Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Analog and Digital Communication Lab 1 (5th term,

10TL)
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Amplitude Modulation Objective: To have hands-on practice performing Amplitude Modulation Equipment: DC Power supply (726 86) CF transmitter 20 KHz (736 201) CF receiver 20 KHz (736 211) Function generator Oscilloscope Bridging plugs and cables Theory: Modulation: When speaking of modulation, one generally refers to the conversion of a modulation signal into time function with altered characteristics using carrier signal. The message signal influences a parameter of the carrier in a suitable fashion. Either harmonic oscillations or pulse trains are used as carrier signals. If, a harmonic carrier is used with the form: SC(t) = Ac cos(2fc t+ ), then the message signal can have an effect either on the amplitude Ac, the carrier frequency fc or the zero phase angle . The effects result in the analog modulation i.e. 1. Amplitude modulation 2. Frequency modulation 3. Phase modulation Amplitude modulation: In amplitude modulation (AM), the momentary value of the message signal has an immediate effect on the amplitude of the carrier oscillation Sc(t). This takes place in a modulator.

Description of modules:

Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology

CF transmitter 20 KHz (736 201) The training panel contains the following components. 1. Input filter: The input filter sets the upper critical frequency limit of the modulating signal to fc=3.4 KHz. Gain in the band pass:+1. 2. Modulator M2: Product modulator with 2 freely accessible inputs: - Input for the modulating signal (LF-input) - Input for the carrier oscillation (RF input) .in addition, the carrier in the output signal of the modulator can be enabled or disabled using a toggle switch. (Carrier ON-OFF). 3. Channel filter CH2: The channel filter is needed for the generation of SSB-AM. It suppresses the lower sideband. The pass band range of approx. 20 KHz..30 KHz extends beyond the upper sideband. Gain in the pass band: +1. Both filters (1 and 3) are equipped with freely accessible inputs and outputs , which permits the recording of amplitude frequency responses. 4 Output summer: The output summer (4) has two inputs with gain levels +1. The component is used to linearly superimposed signal Components of the AM signal. At the output of summing unit you have at your disposal the complete AM signal, i.e. including any existing pilot tone or, in the case of FMUX operation the multiplex signal for transmission via the transmission channel. 5. Frequency division fo/8:

Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology

It is used to generate the carrier frequency of 20 KHz out of the pilot tone. The unipolar TTL signal is converted into a bipolar square wave signal with 4 Vpp in the TTL. 6, 7. Square-wave/sine converter: Conversion into a bipolar sine oscillation also with 4 Vpp is performed in the square wave. 8. Phase Shifter: The adjustable phase shifter phi=0-150 degree introduces a defined phase phase shift between the carrier on the modulator side (M2) and the auxiliary carrier on the demodulator side. The phase shifter permits the features of coherent demodulation to be examined. Furthermore, together with the CF transmitter 16 KHz (736 211) it is able to generate quadrature modulation. 9. The quartz oscillator: It generates the primary master clock pulse, symmetrical square wave TTL with a frequency of 160 KHz.

Procedure:
Follow the steps given below. Connect power supply (726 86) +15V & 0V & -15V using bridging plugs. Connect the input signal of 2 KHz and 2V from function generator to the input of the CF transmitter. Also connect the input to the Ch1 of oscilloscope and observe. The signal passes through input filter, later using bridging plugs connect it to the modulation M2. Now we need to generate a carrier signal; the carrier signal is generated from the quartz oscillator of 160 KHz, to reduce the frequency to 20 KHz the signal through frequency division (5). From (5) the signal passes from two blocks; one from digital; output and other from analog output. Choose any . Connect the chosen block to the modulator. Since the two signals have reached the modulator, now take the output and connect it to channel2 of oscilloscope. Turn on ch1 and ch2 both on oscilloscope and press the auto set button and observer the output Connect the one channel of oscilloscope to the out put of the modulator and observe the AM modulated wave.

Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology

Measure Emax and Emin and Ec at different voltages of input signal which is generated by function generator.

Modulation index= (Emax - Emin) / (Emax + Emin) Input Voltage 2V 4V 20V Emax Emin Modulation index

Answer the following Q:1 Name the reasons for performing modulation. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Q: 2 When modulating signal voltage is higher than carrier voltage then what the signal is called? Attach the output of that signal _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Attach the out output when modulation index is 0.5 and 1