3. 300mm
Therefore, provide 8mm bars @230mm c/c
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1656
6 bars of 20mm
Plinth footing
1656
6 bars of 20mm
226
For frame 20-11-02:

Cover (d) = 50mm

+
or
500
30
= 20mm
227
fck x b x D
= 20 x 230 x 600 = 2760000N = 2760 KN

For Column 20:
To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
137.01
68.42
3.53
68.42
5-4
2750
25.5
315.59
37.77
8.05
37.77
4-3
2750
25.5
494.17
37.77
12.60
37.77
3-2
2750
25.5
672.75
37.77
17.16
37.77
2-1
2750
25.5
851.33
37.77
21.71
37.77
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
1029.91
37.77
30.38
37.77
Plinth
29.5
1091.71
32.21
32.21
Footing
By the help of SP16, chart no: 32,

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.11
0.02
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.18
0.02
0.01
0.2
3-2
0.24
0.02
0.01
0.2
2-1
0.31
0.02
0.01
0.2
1- Plinth
0.37
0.02
0.01
0.2
Plinth Footing
0.40
0.02
0.01
0.2
228

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1104
6 bars of 16mm
Plinth footing
1104
6 bars of 16mm
229
For Column 11:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
279.26
93.54
7.20
93.54
5-4
2750
25.5
806.49
108.74
20.57
108.74
4-3
2750
25.5
1307.98
108.74
33.35
108.74
3-2
2750
25.5
1809.47
108.74
46.14
108.74
2-1
2750
25.5
2310.96
108.74
58.93
108.74
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
2812.45
108.74
82.97
108.74
29.5
2861.68
84.42
84.42
Plinth
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.10
0.06
0.02
0.4
5-4
0.29
0.07
0.02
0.4
4-3
0.47
0.07
0.06
1.2
3-2
0.66
0.07
0.1
2-1
0.84
0.07
0.16
3.2
1- Plinth
1.02
0.07
0.2
Plinth Footing
1.04
0.05
0.2
For P less than 0.8, Provide P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
230
No. of bars of 16mm bars =
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P = 1.2%
1.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1656 mm2
4 x 1656
No. of bars of 20mm bars = x (20)2 = 5.27, say 6 bars
For P = 2%
2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2760 mm2
4 x 2760
For P = 3.2%
3.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 4416 mm2
4 x 4416
For P = 4%
4
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 5520 mm2
4 x 5520
231

1
1
Design of pitch:
2. 16 x diameter of main steel bar = 16 x 25 = 400 mm
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1656
6 bars of 20mm
3-2
2760
6 bars of 25mm
2-1
4416
10 bars of 25mm
1-Plinth
5520
12 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
5520
12 bars of 25mm
232
For Column 02:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
180.53
155.8
4.66
155.80
5-4
2750
25.5
551.39
153.37
14.06
153.37
4-3
2750
25.5
922.25
153.37
23.52
153.37
3-2
2750
25.5
1293.11
153.37
32.97
153.37
2-1
2750
25.5
1663.97
153.37
42.43
153.37
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
2034.83
153.37
60.03
153.37
Plinth
29.5
2123.66
62.65
62.65
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.07
0.09
0.04
0.8
5-4
0.20
0.09
0.04
0.8
4-3
0.33
0.09
0.06
1.2
3-2
0.47
0.09
0.08
1.6
2-1
0.60
0.09
0.1
1- Plinth
0.74
0.09
0.14
2.8
Plinth Footing
0.77
0.04
0.16
3.2
For P = 0.8%
0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
233
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P=1.2%
1.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1656 mm2
4 x 1656
For P=1.6%
1.6
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2208 mm2
4 x 2208
For P = 2%
2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2760 mm2
4 x 2760
For P = 2.8%
2.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 3864 mm2
4 x 3864
234
For P = 3.2%
3.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 4416 mm2
4 x 4416
1
1
Design of pitch:
2. 16 x diameter of main steel bar = 16 x 25 = 400mm
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1656
6 bars of 20mm
3-2
2208
6 bars of 25mm
2-1
2760
6 bars of 25mm
1-Plinth
3864
8 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
4416
10 bars of 25mm
235
For frame 24-15-06:

Cover (d) = 50mm

+
or
500
30
= 20mm
236
fck x b x D
= 20 x 230 x 600 = 2760000N = 2760 KN

For Column 24:
To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
137.01
68.42
3.53
68.42
5-4
2750
25.5
339.45
47.54
8.66
47.54
4-3
2750
25.5
541.89
47.54
13.82
47.54
3-2
2750
25.5
744.33
47.54
18.98
47.54
2-1
2750
25.5
946.77
47.54
24.14
47.54
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
1149.21
47.54
33.90
47.54
Plinth
29.5
1211.01
35.72
35.72
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.12
0.03
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.20
0.03
0.01
0.2
3-2
0.27
0.03
0.01
0.2
2-1
0.34
0.03
0.01
0.2
1- Plinth
0.42
0.03
0.01
0.2
Plinth Footing
0.44
0.02
0.01
0.2
237

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1104
6 bars of 16mm
Plinth footing
1104
6 bars of 16mm
238
For Column 15:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
279.26
93.54
7.20
93.54
5-4
2750
25.5
702.9
63.86
17.92
63.86
4-3
2750
25.5
1126.54
63.86
28.73
63.86
3-2
2750
25.5
1550.18
63.86
39.53
63.86
2-1
2750
25.5
1973.82
63.86
50.33
63.86
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
2397.46
63.86
70.73
70.73
29.5
2446.69
72.18
72.18
Plinth
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
fck From chart
P (%)
Roof 5
0.10
0.06
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.25
0.04
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.41
0.04
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.56
0.04
0.06
1.2
2-1
0.72
0.04
0.1
1- Plinth
0.87
0.04
0.16
3.2
Plinth Footing
0.89
0.04
0.16
3.2

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
239
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P = 1.2%
1.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1656 mm2
4 x 1656
For P = 2%
2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2760 mm2
4 x 2760
For P = 3.2%
3.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 4416 mm2
4 x 4416
1
1
240
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1656
6 bars of 20mm
2-1
2760
6 bars of 25mm
1-Plinth
4416
10 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
4416
10 bars of 25mm
For Column 06:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
180.53
155.8
4.66
155.80
5-4
2750
25.5
461.69
103.08
11.77
103.08
4-3
2750
25.5
742.85
103.08
18.94
103.08
3-2
2750
25.5
1024.01
103.08
26.11
103.08
2-1
2750
25.5
1305.17
103.08
33.28
103.08
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
1586.33
103.08
46.80
103.08
Plinth
29.5
1675.16
49.42
49.42
Footing
241

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.07
0.09
0.04
0.8
5-4
0.17
0.06
0.02
0.4
4-3
0.27
0.06
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.37
0.06
0.02
0.4
2-1
0.47
0.06
0.04
0.8
1- Plinth
0.57
0.06
0.08
1.6
Plinth Footing
0.61
0.03
0.08
1.6
For P = 0.8% and P <0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P=1.6%
1.6
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2208 mm2
4 x 2208
1
1
242

Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
2208
6 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
2208
6 bars of 25mm
243
For frame 25-16-07:

Cover (d) = 50mm

+
or
500
30
= 20mm
244
fck x b x D
= 20 x 230 x 600 = 2760000N = 2760 KN

For Column 25:
To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
137.01
68.42
3.53
68.42
5-4
2750
25.5
326.68
42.84
8.33
42.84
4-3
2750
25.5
516.35
42.84
13.17
42.84
3-2
2750
25.5
706.02
42.84
18.00
42.84
2-1
2750
25.5
895.69
42.84
22.84
42.84
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
1085.36
42.84
32.02
42.84
Plinth
29.5
1147.16
33.84
33.84
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.12
0.03
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.19
0.03
0.01
0.2
3-2
0.26
0.03
0.01
0.2
2-1
0.32
0.03
0.01
0.2
1- Plinth
0.39
0.03
0.02
0.4
Plinth Footing
0.42
0.02
0.02
0.4
245
For P < 0.8%, Provide P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1104
6 bars of 16mm
Plinth footing
1104
6 bars of 16mm
246
For Column 16:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
279.26
68.42
7.20
68.42
5-4
2750
25.5
744.68
42.84
18.99
42.84
4-3
2750
25.5
1210.1
42.84
30.86
42.84
3-2
2750
25.5
1675.52
42.84
42.73
42.84
2-1
2750
25.5
2140.94
42.84
54.59
54.59
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
2606.36
42.84
76.89
76.89
29.5
2655.59
78.34
78.34
Plinth
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.10
0.04
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.27
0.03
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.44
0.03
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.61
0.03
0.08
1.6
2-1
0.78
0.03
0.12
2.4
1- Plinth
0.94
0.05
0.18
3.6
Plinth Footing
0.96
0.05
0.18
3.6

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
247
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P = 1.6%
1.6
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2208 mm2
4 x 2208
For P = 2.4%
2.4
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 3312 mm2
4 x 3312
For P = 3.6%
3.6
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 4968 mm2
4 x 4968
1
1
248
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
2208
6 bars of 25mm
2-1
3312
8 bars of 25mm
1-Plinth
4968
12 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
4968
12 bars of 25mm
For Column 07:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
180.53
155.8
4.66
155.80
5-4
2750
25.5
511.2
130.75
13.04
130.75
4-3
2750
25.5
841.87
130.75
21.47
130.75
3-2
2750
25.5
1172.54
130.75
29.90
130.75
2-1
2750
25.5
1503.21
130.75
38.33
130.75
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
1833.88
130.75
54.10
130.75
Plinth
29.5
1922.71
56.72
56.72
Footing
249

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.07
0.09
0.04
0.8
5-4
0.19
0.08
0.02
0.4
4-3
0.31
0.08
0.04
0.8
3-2
0.42
0.08
0.06
1.2
2-1
0.54
0.08
0.08
1.6
1- Plinth
0.66
0.08
0.12
2.4
Plinth Footing
0.70
0.03
0.12
2.4
For P < 0.8%, Provide P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P=1.2%
1.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1656 mm2
4 x 1656
For P=1.6%
1.6
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2208 mm2
250
4 x 2208
= 4.5 say 6 bars
x (25)2

For P = 2.4%
2.4
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 3312 mm2
4 x 3312
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
251
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1656
6 bars of 20mm
2-1
2208
6 bars of 25mm
1-Plinth
3312
8 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
3312
8 bars of 25mm
252
For frame 26-17-08:

Cover (d) = 50mm

+
or
500
30
= 20mm
253
fck x b x D
= 20 x 230 x 600 = 2760000N = 2760 KN

For Column 26:
To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
137.01
68.42
3.53
68.42
5-4
2750
25.5
306.92
36.55
7.83
36.55
4-3
2750
25.5
476.83
36.55
12.16
36.55
3-2
2750
25.5
646.74
36.55
16.49
36.55
2-1
2750
25.5
816.65
36.55
20.82
36.55
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
986.56
36.55
29.10
36.55
Plinth
29.5
1048.36
30.93
30.93
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
fck From chart
P (%)
Roof 5
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.11
0.02
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.17
0.02
0.01
0.2
3-2
0.23
0.02
0.01
0.2
2-1
0.30
0.02
0.01
0.2
1- Plinth
0.36
0.02
0.01
0.2
Plinth Footing
0.38
0.02
0.01
0.2
254
For P < 0.8%, provide P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1104
6 bars of 16mm
Plinth footing
1104
6 bars of 16mm
255
For Column 17:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
279.26
68.42
7.20
68.42
5-4
2750
25.5
685.14
36.55
17.47
36.55
4-3
2750
25.5
1091.02
36.55
27.82
36.55
3-2
2750
25.5
1496.9
36.55
38.17
38.17
2-1
2750
25.5
1902.78
36.55
48.52
48.52
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
2308.66
36.55
68.11
68.11
29.5
2357.89
69.56
69.56
Plinth
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
fck From chart
P (%)
Roof 5
0.10
0.04
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.25
0.02
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.40
0.02
0.01
0.2
3-2
0.54
0.02
0.04
0.8
2-1
0.69
0.03
0.1
1- Plinth
0.84
0.04
0.14
2.8
Plinth Footing
0.85
0.04
0.14
2.8

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
256
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P = 2%
2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2760 mm2
4 x 2760
For P = 2.8%
2.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 3864 mm2
4 x 3864
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
257
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
2760
6 bars of 25mm
1-Plinth
3864
8 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
3864
8 bars of 25mm
For Column 08:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
2900
25.8
180.53
155.8
4.66
155.80
5-4
2750
25.5
480.91
113.98
12.26
113.98
4-3
2750
25.5
781.29
113.98
19.92
113.98
3-2
2750
25.5
1081.67
113.98
27.58
113.98
2-1
2750
25.5
1382.05
113.98
35.24
113.98
1- Plinth
4750
29.5
1682.43
113.98
49.63
113.98
Plinth
29.5
1771.26
52.25
52.25
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck
258
Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.07
0.09
0.04
0.8
5-4
0.17
0.07
0.02
0.4
4-3
0.28
0.07
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.39
0.07
0.04
0.8
2-1
0.50
0.07
0.06
1.2
1- Plinth
0.61
0.07
0.1
Plinth Footing
0.64
0.03
0.1
For P = 0.8%
0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
For P=1.2%
Ast =
1.2
x 230 x 600 = 1656 mm2
100
4 x 1656
For P = 2%
2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2760 mm2
4 x 2760
259
2.
1
1
x diameter of max main steel bar = x 25 = 6.25mm say 8mm
4
4

Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1656
6 bars of 20mm
1-Plinth
2760
6 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
2760
6 bars of 25mm
260
For frame 27-18-09:

Cover (d) = 50mm

+
or
500
30
= 20mm
261
fck x b x D
= 20 x 230 x 600 = 2760000N = 2760 KN

For Column 27:
To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
3050
26.1
102.83
64.85
2.68
64.85
5-4
2900
25.8
265.825
50.61
6.86
50.61
4-3
2900
25.8
428.82
50.61
11.06
50.61
3-2
2900
25.8
591.815
50.61
15.27
50.61
2-1
2900
25.8
754.81
50.61
19.47
50.61
1- Plinth
4900
29.8
917.805
50.61
27.35
50.61
Plinth
29.8
953.88
28.43
28.43
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.10
0.03
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.16
0.03
0.01
0.2
3-2
0.21
0.03
0.01
0.2
2-1
0.27
0.03
0.01
0.2
1- Plinth
0.33
0.03
0.01
0.2
Plinth Footing
0.35
0.02
0.01
0.2
262
For P < 0.8, provide P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1104
6 bars of 16mm
Plinth footing
1104
6 bars of 16mm
263
For Column 18:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
3050
26.1
202.61
89.7
5.29
89.70
5-4
2900
25.8
586.58
86.44
15.13
86.44
4-3
2900
25.8
970.55
86.44
25.04
86.44
3-2
2900
25.8
1354.52
86.44
34.95
86.44
2-1
2900
25.8
1738.49
86.44
44.85
86.44
1- Plinth
4900
29.8
2122.46
86.44
63.25
86.44
29.8
2152.25
64.14
64.14
Plinth
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck

Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.2
5-4
0.21
0.05
0.01
0.2
4-3
0.35
0.05
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.49
0.05
0.04
0.8
2-1
0.63
0.05
0.08
1.6
1- Plinth
0.77
0.05
0.14
2.8
Plinth Footing
0.78
0.04
0.14
2.8

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
264
4 x 1104
= 5.49 say 6 bars
x (16)2

For P = 1.6%
1.6
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 2208 mm2
4 x 2208
For P = 2.8%
2.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 3864 mm2
4 x 3864
1
1
Design of pitch:
3. 300mm
265
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
2208
8 bars of 20mm
1-Plinth
3864
8 bars of 25mm
Plinth footing
3864
8 bars of 25mm
For Column 09:

To find MuD:
Storey
Length
ex,min (mm)
Pu (KN)
(mm)
Mux (KN-
Mux,min
m)
(KN-m)
MuD
Roof 5
3050
26.1
133.97
136.67
3.50
136.67
5-4
2900
25.8
390.87
128.22
10.08
128.22
4-3
2900
25.8
647.77
128.22
16.71
128.22
3-2
2900
25.8
904.67
128.22
23.34
128.22
2-1
2900
25.8
1161.57
128.22
29.97
128.22
1- Plinth
4900
29.8
1418.47
128.22
42.27
128.22
Plinth
29.8
1468.06
43.75
43.75
Footing

Pu
MuD
ck
ck
P
Plot the f
ck
266
Storey
Pu
fck x b x D
MuD
fck x b x D2
P
From chart
fck
P (%)
Roof 5
0.05
0.08
0.04
0.8
5-4
0.14
0.08
0.02
0.4
4-3
0.23
0.08
0.02
0.4
3-2
0.33
0.08
0.04
0.8
2-1
0.42
0.08
0.04
0.8
1- Plinth
0.51
0.08
0.06
1.2
Plinth Footing
0.53
0.03
0.06
1.2
Provide min P = 0.8%

0.8
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1104 mm2
4 x 1104
For P=1.2%
1.2
Ast = 100 x 230 x 600 = 1656 mm2
4 x 1656
1
1
Design of pitch:
267

3. 300mm
No. of bars:
Storey
Ast (mm2)
No.of bars:
Roof-5
1104
6 bars of 16mm
5-4
1104
6 bars of 16mm
4-3
1104
6 bars of 16mm
3-2
1104
6 bars of 16mm
2-1
1104
6 bars of 16mm
1-Plinth
1656
6 bars of 20mm
Plinth footing
1656
6 bars of 20mm
268
6. DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
In this design of footing, the loads are known from the column analysis. The working load is
used for the footing design than the ultimate load. Footing is a member through which the
load of the superstructure is transferred to the sub soil. Therefore the safe bearing capacity is
the main factor in design of footings. From the information provided and conducting test on
sub soil, it is decided that the Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) of the soil is 250 KN/m2.
Therefore the footing is isolated rectangular sloped footing. The slope is provided to decrease
the amount of concrete in the construction which results into an economic construction.
From the analysis of frames and columns, we considered 6 frames and each frame
consists of 3 footings so totally 18 footings are to be designed. But in this project we design
the most critical any 3 footings based on the load carried are selected and the design of
remaining footings follow the same.
Footing F19:
Steel
: Fe415
Concrete
: M20
Column
: 230mm x 600mm (bmm x Dmm)
Load from column

Working load (P)
(Pu)
: 982.185 KN
:
982.185
1.5 = 654.79 KN
Self weight of footing : 10% of Pu

SBC of soil
: 250 KN/m2
1.1 x P
1.1 x 654.79
Area of footing (Af) : SBC of soil =
= 2.88 m2
250
D-b 600 - 230
Consider, 2 =
= 185 mm
2
Length of footing (Lf) = 185mm + ((185)2 + 2.88 x 106 ) = 1892.11
say 1900mm
269
Breadth of footing (Bf) =
Af 2.88 x 106
=
= 1515.79 say 1550 mm
Lf
1900
Area of footing provided = Lf x Bf = 2000 x 1520 = 2.95 x 106 = 2.95 m2

Pu 982.185
Wu = A = 2.95 = 332.95 KN/m2
f
X1 =
Lf - D 1900 - 600
= 650 mm
2 =
2
Y1 =
Bf - b 1550 - 230
= 660 mm
2 =
2
Depth of footing for 2-way bending:

Mux =
Wu x Bf x X12 332.94 x 1.550 x (0.65)2

=
= 109.02 KN-m
2
2
Muy =
Wu x Lf x Y12 332.94 x 1.9 x (0.66)2

=
= 137.78 KN-m
2
2
Therefore, max bending moment = Mu = 137.78 KN-m
270
b' = b + 2 x e = 230 + 2 x 50 = 330 mm

D' = D + 2 x e = 600 + 2 x 50 = 700 mm
Clear cover = 50mm
Assume 10mm bars
10
d'x = 50 + 2 = 55mm
d'y = 50 + (3 x
10
)= 65mm
2
271
Depth of foundation:
(Df)x =
109.02 x 106
+ d'x = 0.138 x 20 x 330 + 55 = 400.97 mm
(Df)y =
137.78 x 106
+ d'y = 0.138 x 20 x 700 + 65 = 332.05 mm
Therefore, maximum (Df) = 400.97 mm say 450mm

Therefore dx = 450 55 = 395mm
dy = 450 65 = 385mm
Provide Df,min = 150mm
df,min ( x-direction) = 150 - 55 = 95mm
df,min ( y-direction) = 150 - 65 = 85mm
272
273
Check for two way shear:

dy
Consider a section 2 from the face of the column.
dy dy
L2 = D + 2 + 2 = 600 + 385 = 985 mm
dy dy
B2 = b + 2 + 2 = 230 + 385 = 615 mm
dy
( 2 - 50)
d2 = Df (Df Df,min) x
d'y
(X1 - 50)
385
( 2 - 50)
= 450 (450 150) x (650 - 50) 65 = 313.75 mm
Area of resisting shear (A2) = 2 x(L2 + B2) x d2
= 2 x (985 + 615) x 313.75
= 1004000 mm2
Shear strength of concrete for two way:
uc2 = ks x uc
where, uc = 0.25 x fck = 0.25 x 20 = 1.12 N/mm2
ks = (0.5 + c) < 1 else =1
b 230
c = D = 600 = 0.385
therefore, ks = (0.5 + c) = 0.5 + 0.385 = 0.885 <1
ks = 0.885
uc2 = ks x uc = 0.885 x 1.12 = 0.99 N/mm2
Internal load carrying capacity (Vuc2) = 1004000 x 0.99 = 993960 N
= 993.96 KN
274
External load (VuD2) = Wu x (Lf x Bf L2 x B2)

= 332.94 x (1.900 x 1.550 0.985 x 0.615)
= 778.82 KN
Therefore, Vuc2 > VuD2 (SAFE)
Design of Steel mesh:
fy x Astx
Mux = 0.87 x fy x Astx x dx x (1- f x b' x d )
ck
x
415 x Astx
109.02 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx x 395 x (1- 20 x 330 x 395 )
Astx = 890.72 mm2
No. of 10mm bars =
4 x 890.74
x 102 = 11.34 say 12 bars
fy x Astx
Muy = 0.87 x fy x Asty x dy x (1- f x D' x d )
ck
y
415 x Astx
137.78 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx x 385 x (1- 20 x 700 x 385 )
Asty = 1081.2 mm2
No. of 10mm bars =
4 x 1081.2
x 102 = 13.77 say 14 bars
Check for one way shear:

Consider a section at distanced from the face of column
(dy- 50)
d1 = Df (Df Df,min) x (Y - 50) d'y
1
(385- 50)
= 450 (450 150) x (660 - 50) 65 = 220.24 mm
L1 = D + 2 x dy = 600 + 2 x 385 = 1370 mm
275
Area resisting shear (A1) = (Lf x Dy,min) + (d1 Dy,min) x (
Lf + L1
)
2
= (1900 x 150) + (220.24 150) x (

= 399842.4 mm2
Asty = 14 bars of 10mm dia = 1099.56 mm2
Pt =
100 x Asty 100 x 1099.56

= 399842.4 = 0.28
A1
From IS456-2000, P73, Table 19

c (N/mm2)
P
0.25
0.36
0.28
0.50
0.48
(0.48 - 0.36)
c = 0.36 + (0.5 - 0.25) x (0.28 0.25) = 0.38 N/mm2
Internal shear resisting capacity =
0.38 x 399842.4
= 151.94 KN
1000
External shear = Wu x Lf x (Y1 dy)

= 332.94 x 1.900 x (0.660 385)
= 173.96 KN
Internal shear resisting capacity < External Shear (NOT SAFE)
Increase the depth.
load
Shear = area
173.96 x 103
0.38 =
A1
276
1900 + 1370
)
2
A1 =457789.47 mm2
To calculate d1:
A1 = (Lf x Dy,min) + (d1 Dy,min) x (
457789.47 = (1900 x 150) + (d1 150) x (
Lf + L1
2 )
1900 + 1370
)
2
d1 = 255.68 mm
Footing F11:
Load from column
Working load (P)
(Pu)
: 2861.68 KN
:
2861.68
1.5 = 1907.79 KN

SBC of soil
: 250 KN/m2
1.1 x P
1.1 x 1907.79
= 8.4 m2
250
D-b 600 - 230
Consider, 2 =
= 185 mm
2
say 3100mm
Af 8.4 x 106
Breadth of footing (Bf) = L = 3100 = 2709.67 say 2725 mm
f
Pu 2861.68
Wu = A = 8.45 = 338.66 KN/m2
f
X1 =
Lf - D 3100 - 600
= 1250 mm
2 =
2
Y1 =
Bf - b 2725 - 230
= 1247.5 mm
2 =
2
277

Wu x Bf x X12 338.66 x 2.725 x (1.25)2
Mux =
=
= 720.98 KN-m
2
2
Muy =
Wu x Lf x Y12 338.66 x 3.1 x (1.2475)2

=
= 816.92 KN-m
2
2

b' = b + 2 x e = 230 + 2 x 50 = 330 mm
D' = D + 2 x e = 600 + 2 x 50 = 700 mm
Clear cover = 50mm
Assume 16mm bars
16
d'x = 50 + 2 = 58 mm
16
d'y = 50 + (3 x 2 ) = 74 mm
(Df)x =
720.98 x 106
+ d'x = 0.138 x 20 x 330 + 58 = 947.71 mm
(Df)y =
816.92 x 106
+ d'y = 0.138 x 20 x 700 + 74 = 724.26 mm

Therefore dx = 1000 58 = 942 mm
dy = 1000 74 = 926 mm
df,min ( x-direction) = 150 - 58 = 92 mm
df,min ( y-direction) = 150 - 74 = 76 mm
278

dy
dy dy
L2 = D + 2 + 2 = 600 + 926 = 1526 mm
dy dy
B2 = b + 2 + 2 = 230 + 926 = 1156 mm
dy
( 2 - 50)
d2 = Df (Df Df,min) x
d'y
(X1 - 50)
926
( 2 - 50)
= 1000 (1000 150) x (1250 - 50) 74 = 633.45 mm
= 2 x (1526 + 1156) x 633.45
= 3.4 x 106 mm2
uc2 = ks x uc
ks = (0.5 + c) < 1 else =1
b 230
c = D = 600 = 0.385
Therefore, ks = (0.5 + c) = 0.5 + 0.385 = 0.885 <1
ks = 0.885
uc2 = ks x uc = 0.885 x 1.12 = 0.99 N/mm2
Internal load carrying capacity (Vuc2) = 3.4 x 106 x 0.99 = 3.37 x 106 N
= 3370 KN
279

= 338.66 x (3.1 x 2.725 1.526 x 1.156)
= 2263.41 KN
fy x Astx
Mux = 0.87 x fy x Astx x dx x (1- f x b' x d )
ck
x
415 x Astx
720.98 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx x 942 x (1- 20 x 330 x 942 )
Astx = 2555.91 mm2
No. of 16mm bars =
4 x 2555.91
x 162 = 12.71 say 13 bars
fy x Astx
ck
y
415 x Astx
816.92 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx x 926 x (1- 20 x 700 x 926 )
Asty = 2671.98 mm2
No. of 16mm bars =
4 x 2671.98
x 162 = 13.29 say 14 bars

(dy- 50)
1
(926- 50)
= 1000 (1000 150) x (1247.5 - 50) 74 = 304.21 mm
L1 = D + 2 x dy = 600 + 2 x 926 = 2452 mm
280
Lf + L1
)
2
= (3100 x 150) + (304.21 150) x (

= 893086 mm2
Pt =
100 x Asty 100 x 2814.87

=
= 0.32
A1
893086

c (N/mm2)
P
0.25
0.36
0.32
0.5
0.48
(0.48 - 0.36)
c = 0.36 + (0.5 - 0.25) x (0.32 0.25) = 0.4 N/mm2
0.4 x 893086
= 357.23 KN
1000

= 338.66 x 3.1 x (1.2475 0.926)
= 337.53 KN
Internal shear resisting capacity > External Shear (SAFE)
Footing F07:
Load from column
Working load (P)
(Pu)
: 1922.71 KN
:
1922.71
1.5 = 1281.81 KN

281
3100 + 2452
)
2
SBC of soil
: 250 KN/m2
1.1 x P
1.1 x 1281.81
= 5.64 m2
250
D-b 600 - 230
Consider, 2 =
= 185 mm
2
say 2575mm
Af 5.64 x 106
Breadth of footing (Bf) = L =
2575 = 2190.29 say 2200 mm
f
Pu 1922.71
Wu = A = 5.665 = 339.4 KN/m2
f
X1 =
Lf - D 2575 - 600
= 987.5 mm
2 =
2
Y1 =
Bf - b 2200 - 230
= 985 mm
2 =
2

Mux =
Wu x Bf x X12 339.4 x 2.2 x (0.9875)2

=
= 364.06 KN-m
2
2
Wu x Lf x Y12 339.4 x 2.575 x (0.985)2

Muy =
=
= 423.97 KN-m
2
2
b' = b + 2 x e = 230 + 2 x 50 = 330 mm
D' = D + 2 x e = 600 + 2 x 50 = 700 mm
Clear cover = 50mm
Assume 12mm bars
12
d'x = 50 + 2 = 56 mm
282
d'y = 50 + (3 x
12
) = 68 mm
2
(Df)x =
364.06 x 106
+ d'x = 0.138 x 20 x 330 + 56 = 688.23 mm
(Df)y =
423.97 x 106
+ d'y = 0.138 x 20 x 700 + 68 = 536.45 mm

Therefore dx = 700 56 = 644 mm
dy = 700 68 = 632 mm
df,min ( x-direction) = 150 - 56 = 94 mm
df,min ( y-direction) = 150 - 68 = 82 mm
dy
dy dy
L2 = D + 2 + 2 = 600 + 632 = 1232 mm
dy dy
B2 = b + 2 + 2 = 230 + 632 = 862 mm
dy
( 2 - 50)
d2 = Df (Df Df,min) x (X - 50) d'y
1
632
( 2 - 50)
= 700 (700 150) x (987.5 - 50) 68 = 475.95 mm
283

= 2 x (1232 + 862) x 475.95
= 1993278.6 mm2
uc2 = ks x uc
ks = (0.5 + c) < 1 else =1
b 230
c = D = 600 = 0.385
therefore, ks = (0.5 + c) = 0.5 + 0.385 = 0.885 <1
ks = 0.885
uc2 = ks x uc = 0.885 x 1.12 = 0.99 N/mm2
Internal load carrying capacity (Vuc2) = 1993278.6x 0.99 = 1973345.814N
= 1973.35 KN
= 339.4 x (2.575 x 2.2 1.232 x 0.862)
= 1562.27 KN
Mux = 0.87 x fy x Astx x dx x (1-
fy x Astx
)
fck x b' x dx
415 x Astx
364.06 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx x 644 x (1- 20 x 330 x 644 )
Astx = 1929.08 mm2
284
No. of 12mm bars =
4 x 1929.08
= 17.1 say 18 bars
x 122
fy x Astx
ck
y
415 x Astx
423.06 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx x 632 x (1- 20 x 700 x 632 )
Asty = 2051.42 mm2
No. of 12mm bars =
4 x 2051.42
x 122 = 18.13 say 19 bars

(dy- 50)
1
(632- 50)
= 700 (700 150) x (985 - 50) 68 = 289.65 mm
L1 = D + 2 x dy = 600 + 2 x 632 = 1864 mm
Lf + L1
2 )
= (2575 x 150) + (289.65 150) x (

= 696203.175 mm2
Pt =
100 x Asty 100 x 2148.84

= 696203.175 = 0.31
A1
285
2575 + 1864
)
2

c (N/mm2)
P
0.25
0.36
0.31
0.5
0.48
(0.48 - 0.36)
c = 0.36 + (0.5 - 0.25) x (0.31 0.25) = 0.39 N/mm2
0.39 x 696203.175
= 271.52 KN
1000

= 339.4 x 2.575 x (0.985 0.632)
= 308.51 KN
Internal shear resisting capacity < External Shear (NOT SAFE)
Increase the depth.
load
Shear = area
0.39 =
308.51 x 103
A1
A1 =791051.28 mm2
To calculate d1:
A1 = (Lf x Dy,min) + (d1 Dy,min) x (
791051.28 = (2575 x 150) + (d1 150) x (
Lf + L1
2 )
2575 +1864
)
2
d1 = 332.38 mm
286
7. DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors of a
building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various floors
of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration. In a residential
house, the staircase may be provided near the main entrance. In a public building, the stairs
must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally, to provide quick accessibility to
the principal apartments. All staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.
Various types of Staircases
Straight stairs
Dog-legged stairs
Open newel stair
Geometrical stair
RCC design of a Dog-legged staircase
In this type of staircase, the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The two
flights in plan are not separated by a well. A landing is provided corresponding to the level at
which the direction of the flight changes.
Dimensions:
B x L x H = 2820mm x 6000mm x 3350mm
Assume, Rise = 150mm
Tread = 300mm
sec =
(150)2+(300)2
= 1.12
300
3350
No. of risers = 150 = 22.33 say 22
287
Provide 11 + 11.
For flight-1: 11 and for Flight-2: 11
Going = 11 x treads = 11 x 300 = 3300mm
Total width of landings = 6000 3300 = 2700 mm
Therefore, width of landing at each end = 1350 mm
288
Design of Flight -1:

Type: One way single span simply supported inclined slab
Span (L): 3300 + 1350 = 4650mm
Trail Depth:
From IS456-2000, P39, Clause 24 & Clause 23.2 for Simply supported span we have
Span
L
Effective depth = d = 20
ra = 20 x 1.4 = 28
4750
Therefore, D = 28 + 20 = 189.65mm say 200 mm
289
Loads:
Self weight of slab (inclined) = 25 x D x sec
= 25 x 0.2 x 1.12
= 5.6 KN/m2
Weight of steps
25 x rise x sec 25 x 0.15 x 1.1

=
2
2
= 2.09 KN/m2
Live load
= 5 KN/m2
Floor Finish
= 1 KN/m2
Total Load (W) = 13.69 KN/m2

Ultimate load (Wu) = 1.5 x 13.69 = 20.54 KN/m2
Wu x L2 20.54 x (4.65)2
Design moment (Mu) = 10 =
= 44.41 KN-m
10
Mu,limit = 0.138 x fck x b x d2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x (180)2
= 89.42 x 106 N-mm = 89.42 KN-m
Mu < Mu,limit
Main steel:
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1 -
fy x Ast
)
fck x b x d
415 x Ast
44.7 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 180 x (1 - 20 x 1000 x 180 )
Ast = 753.21 mm2
ast x 1000
1000
= 4 x 122 x 753.21 = 150.15mm
Ast
290

Distribution steel:
Ast
= 0.12% of Ag
0.12
= 1000 x 200 x 1000 = 240 mm2.
1000
Spacing of 8mm bars = 4 x 82 x 240 = 209.44mm
Design of flight-2:
Same as design of flight-1.
291
8. CONCLUSION
The complete details and the necessity of the Multi-Storeyed building have been
explained in the introduction part. Live loads and dead loads are taken into consideration and
analysis is done manually. Manual analysis comprises of load distribution of slabs on to
beams and calculation of bending moment and shear force by any approximate method.
Analysis of frames is done by the substitute frame method and is furnished in the
introduction part. With the help of moment distribution method the moments carried at each
joints are known.
The design method adopted is limit state method. The bending moments obtained from
chapter 4 are used in calculating the area of steel in each frame section. The percentage of
steel obtained by limit state method is minimum as mentioned in limit state method of IS
456-2000.
Design of columns and footings are done depending on the load acting on them.
This project explains the basic concept behind the software. With the help of any software
we can do this analysis within no time but the basic thing is to know the concept behind it.
The same result can be achieved using the software like Staad-Pro. The wind load and
seismic analysis can be included for the future extension of the project.
292
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
I.
II.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures by A. K. Jain

The code books referred for this project are:
IS 456:2000 (reinforced concrete for general building construction)
IS 875, part 1, 1987(dead loads for building and structures)
IS 875, part 2, 1987(imposed loads for buildings and structures)
SP 16 (design aids for IS 456)
293

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1.

Roof Slab and

Design of roof slab:

d1 = Centre of the reinforcement to the end fibre (= 20mm for slab)

Self weight of the slab

Live loads (From IS875 Part 2):

Total load (W) = 2.5 +2.75 + 1.5 = 6.75 KN/m2

Calculation of area of steel:

9.42 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 90 x (1 -

Ast = 312.4 mm2

Therefore, Provide 8mm @ 150mm c/c.

Design of Roof slab S2:

Design of Roof Slab S3 is same as Roof Slab S1.

Total Load acting on the support (Wu) = 10.125 KN/m

Area of steel at any other interior support:

Design of Floor Slab:

Toilet and WCs

Office sup dept.

Office chamber and waiting chamber

DESIGN OF FLOOR SLAB (S1):

d1 = Centre of the reinforcement to the end fibre (= 20mm for slab)

Effective depth (d) = D d1 = 120 20 = 100mm

Self weight of the slab

Calculation of area of steel:

Spacing of 10mm bars =

Therefore, Provide 10mm @ 130mm c/c.

DESIGN OF FLOOR SLAB (S2):

Self weight of the slab

Live loads (From IS875 Part 2):

Therefore, Maximum load

For Partition wall

Total load (W) = 5 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 10.5 KN/m2

Spacing of 8mm bars =

Therefore, Provide 8mm @ 300mm c/c.

Area of steel at support next to end support (between S1 and S2):

Effective depth (d) = D d1 = 120 20 = 100mm

Self weight of the slab

Live loads (From IS875 Part 2):

For Partition wall

Total load (W) = 5 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 10.5 KN/m2

Calculation of area of steel:

Spacing of 8mm bars =

Therefore, Provide 8mm @ 300mm c/c.

Area of steel at any other interior support: (Between S2 and S3)

Total Load acting on the support (Wu) =

Effective depth (d) = D d1 = 120 20 = 100mm

Self weight of the slab

Live loads (From IS875 Part 2):

For Partition wall

Total load (W) = 5 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 10.5 KN/m2

Calculation of area of steel:

Area of steel at any other interior support: (Between S3 and S4)

Effective depth (d) = D d1 = 120 20 = 100mm

Self weight of the slab

Live loads (From IS875 Part 2):

For Partition wall

Total load (W) = 2 + 4 +3 + 1 + 1.5 = 11.5 KN/m2

13.372 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 Ast

Area of steel at any other interior support: (Between S4 and S5 (a))

12.79 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 100 x (1 -

Ast = 385 mm2

Effective depth (d) = D d1 = 120 20 = 100mm

Self weight of the slab