o

Office Lighting os et Ferfcrmsnee-Atfecting Foctor

This book et is a condensation of many comp ex sublects, with an exam inat on ol off ce visua tasks. ghling economics, recommended ght ng eve s visua comfort, equiPanenl, syslem des gn and applicalion photographs. There is a reierence
o o.ogropr\ or l'p rr.idF bd(r ' ovo lor lhose seek ng lurther detai s on
.

spec f c sublects

I
I

I
\-\ \\ \\

I t

:aI

i:

'

.,--: ''

-'t

\''"""-'-

-&r**-

Office lighting os o performonce-offecting foclor cont.

PRODUCTIVI-TY AND THE OFFICE WORKER
The fact that most office jobs include

conslderable visual work has made "'ra-v redlize that .r.p.oveo I ghtrng is one way to increase worker efficiency. Th s ls borne out by research nto v sual perlormance and by productivity improvements resulting lrom lighting improvernent in offices. There are also recent examples of reduced productivity ln offices where ighting has been reduced. lf increasing illuminat on to recommended leve s is found to make visua work eas er and quicker to perform, then an economic assessment of the cost of th s method s
possible. This consists of a comparison between the costs of the lncreased llghting and the increased value of the olfice operating at a higher rate of product v ty. These typically indicate that the cost difference between adequate and inadequate ighting rnay be less than 1/2 01 1y. ot ialal ofilce cost and that the productiv ty qained through improved light ng may easlly be as much as 10 t mes this much. A significant part of the content of this publ cation is a c ose examlnat on of the relationship between ghting and productivity.

Services and Supples

Furniture
and

Equipment

Lighting

OFFICE COSTS: PEOPLE. LIGHTING AND ENERGY

Contemporary thought on the subject ighting ls weighed toward reduc ng the amount oi I ght to reduce energy usage and cost. There are a number of places in offlce bulldings and many operating procedures whereby t may be possible to save energy and reduce dollars in the ighting system. However.

Total

$ 110.00

of

'edLL

can lead to productiv ty osses that rnay lrcrease costs and energy use in the long run There are several methods to reduce energy use and cost

'g illurr:'alio'or vicual a-ts

lhat can be mple.nented without red!clng llghtlng level. For some oif ces with sub-standard ighting it may, in fact, be best to ncrease I ur.ination to achieve the goal of
PRODUCTIVITY OF KEYPUNCH OPERATORS
COST ANALYSIS BASED ON TIME FEOUIREO TO PEFFORM WORK WHEN LIGHTING IS FEDUCED FFOM 150 TO 50 FOOTCANDLES,

lower total cost; that is, to have the present work load carried by fewer people, or to handle an expanding work load without having to ncrease the nurnber of peop e. Re ative to the major cost ncLrrred in office operations-the cost of people and relat ve to the second largest oifice cost-the space tself-the cost of ighting is a smal contributor. What th s breakdown means s that. il you are now emp oying a ight leve of 100 looludno e, on leorheas tas",
and believe you can save money by reducing to 50, it ls unlikely that an overall savings will be achieved. n fact, t is more ikely that such an 'economy rnove" will cost rather than save rnoney To use an ustrat on based on average cost figures, you are probab y paying about 450 Per square loot per year for e ectrlcity and amp replacernent and c eaning. Cornbined w th about 350 lor an amortized lighting insta lation cost. the approximate total cost of lght for 100 footcandles is B0o sq. ft./yr. if you were to cut your ex sting I ght level in half, you would first of a be cutt ng only the 450 portion which represents operaling cost: you would be trimming 220 from the total B0C

light cost. The impact of this reduct on on lhe $1 10 00/sq. ft./yr. total oll ce cosl is 10 trim it down to $109.78 per square foot annua y, a reduction in cost of 0.2 of 1%, with the potent a] for requirlng rnuch h gher costs to compensate ior a loss in productivity. Studies documented later in the text show that cutt no ioht has reduced p.ooucriv ty as much a" 28o.. S rppo. rnq lhal a 10oo p'oouuliv ly o-5 - e\pe ienced, the net effect is a loss: the off ce .05' .cpresc_l:19 salar e" ard wages , $91 , which a 10% product vity drop wou d increase to $99.10 to pay for the people needed to produce the same work, bringing the total to $1 17.88 sq. ft./yr., nc uding the llght ng savings. The $9.10 productiv ty loss does not account for any of the cost of additional space or equipment required to hand e the workload
reduc ng lehl nq on tasks by one'half owers prodLrcl v ty by on y 1ol., the result is counter-productive. -Lere are olL er wdv\ lo rodLce I g^' rg cost which do not require a reduct on n lighting, and these will be presented
11

cost FoR FELAiIVE SAME TOTALCOSTTOTAL NET TIME FOR WOFK OF LIGHT COST FC WORK FI /YR) 150 1.000 $ 91 00 50 1 136 103 38 1238
50 FCs produces A

LABOF

saME {$/so.

fet loss ol $11.53 per sq fi./year st!dy ol keypunch perlormance show,ad an ncreas ol 13.6o1, in the time requ red to perform

FT./YR) FT_/YF.) $ 1 20 $ 92.20 0 40 103.78 +080 11.58

{$/sa.

the sam work when I ghling was reducd from I50 to 50 fooicandLes Using labor cosl only,

o..'pgda,g boll e ollLe.o.\'rre

dv,q. i

ght ng cosls s tar ouiweighed by the additlona abor cost Ior a nel oss of 12.6%

4 ($11.s8 - $92 20)

0FHCE
MEASURES OF PRODUCTIVITY
The managerial factors determining job satisfactlon and productivity- such as sLoervi(ion lne wo'( qroup. iob corlptl waocs and oromolrond, OOOOrlun[teS d e *"1 \Towr lo Personle axperls T,re lealures wnich rlllLerce ""'i'...enlal producriurlv nclJoe o"ice layoul color a" leve , privdcy 'L'1ish ngs "o terroerature. l'Lr ditY a1d lig lti"rg gecar-se ot its rmoact on dn office .pu"u, I qhling ray oe lhF leasl expFnsive

C(}STS PER

1l(lUR

5l'
E
490
WAGIS- CI.IRICAt WORKIRS
U.S,

h ll I | I I I I | I I I | I
I I I I I t

o e 3i
CL

DEPI OF LABOR

(t, 4 2!o

r""a.

ot imp'ov 1q Ihe of'ce elv ro'rn erl a,oa, s qnr'rLanlly. ll cd r 1ol only elhance rhe characrer or 'nlFrior spdce, but ol

o o

it p'ovrdes ll'e illumrnalio'] "o",.o neretsarv lor task oerformance.

li
0oo

INERGY.A\,IRAGI RATI l(W/ WoRl(iR) lOOic l50sq lr pe, worlier

(.5
.7

()f

5c

'60
lo
ight ng cosls are

'65
we

'70

IO
| I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | ] ,

:f#li:r"and
,n.," ne'

Productivitv

Wh e the cosls oi I ghling are unquesl onab y rlsing. salary and wage costs are ncreasing even laster Both the greaier magntude and lhe grealer rale ol increase of ofiice abor
costs lustrated when compared direct y on a dollar sca e

and oroduLliv t\ rn o'e erpe'ierce a Sociat SeL' i y Adf i\l ation op. alrolLa'conlinuousl) n onito ed o oo-cliv t) o' erical wor ke s. producliv lv d'oooed " whe'liqhl nareve was redJced 28" o. 00 footco'd es to aoo oii'.atP v 50 loolcand.es r30 too udnoleq in drew olacecr And en p oyeFs comp di^ed o' stra 'l dno Leaoacne. durino t*c 'i' "y" *.". ' o'lowe".iqhl lever. Becou-e n a-! add t ono \tuor kar\ \tuourd have lo he nir ed to handle the wor l- oad unoe tno,eo ,ced lovc of o oo-cl vrlv

are n rmerous slLdie. wh cr ooche relat o^.nio oet\ ee- .iohl ng

'nanaqerro-la.ked lhal ll'e o iqr^d ighl

prooJ.Iiv ly inc'eaSed lo we lova ll^p original production leve and gradual y .Pl . ned lo -orna as rhe ba.k og o'
work was dissipated. The task was a cler ca operation in which original quarter y report material on ernployee wage earnjngs was reconc ed with cornputer print out data. The material handled was usually typed, but
evet be resloroo a^d

was conducted by General Eleclric wilh overa I methodo ogy overseen and validated by a dislingu shed professor, Department of Physioloqy and Biophyslcs at the University of Oklahoma Col eqe of Medlc ne. ln the study, prod uct vlty dropped 1 2% when ight evel was owered from T 50 footcandles to 50 The reduction in product vity was measured by the number of keypunch cards processed per hour. n addlt on, reactlons oi the keypunch operators to reduced ight leve s were carefullv monitored by the superv sors and questionnaires given. None of the operators was sat sfied

average performance ncreased significant y at the higher illum nat on evels with performance being lowest at 50 fc for all workers. Productive

i--od

alelv arte

the ower ight level. There were numerous comp aints of headaches and d scom{ort. The operators rated the reduced light ng as belng less
w th

salis'aclo

son el .re ha'd wr'tlen Tf'eope'dlio_ nvolved 500 employees. A study was r.ade of the effects of I ght leve on computer keyPunch operator perforrnance, a repetitive task and one which ends itself to accurate techniques of measurement. The study

greater eye discomfort, and requir ng areater effort to perform their work. lf the test had run longer than 5 weeks, it is judged that employee mora e problems would have eventually developed. The economic mpllcat ons of thls study are shown in the tab e on
page 4.

''1ore'aligLing. paoou( ,ng

ln another study the product vlty of both older and younger exper enced c erical workers was rneasured under three levels of lllumlnation: 50. 100 and 150 fc. The cler cal task was a common office task which involved locating specific numbers on an nvoice. The

output increased by 5 percent aI10A lc and by 10 percenl at I50 fc. The older workers did nol perform as we as the younger workers, but had greater productivlty gains at higher Leve s. Analyzlng the economics ln a manner s rn lar to that on page 4, an increase from 50 to 100 lootcandles would thus result in an additional lighting cost of 350 a savings on abor cost of $4.50 lor a net savings of $4.15 per square foot per year. An increase lrom 50 to 150 lootcand es, on the basls oi the results of thls study. wou d result n a ighting cost ncrease ot 700 a abor cost savings ol $9. 12 for a net savings of $8.42 per square foot per year The suole(t vF reaulio'5 ol lhe \tuo'LPr' n thls study are shown on p. 6. Further, the reiationsh p is not lirnited to t rne rate of production, but extends to quality of work as well. n a univers ty studV of check ver f cation as miqhl be done n a bank, there was a measurab y ower rate of error with 100 footcandles ve-. Lr , 50 TFe la.,k involvpd -dl! h -q the amount on handwritten checks with the amount on a tape-written Listlng with noting those that did not rnatch.

Office lighting cs o performonce cffeciing foctor cont.

5.

Use non-un lorm ighting y/hen pract ca. Depend fg upon roorn ayout and tasks. operat ng cost reductions between 10% and 409'" can be achieved Not app cab e io h gh d ens ty work areas Provide flexib lity n sw lch ng uniform ce ng patterns of lumina r-^s to achieve non n form ight ng r-osults n the space. This perm ls changes lo be made n desk ocations and work layoLrl wilhout expens ve relocatlon of
L-r

lghtlng lixlures
Far Existing Lighling Systems 6. Use Watt-Miser or Walt fuliser I red!ced wattage 1 uorescent amps for a 14% reduct on in energy costs and a 109; reduct on n operat ng costs compared with slandard amps. F xture clean ng at the time oi group re amping will usua y ncrease eff ciency enough to compensate for the reduced ight output of slandard Watt N,4isers There s neg gib e lghl reductlon with Watt Mis-.r ll 7 Use gro!p relamplng to Teduce abor costs by about 80e;, total ghling operat ng costs by about 5:!. Use standard lile incandescent amps of the next ower waitage to replace lhe less effic enl long-life arnps The hlgher an-rp cost s moTe than offset by the reduced energy use lor a total operat ng cosl reduction of 10-259i. Use PAF or E iptica Refector(ER) lamps of about one-ha i the wattage to rep ace rel eclor f ood lamps in deep bafiled downlighls .e . 75-watt PAB38 or ER30 replaclng 150-wall R40 ilood: T 50-watt PAR38 or 1 20-wati ER40 replacll,]g 300-watt 300R f oodi 50-watt ER30 rep acing 75 walt R flood. Th s g ves about equal ghl Jrorn downlighls wih qrooved or bafiled openincts at an operat ng cost reduction ranging irom

One of

many.f'.-. op-.r:t o.5 recefl ! s!rveyec t. an. !ze mporta.l5ee.o tasks afd ielernr .e e!els ol !m nal on .eed-ad for ltrem A good .ofielal or was lou.d w th the ES reco rrm.nde.l eve l

Persona preferences, wh e subjeclive are an add t ona ind cator ol I ght ng needs. Light ng preference studies n E!rope sho\,\red most peop e preferred about 200 footcand es when the ighl ng was good q!al ty Another European study showed that most people n an ofl ce situation fe t that I ght nq was the rirost mportant among the severa env ronmenta factors
!e,r
cLERTCAL WORKEFS FEACTTONS TO L GHTINC LEVELS

l-ighting Preferences

t_L{_t M I

NATt O[,{ e0ST

REDUCTION Today t s not necessaT y trle lhat the o'', ^ .. o o o' g'lr ^g by redLrc ng the a.nount ol ghting
BecaLrse of many advances n amp and f xture des gn s, and in lighting techn qLres signiiicant econom es cen be gained in operat nq costs and energV

35',: lo

609b

0 Ways To Cut The eost W;thout Gutting The l*ight

Far New Or Replacenent Lighting Systems L Use ihe Mlax -N,4iser" sysiem wlih Watt-M ser' I amps and Max -Miser " I ba asts tor best ght nq economics 2. Replace incandescent downlighis in corridors and lobbies with luminaires for Ny'u ti Vapor. Lucalox or mercury lamps lo reduce operat ng cosl by
309'. to 60:1
3. Rap

'l

10

Use lower watiage reflector amps to replace standard incandescent bu bs in non rellector down ghts or open sockets where down ight ng s

1p6d6d

o ,.0-^a tq20

opd rgd

100-watt standard bu b Th s can mean an operat nq cost reduct on oi approx rnale y 309:. (Reduction percentages are based on electr city @ 4e per KWHFi relamp ng labor cost of $2 50 per amp Jor spoi rep acement: 3000 hours of operationiyr. and net lamp pr ces ) Add I ona cost saving rnelhods w be deta led n lhe secl on on lighting systerns p an n ing and mainlenance

.r:ca worker5 n the s1!dy d.scr bed on p 5 were ask-pd 1o rale the lhree rghl ng coni t o.s !nder wn ch they worked 50 I00 .nn I50 lootcand es o. a sca e ra'rq .q belvee. oparo! le cond I o.3 oi the eilorl lhey le I was expendea n do .rt the v s!al work nvo ved Tlre res! ts slrowea mprovemerl w lir ' .rhl no eve ncrea:e for a workers bL1 s qf i c:Lnt ! firore w th ol.ler !orker:
6

ser I amps and Max t\y' ser ll ba asts) to reduce operating costs by (Watt
N,

th

ae

d1das

N,4ax -N,4iser

.'rl g.1.ral ql-'i.lq

sysiem

I
A NOTE ON ENERGY
The energy consumed for use in lighting constrlutes about 5% of a lenergy used in the u.S. and is primarily generated by coa. a relatively p ent lul resource, p us some hyd ro and nuclear-generated eleclricity. Comparat vely litt e of the cr tical fue --raru'dl gds o. lre o is used to generate eleclric ly, and national policv now .a s for easrrg lh s oLt as soon as practical. Additionally, the heat irom a lighting system usual y supplies a signiiicant amount oi an office building's healing requirernents, reducing the use of fuel (generally, the crilical oil and gas) in ts heat ng system.

UTILIZING THE HEAT GENERATED BY LIGHTING EOUIPMENT

ln cold rnonths, build ngs can benefit

lrom ight ng heat even if they don't have

'eCove ) or tscal a di,_r bul O -re thermal energy irom ght flxtures s del vered d rectLy to the occupied space. and takes ihe place of heat lrom the build ng's heating system by simply prevent ng the thermostat from call ng ior as much heat. ln rnultl-story b uild ngs a heat re-d stribution systern will e iminate the simu taneOus rejection of heat frort a refrigeration system and r' a r eq -t p^le-l lo, l-pal .. orr a nc,^ source ior parts of a build ng. Summert me coo ing has the addit onal oad of ighting heat. But the cost of cool ng the ight ng load s often p, ,hdn r- a co. be-el r o, I. e hadr -g fue it replaces n the winter. To ease the coo ing oad of the ightlng. heat transfer f xtures that retuTn roorn air across the arnps can pick up about 50% of the ghting heat to reduce cooling a r vo Lrmes requ red for the occupled space. Llght ng n the average U S c mate suppl es build ng heat with an energy content about 4 t mes qreater than its oad on coo ing
a special y des gned system for heat

The oifice environment exists on y to assist in accomp ish ng the tasks of off ce workers and there are many variables which can either maxim ze or minimize the product vity oi off ce workers. One oithese s I qhtlnq L ghting which s effective y used as a stimulus can mean . fewer see ng errors . no discorrfort lrom excessive

IN SUMMARY .

..

anore pleasant surroLrndings pro onged productive see ng . . and the results of these can mean:

. . . . . . . . .

right n ess

conservat on of huanan energy faster see ng

better morale better hoLrsekeep ng

less absentee sm
fatig ue

.less

better q uallty work less em ployee turnover . . wh ch n turn. rneans greater off ce product vity System des gn ng to reduce power
used for illLrmination begins w th an Lrnderstandinq of the cornplex subiect of seeing task. ight ng qua ity and visual perception by the worker. all covered n the fo low ng section.

The Need for Light

THE OFFICE SEEING TASK
The two prirnary factors affectlng the

LIGHTING ACCORDING TO THE TASK

By categorlzing tasks accord ng to how

need lor quant ty of light are the difficu ty of the task and its mPortance Tasr oifl c u ty iq .rlo\l allF.led b\ contrast and slze of detail. To have contrast. the deta I of a see ng task must differ in luminance or in color lrom its background; when contrast is greatest,

dilficult they are to see and to how critical they are to the office operat on

visibility is at maxim urn.

-ta-od d<. can b. dava oped lo ligLI .o pract ce which relate to overa I office productivity. Here are illur.inal on levels on tasks as recommended in the ''Arnerlcan National Standard Practice for Off ce Lighting sponsored and pub ished by the lllurninating Eng neering Society of North Amerlca.
n applying the recomrnended levels of mination, three m portant considerations are necessarY: I The level s a minimurn on the task. Wilh unilorm llghting. illu mlnation
lu

ol prp*r rs do drrk.rrd col6rs. Id.rt;licrtion t:!tr !l$ b. ob' th{ un: oi a Br}ored blrd r.rosr lllr ioD

oi ilBd.q !l arir aaxir,-'l dnsrs$ tlwld lx k.,, to xloi,l ihlr u$ are lik.lt to li.k ottd(ii! dlrd hare Lisl,t ri!t; ol .olor a,e su{rcienl lor ot irnrs od ,iecd noi al!

falls ofi near wal s and in the corners. Proper lixture ocat on wil m n m ze this eflect (see Page I3) L ght eve will also dimin sh due to grad!al dirt accurnulat on on f xtures and amPS and normal lamp lighl depreciation This wil be

To

usrrate the eflect oi contrast on lhe abi ilv 1o see. th s block or type s shaae'i at one edqe to srmu ate the effects ol poor q!alilv ol characters (, e poor oilice machine copies the rlrth carbon copy of a bus ness torrn. a worn-orl r bbo. n the tvpewr ter penciled longhand an.i shonhand .oles

2.

minimized w th ProPer rnalntenance (see Page I B) The leve is in Equ valent SPhere L rm ndlon tor ',-l Papcr .ec ^q tasks (ESl) ESI s a way of restating tne leve of

visib lity. ln other words, it s a qualitative as wel as quantltative measure. taklng nto accounl both the specular (mlrror ike) reflections and the amount of light on the task. The lghting quality wh ch s the reference for ESI ls that of an indirectlY lighted he.nisphere putting Light on the task Since ofJice interiors are not hem spherica , the ESI lootcandLes wil almost alwaYS differ from actual footcandles. A more detailed exp anation of ES appears Jater in this booklet 3. Aging also reduces transm ss on of I ght through the lens and oPtical humors of the eye, reducing v slbil ty of the task. Most research findings on which standards are based are conducted with co lege age subjects. lf your work force is predominant y older. a light level somewhat higher than normal y recommended should be deslgned into the system

illumination actual footcandles-in terms of real task

n the size of characters for both set type and handwr t ng. there is cons derabJe varlatlon. Aga n. as size increases v slb I ty lncreases

dies in dicate the d es irability .12-point tyPe for of this read in g over lo ng co ntin uo u s periods of tlme.
St
u

A^ioraor-e
polnt

is

8-poif1 lvpe nray be reqarded as re m nlnr!m siz-.lolerable Ior good readabilily

ThLs

l0

tdnoa d \patd P /6

Apart from the effects of contrast and size on seeing ability, the mportance of the task shou d be consldered when determ ning ighting levels: this has to do wlth the speed and accuracy of task performance lf an error s rnade n a cornpLrter operatlon. for example it could be multipl ed Severa times over The consequence of a rnlss ng digit or misplaced decimal po nt ln an insurance off ce can make a difference of ihorrsands ol do ars.

NOTES a Equrralenl sphe.e illul|llnatia. the level ol sphere !m nalion wh ch wo! d prod!ce 13sk !sb ly e.tuvaenl to thal prod!ced bv a speclc Lght'q envro'me'l See beow b M n m!m on the task al anv I me tor volnq adr ts w th normal and 'Jetl_'r than 2lr/3ll

c Footcan.ltes as .neas!r-ad w lh a ahl meler lralher llra. ES d Co.lro ab e (d mmerJ e Brl no ess than 20 Dercent ol !minat o. . adlacent nreas

TASK EXAMPLES
These photos illustrate spec fic off ce tasks, w th the ight evel recommended.
The secretartr s do ng producl oi work in which the ab i1y 10 see and easi y al day long becomes mportanl lo the lotal 01t ce

q! ck

Jr

'HIa Tyrre is a distinctjve sais-3irii id..l for inv!ices, pplr.:troi< whe,! Loldnes' is dE' r!d rldble rn a Puerto

100 ic

l
:n0'

Drail r!l is o.e ot lhe mosl cr iical and d tfic!11 see fq tasks c:r s lor the h ohest leve s ot quallly llght ng

in the

o11ce

somanvmisbeks?
dd'a ]r'Ii {rloir a.ni+
b ytur

1d lois

Fo!r eve s ()1 diff c! ty lor lasks comrnon y lounr:l n offices The correspond recommeide.j evels are shown Thc typ ng prov des a reierence

f!l

n exam n no prooi sheels bejorc pr nt nq. tlre aavert ser agency or pri.l shop mt]sl search for m nlle l aws srch as broken el1ers spots and co or d slorl o 200 ioolcand es oi good co or qta ly gh1 is recommended

Af erample oi
paper over the

th,a d iJ

co.to!r map red!ces

crll

k nds ol tasks lound ln drall

i1s

ig roonrs the traci.g

y

conlrast greal

Ihe need for light cont.

THE TOTAL VISUAL ENVIRONMENT: HOW QUALITY OF LIGHT AFFECTS THE WORKER The qual ty of ight s the sum of ight
d

ng

slr bution. fixture location and the character of the ght reflect ng surfaces. t w determlne visLlal comlort, task v sibil ty and the aesthetic appeal of the ofiice. The eye. like a carnera ls coanposed of sensors and mechanisms. The eyel d is open almost continuously dur ng our wak ng hours. The retina senses rru tip e images contlnuous y ln time and the images are transmltted by the opt c nerve to the bra n where oblects d o pe aiveo l_e o O v1o L..o^ tlnLrous y, ike the F stop of a camera, to requ ate the amount of I ght adrn tted to stirrulate the photoreceptors rods and cones oi ihe ret na. And the lens operates to focus for dlstance w thin the iield of view. The better the brightness balance n the env ronment. the fewer adiustments

s a aboratory source that s conslstent and eas Ly repeatable-it s not an ldeal I ghting system for a room. t provides a standard cor.par son w th the veiling ref ect ons from fixtures n an actLral office. n the above example, the task s as v slble under 100 footcandles with a fixture ref ecting in it as lt wou d be under 20 footcandles ot sPhere lu mination. A qulck ook at the geornetry of these mirror ike image reilections shows that the Iocatlon of f xtures. task surface dnd e\ o I. mporla-l lo oa . o_ nq fo optim u m ES For years. ighting designers have known to avoid locating lixtures n the 'ofiending zone" that area of the cei ing defined by project ng the reflected v ewing ang e of the task (See pq T I ) But without a measurement technique. the degree of lrrprovement ga ned was largely

guesswork Now. ES suPPl esthe n ed,Lro ol , "ib,r I lo.,' due lo .ail 'o refLections lt has shown. that non uniform. task oriented ght ng can be very eflective. that the w de y accepted
uniform I ghting technlque can cause great var ation n ES among work stations, and that ihe bal wlng and po ariz nq tyPes ol d str bui on can be etfect ve if applied ProPerlY. Theuse ol ESI-both to measure ight in exist ng nstallat ons and to predict lght ng quality in designs under

rkepyeisreqLtao onaLa l ca uo O qhLnes. O 116 on e DpLAAo' , oa .i'iat a'." dL'c L'1e pl'rr' e d^o clilator musc es for the pup lto work
excessivelY.

Veiling Ref leclion As lt Affects Task Visibility

Veiling reflection results when a ight source s rellected as an maqe in a vlsual task The effect is obvious on g ossy nraterials but s also present n print nq, tyPing and handwr ting especially pencr on matte fln sh paper' The veil cast over a task n this manner ) )o'nel ^'rP . o Lol e J o oo ndi cern ble BLlt the ve ling reflect ons st cause subslantial losses ln task contrast and thus. n task vrs bility This effect can be measured in teraas of the amount of I umlnation needed Llnder a reference type ol llghting sphere ighting -to produce equal vis bil tY Thus when velling reflect ons ncrease the
I

The lop phoiograplr shows a sma br ghl n reci y n lhe otfend nq zone

so!rce

The mlddte pholograph shows lhe lask !nrrnated by a sphere so!rce. wh ch wou d prod!ce sor'F briqhlness n the olle.dlng zone The botlom

ron ido'dlon fo _ow on I r''on

con L'ld'l dbo .l l'p Ll
planners woLtld do we

a rather comp ex process. Offjce rghting

lto see a I ghting

pholograph ustrates the e(lecl ol ilirl directed al penc ste.ographic.oles irom lavorab e angles oiher than the ottend .q zonF I e the m rror angle at wh ch thllng equlpmenr can ref ecl as a brighl mage on the lask)

ril" o'ol

l'

technique in analyz ng the r lghtlng needs since ES aaay or may not be appropriate to cons der in a glven see ng s tuat on.

equivalent sphere

um nat on decreases

predicting I ghting qual ty as it relates to veillng ref ecl on. What the lorm ula does s to modify the nLlmber of actual footcandles according to the character istlcs ol I ght on the task So, for exampJe, a typical recessed I uoresc-ont ighting fixture delivering I00 actual footcandles may deliver as few as 2O footcandles ES at sorae ocat ons a.rd as much as T 20 footcandles ESI at

Reflected Glare As lt Atfects Visual Comtort

U nllke veil ng refLection, rellected g are app ies to reflection n any shiny surfaces that can create d straction or discomtort within the v sual field The surlace may be a shinY desk toP f n sh g ossy keys on an office mach ne or a shiny desk accessory. This glare cairses oss ol concentratlon and redLlct on of v sLra corrlort.

ESI Equiva ent SPhere I lumination is a relatively new concePt wh cll provides a means for meas'.lring and

ESI MEASURES VEILING REFLECTION

Ly depending on whether a iixtLrre s reflected ln the task at the location rneasuTed A sphere source (actua ly a uniforra y brlght hemisPhere Placed over the task) is the standard lght source against which rea office spaces are measured for task vlsibiLity The sphere

others-pr mar

TO

Veiling Refleclion Zone

/
Potential Glare Sources

,/Ollending

r----7
-- 60 - 80% Rellectan ce

U-U r/

25 - 450/o Reflectance

20-95%
Refleclance

'

rrtirfsN.lat o. orllr-- k rl ol sirhere so!,ce !se!l n llrf aboralor! io !ni fale laiks lo'

Ihe need for light cont.

nEFLECTANCES 80/50,'20

L(IMlNAIRES LENGTHWISE
L

I IJMINALFES CROSSW]SE

i0 0

13

160
A2 75

100
68 6.1 63 70 65 63 61 72 66 63 62 61 67 64 62 61 67 65 63 62
71

r30

16.0
7A

Light distr bution and reflectances of surfaces within the room determine lhe briqhtnesses of the surface

20 20 2A 30 30 30 30 4A 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 100 100 100 100

2A

30
4A

71 66 64 72 66 63 61
T3

74 68 65 7a 68 65 62
76 69 65 62
61

20 30
.10

60
2A

79 72 6a 6s 79 72 67 63 62 67 63 61 73 67 62 60 69 64 61 60

70 {i6

66 64

67 64 76 68 64 61 78 65 62 60 70 65 62 60 6a 63 61 60

65 79 70 65 62
AO

8l
74

69 65 63

73 67 64 62
74

30 60 80 30 40 60 80 40 60 80 100

67 63
61

59

69 64 62
75

68 64 62

6l

66 62 60
T3

6a 64 61 60
67 64 62
61

70 65 62 61 68 64 62 61

69 64
61
T1

69 65 62 61
68 64 63 62

67 62 60 69 64 62 60

65 62 60

Ralios wo!ld normally be ach eved by observ ng

The VlsLral Comiorl Probabi ily syslem produces rat ngs lor ghling equipment according to a iiil!re s potenl allor producing g are A i xture wi ord nar ly nol be a problem n a room where il has a VCP ot 70 or

Direct Glare As lt Alfects Visual Comlort D rp( I glar e con F. . as ls ia-e e .ogests, directly from a light source with n the norrnal f eld of v ew Because oi the width ol periphera vision and the norma movement of the eye. we see a great deal of our surroundings including light iixtures and windows. The dlscomfort effect of bright fixtures is not a harsh or obvlous gLare, but is a general sensat on ol too much brightness i.nposlng itsetf on the eyes during a day's work. lt is often expressed as a complaint ol too much light." But the problem s one of poor lqhtina qua ity, not excessive light ng q-anl ly lt s rr -di PCLeo I ohl. roming from excessive y bright fixtures or windows that are not proper y shielded for normal ang es of view, that I ght the eyes direct y as wel as the seelng task. The resultlng discomfort and d stract on can take its toll on productiv ty. General y, the gu de for protectlng the eyes frorn dlrect glare of I ghl fixtures s to prov de shielding within a zone of 45'from the hor zontal. This is relerred to as the qlare zone "

VCP-DESIGN TOOL FOR

OEALING WITH GLARE
There is a system that allows us to dentlfy direct g are irom fixtures and predict whether a I ght ng system under cons derat on will prov de visual comfort. lt is called Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) and is described further on page 13 VCP f gures pertaininO to spec f c fixtures are dva lablF' om I vtura TanUfaCI- et'

Shadows Allect Both Task Visibility & Visual Comlort

Shadows cast on the visual task w I reduce its lum nance or irnpair effect ve seeing. Sharp-edged shadows especia ly are dlsturbing and distracting (though they are sometlmes used deliberately to create dramatic effect). Generally, the rnore directlons that I qht comes from and the more highly reflective the room surJaces (serving as secondary light sources), the fewer shadows there

Brightness Balance As lt Aflee ts Visual Comlort

This is the relationship among the room qurrd/ e o. q'ltner5e, in he wOr"o' . lield oi view. f they vary excesslvely.

will be.

vi.Jal d s o-nlort oan e'u I ldca ly. there shou d be a maximurn 3 to 1 rat o between the task and near darker surfaces: dark desk tops are frequent y used wh ch are 10 ti.nes darker than the white piece of paper on it, and wl frequently cause vision fatlgue or dlsco.nfort. ln genera , lt is recom mended that the background be sl ghtly darker than the task; th s means that a very ight desk top can also be unco.n lortab e. Brightness ratio also applles to the surlaces in the rest of the roorn. such as walls. f oor and furn ture, with a maximur. of 5 to 1 between the task and these more remote surfaces.
I

lI
I I I

Lighting Techniques
MAXI MIZING VISUAL COMFORT A method lor assess ng v sual comfortwhich takes into acco!nt iixture bright ness at differenl anqles of view, fixture s ze, room size, fixture mount nq height, illumination evel and room sLrrface reflectances is known as Visual Comfort Probability (VCP). These condit ons are applied to a series of comp ex ca culations based on extens ve research. The result is a table for a ighting fjxture that shows the VCP number according to room dimens ons, such as the one on the opposite page. A major iixture manufacturers have VCP tables available for f uorescent llghting equ pment. W th these no calc r at o^\ d o 'ece-sar\ only 'i^ding the VCP number n the table lor a particular roorr size The target is a VCP of 70 or higher. While the 70 does not guarantee that no one will be !ncomfortable, go ng we lbelow 70 usually results in some compiaint of excessive brightness. VCP ls approved by the llluminating Engineering Society for evaluat ng glare of a proposed lightng syslern before it is instal ed.

A part cu arly low br ghtness Iixt! re creaies th s effect by controll ng the direclion shaped a uminLrm rel ectors The VCP is 84

of

qhl wilh parabo c

MINIMIZING VEILING
REFLECTIONS

f ght from any source is reflected in the task as an i.nage, the contrast of the task wlllprobably be reduced. Look for a flxture at the mirror angle of v ew ng to determine whether veil ng reflections wil be a prob ern. ln fact, use a rnirror at the work locat on, lookinq into lt at the normal v ewing angle to see whether t ref ects a f xture or window. These techniques wil minimlze such ve ling reflections: . Use low gloss paper, inks and ball-point pens instead of g ossy paper and pencils. . lf work positions are f xed. put lighting onLy over the working edge of the desk and/or beyond the ends ol the desk. This can be particular y appropriate n pr vate olf ces . Where uniforrn ight ng is used. orient viewing paralle to, and work positions in between. rows of luminaires ln the qeneral office or drafting room (unless the drafting boards are tilted steeply. n which case there shoLrld be no veiling ref ection prob em) .

clstorn des oned !nit provides llght from a most perlecl ocat ons tor m

.,tj,!i--F.r*,rrr.

: n mizing

iqhlinq qives the occupanl a pleasanl.

we

vei ng rel ect ons

ba anced v sLra i e d

lf the above suggest ons are impractical, cons der general I ghting w th bat'wing or polar zing

dislnbut on.
Use ES data lrom a consu tant or iixture rnanufacturer for a proposed I ahtinq ayout.

13

Lighting techniques cont.

CONTROL OF WINOOW WALL BRIGHTNESS

The same brightness limits should be applied to window wal s as to fixtures to maintain visual comfort. Dayllght can provide useful illumination if desks near windows are oriented to keep elcess ve brightness well out of the field of view for all desk locatjons. n new building design, an investigation of the heat gain/heat loss transmission of windows versus the light contribution of windows shou d be rnade. ln such comparisons, glazing is usually found to be energyneffjcient. Large glass areas jncrease building heat loss in cold months-which must be offset by higher fue consump tion of the heating plant and they increase building heat gain in warm weather-which usually necessitates 'I]ore power usage for ai'condit oning. So the building designer should calculate whet.er the lghting ene'gv \avings gained by the use of natura light will be nullified by increases in energy usage for heating and cooling. The design of window walls should also take into

CONSIDER NON-UNIFORM LIGHTING

Non uniform lighting, when correctly appljed, has the potential tor slgnificant reduction in operating cost and improvement in the appearance of the office. Most general offices have unllorm llghting, because the user wants to anticipate lighting needs anywhere that desks rnay be moved wlthin the room. Yet, where certain conditions are present, adequate task illuminatlon can be provided wlth non-uniiorm lighling, at up to hall the operating cost requircd fat a general lighting system. lf the work positions are not close together (generally not less than 12. in each direction), and lf .e ocdlion o'work positions s i-4equent, non uniform lighting shou d be consjdered. Flexibility of a non-uniform systern can be greatly enhanced with a ceiling-fixture plug-in system or by switching lamps or fixtures within a uniform layout.
The ceiling fixture plug-in system gives an office the flexibility it needs for non uniform lighting. When t becomes necessary to re position work stations. the lightlng can be modified without

I
)

IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE REFLECTANCES

The right room surface reflectances are essential to obtain the brightness relationships required for visual comfort. These are the reco rn men datio ns for Surface Ceiling Walls Furniture tops

Refleclances .70 to .90 .40 to .60

.25

accoJnr compass orie-tatio.. bJild ng overhangs, window depth, and the need for blinds, shades, drapes, or reduced light-transmission glazing.

to.45

major changes: simply unplug, relocate fixtures as desired, and plug n-

Oilice machines & equipment .25 Io .45

.20 Io .40 Floors Most suppliers (materials and equipment manufacturers) can give you the reflectance frqur e 'or p"oducts o' their s which you may be considering (for exampTe, is the blue you want to use between .40 and .60 in reflectance?). Llterally hundreds ol colors and values are available in these ranges to allow the des gn latitude desirab e ior aesthetic and psychological purposes. Reflectances outslde these ranges may provide dramatic eifects, but should be used with care to avoid creating visual discomfort. The best use of colors outside the recommended range is as accents, ' smal' areas that are not tn

160

(120)

17 4

the immediate task surrounding.

(162)

4lamp 2 ft. x 4Jt lluorescenl lroifers s shown for an oliice. The numbers shown are footcand es, with ESI valles n
A non uniiorm ayoul ol

142 (152)

14

High-low bal asts for fluorescent lamps are presently available that permit operation at fu I or one-half wattage and ght output. Th s glves a high degree of flexib ity to a non-unlform lighting arrangement and eliminates the appeardnce proo e'n- wilh larrps being turned off or removed. Localized task light ng built into the work station is current y attracting a great deal oi interest. There are advantages of reduced energy !se in being able to reduce the general il umination but potential d sadvantages in creating severe shadows and reflections on the work. Several furniture .nanutactJ.crc are c --ently developi-g such approaches but, at this time, the techn que must be chosen wlth great care since there has been so ittle experience with it. Addlng wall wash and focal Point lighting to task I ght ng (especially in the private office) is helpfu ln maintaining a comfortable brightness balance and lnterestlng surroundings.

the wall lighting to be planned for enough illumination to balance brightness. qe ecrive'll-'ii-atior of wa l- lighting a single wall, for example, to raise its brightness in relat on to other room surfaces-can be used to create dramatic effect and a polnt of visual focus. t can also serve a functional effect ln illuminating a display wal oJl etin board or engineer'^g -.tr.rc tional chalk board. When used in coniunction wjth non uniform lighting, wali lighting can prevent lrnbalance of brightness and its resulting visual d scomfort. at the same tirne produc nq a much better look ng space. For good results with wall ighting, it is particularly irnportant to deslgn the brackets, corn ces, etc., with proportions which will nsure good effic ency and reasonable d stribution of il um nation on the surfaces to be ighted. Electrlfied track on (or recessed into) the ceiling uses adjustable ncandescent spot and llood amps, that results in very ilexible accent and wal -wash llghting.
,

lncandescent downlightscan createintereslinq sca op eriects when p acd near a wa!|.

t'

Lighted Walls Balance I llu mination, Enhance Appearance

One of several methods for achieving
A

proper brightness ratios s perimeter wall ghting wlth a syste.. designed for the purpose. General lighting equipment can also light the walls adequately if the ends of ight fixture rows are 6-- to 12 ' from the wa and if the nearest row paralLed to the wall is 12-- to 30 away. Wall color and fin sh a so affect lighting balance, with or w thout perimeter I ahtinq. The use of wall lighting can glve the room designer more freedorn in selecting -ate ro,- and I nisre". For examp e. darker wall coverings, wood pane ing or paint can be used ln a roorn without unfavorab y affecting brightness ratlo. Conversely. knowledge oi the reflectances of room surfaces permits

wa ior

coniin!ous row oi i uorescent amps uses lhe

ndirecl liqht nq

When overhead li3hting is restr cted to j!sl the lask area. the remalnder of ihe room cou d become too dark lor visual comiort Fluoresceni I ght ng beh nd lhe cornice board ghls the wa more effeciive y and al less cosl than cont nuing the overhead ichlinq 15

Lighting techniques conl.

n overall lighting design, aesthetic considerations can be fully as important as tech" cal consider ations in acl- eving an end result which wlll optimize worker performance. Lighting has the potential

Lighting lor Aesthetics

for enhancing the visual appeal of spaces because of lts ability to render form, texture and color in a variety of ways. Light can work ior or against you. t can heighten or wash out texture. lt

can beautify form or distort it. lf the lighting is thoughttully and creatively planned, interior spaces can be more pleasant, interesting places to work and vis t.

A serles

of ow-wallage rel eclor amps grazing the wa strik

ng y brings oul lhe texrure

Lighting lor Safety

As lighting applies to office safety, it would affect prirnarily hallways, stairways, entrances and approaches frorn employee parking areas, where it ca- both redJce lhe I kelihood o' I'ipp ng or sllppino and serve as a deterrent to crimes of assault and robbery. Adequate amounts of light and adequate uniformity of light are the irnportant considerations here.

When appearance is a primary consideration, the preferred fixture types often include incandescent spots, f luorescent downlighting, uplighting, recessed modular cei ing fixtures such as the increasingly popu ar 5- x 5 coffered designs whjch serve to break up arge expanses ol flat ceiling and give a sense of human scale to large offices.

Selecting Lighting for Architectural Compatibility

lmplementing Office Lighting Techniques

CHOOSING THE LIGHT SOURCE
Fluorescent lamps are LrsLrally the most practical source of general illumination for oflices, because oi lhe r low brightness, high effic ency, long I fe, and ow overall
cosr ol

lig'r'. Ihe 10-warl ' uorcscprl

lhe most popu ar for the off ce and is ava lab e as either a 4 foot lamp or a 2-io01, U-shaped amp. The lour loot amp s ava able in these opt onsl I Sl"1da d ve sro'r l\/a 1 ghle' 2. Watt-Miser 35 waits instead oi 40. ght o!tpr.rt reduced n same proport on. avai able rn variety of colors. 3. Walt-M ser ll-35 watts instead of 40, ght output about the same as l\,4ainlighter, available in Lite White color on y (sarne appearance as Coo White). 4. Staybr ght hiqher liqht output through lile, sllght y h gher wattage than Ny'a nlighter. The U-shaped amp s in 3s/s"- or 6'-leg space versions, and is more efl cient than a pair of 20-watt flr.rorescents. Eight-loot Slim lne lamps are also iound in office use and are also aval able in Watt-Miser and Watt-Miser ll versions. The cho ce of f uorescent amp co or nvolves these factors: efficiency, colorrendering propert es and atraosphere or type of wh teness crealedbythe amps. The most appropr ate co ors of fluorescent amps for off ces are 1. Coo Wh te: Most wide y Lrsed, h gh eff ciency. cool type atmosphere. can be used for rnost work ng
De !xe Cool White Exce lent color rendeflnq: 30o/. lower elficiency ihan coo wh tei for best appearnce of peop e and furnishings Warm Wh te: Widely used: h gh eflic ency. warm atrnosphere. can be used for most working offices

5.

whitei for recept on ar--as. ounges. cafeterias. etc Chroma.50: Exce entcoor very coo atmosphere. s mLr ates actra day ght same effic ency as de Lrxe co ors: use where co or

incandescent amps can be used very effect ve y for h gh ightlng features n lhe
o{f ce and for ighting non work ng areas The ER (el ptica ref ector) ncandescent lamps w I prodirce the same Lghl o!tput n baff ed down lghls as do convent onal ref ector amps of twice the watlage.

I r,-.,dl,o.

advertis ng or print ng concerns Slrong laaap colors generally sho!ld not be used because they d stort co ors
and prov de no particular seeing benef t

-p.'

...

i.

Watl-Miser lluorescent lamPS . .

are reduced wattage lamps for replacement of 40 watt rapid start and Bioot Sl rnllne ar.ps. The wattage reduct on ranges from about T 0')i, to 20% respectively for those arnps (depending on f xture type) and s accompan ed by a red!ctron in ight output. sl ghtly less than the redLrct on in wattage When coLrpled with a good marntenance program. the use of Watt Vllser lamps can rnean a large reduct on in operat ng costs with no reduction n I ght output (See p. 19)

are start ng to see use n sorne ofi ce spaces because ol their very hlgh umens per watt efficlency 3591, higher for the 150-watt Lucalox versus standard 40 watt fluorescents This can trans ate to a 10''; to 25'rl, ower operat ng cost. depending on el--ctrical energy rates A
prereqLr site lo the use oi LLrcalox light ng is the se ection oi room co ors under the very waTm color of this source. For down ight ng. Lucalox s over 400!! more .,,i i^-l .h-n i-, d.da<. a-r .r.n I rr ng

Lucalox @ high pressure sodium la mps -..

lo

50

_o

75 o\^a

opa dr nq, o

Inca ndescent lamps . .

are only about one-fourth as eff cient as standard f uorescent amps and cannot econom cal y provide the levels requ red

- go'e d ot'c. ql-ti'g Do^'l g'r 'q

White Exce lent ke incandescent arnps): 309'o ower eff c ency than warrn
De Lrxe Warm

color

shou d never be used over desks. because it can create d sturb ng shadows and ref ections. However

implementing office lighting techniques cont.

WHICH LIGHTING
FIXTURES:
Select on of I ghting fixtures can be airned for several oblectives: etficiency. cost, visual comfort, appearance and mainta nabil ty. There are trade offs associated with any select on .e.. a iixture selected primarily ior efilc ency may not be a fixtLrre preferred on the basis of appearance. Within the I mitatlons oi the I 9ht source selected, cornmerc a ly available flxtLrre designs offer a wide var ety ol distribution patlerns and intens t es, as wel as nsta at on opt ons. with bu d ng therma design) and ow d rt accurnu ation/ease of c eaning features (for reduced The lighting design feature which nfiuences visual comfort most is f xture shield ng-the various ouvers. lenses and other mater als that contro the ght lrom iixtures. The three des gn trade-ofis most often cons dered in se ecting sh elding are visua comfort. efliciency and fixture cost. Unfortunate y, the shielding media norma ly thought to be most eff c ent are ofien accompanied by undesirable by-products n terms oi glare. Fixtures with no shielding bare f uorescent lamps are the ultirnate examp e of this. Conversely, shielding with good visLral corniort may be poor n terms of outright transrnission of LrrF-s. Tr . becar>e good I g-t s ight that is re-directed away frorn the eyes. and th s often results in ight absorption in the fixture. Comparisons of visual comfort and efficlency are shown for a number of sh e ding materials n the adlacent table. There are a so trade-ofJs n terms of initial cost. Slnce a liigures shown are approximate, the comparison is best used by reiat ng the f gures to each

maintenance costl. Manufacturers iterature will nd cate the des gn orientat on of thelr various lixtures. The east costly lighting system wi lgenerally be the most eflicient one: for this reason operating costs rnust be exarnined for a cornplete picture of costs.

LIGHT FIXTURE SHI ELDI NG FOR VISUAL COMFORT

Even though cost efficiency is often the prime cons deration, the llghtlng des gner should be aware that visual Com'o la-d vi\ b ity ca- -dve n ore

Fixtures To U se When Cost Elliciency ls The Prime Consideration

Cost savings can take several forms when applied to light ng flxtures: they may be selected on the bas s of low ntilia cost, ease of lnstal at on, ease ol

relocat on (rnodular. p ug-in unlts), h gh eff c ency lor east number oi un ts and east energy use. heat transfer capabilities (for coordinat on

ef'ec t thdn e\penoit rJps ro f!tures amps and electriclty. Because vlsual comfort and visibi ity so strong y inf uence productivity-or ack of it they are by far the rnalor determinants of overall cost efJic ency in the offlce The best design, of course, is the one that meets visual cr teria at the lowest overall cost.

other

MAINTENANCE
The light ng syster| should be able to

perform ts function of prov d ng adequate ight at minimur| cost through ts year to-year operation. W thout a
prograrn of maintenance, the I ght ng system will deprec ate to the po nt where t could be de iver ng as I tt e as one-half the origina li9ht, due to dirt, amp deprec ation and burn-outs not prornpt
rep aced.
y

Maintainability Of Lighling Fixtu re s

For greatest ease of ma ntenance, a light llxtrrre shor d be access file and designed so that dlrt wil not accurnulate rapidly Shieid ng materia s should be easy to wipe ofi or, il they are to be removed Jor c eaning, the doors shou d be eas ly removed. Access bil ty to the amps s facil tated by doors which are ireely-but safe y hinged and latched with devices that atch and re ease

OTHER FIXTURE CONSIDERATIONS

Other ilxture design consideralions might lnclude fire rating, appearance, cleanabillty, color stability, dimensional slabllity, reilecied glare, hiding power, avai able size, type oi dlstribution required, and so forth. Fixtures providing a bat-wing or polarizing distribution oi lghr lo'educe veiling reilecrionq are avai able in numerous types, including flat panels for troflers. These should be evalJaled on lhe sane basrs ac above, t1 addilion to their ability to improve Equivalent Sphere lllumination. See page 13.

'e"drly s- ely. lhe a.Ilpl-oder "nd pdrlrcrla ly i'a'lLrore.Lenl I xture

should neither be too t ght (mak ng removal dlfiicu t) nor too loose (poss bly caus ng breakage).

FLUORESCENT LAMP MORTALITY-Genera I Lighting Types

The perlormance al4O walt I !orescent i?mps thr.r!!lh the r ie s represenled by the monal ty cirrve at eil. show ng lhe nLrmber of burnouls 1o be expecled n a Large qroup ol !amps and lhe deprec at on c!rve al r ghl show ng the reducl oi n Lghi Group re amp n9 sho!ld be perrormed berore b!rnouts an.l ght

oop,a o,or \o

F
ff

^n
100 90

z c
F
UJ

FLUORESCENT LUMEN MAINTENANCE (Slandard White)

.o 5l)

\\

z
O

fr60

z lr,/
2
UJ

80

l /u =_^
60
(.)

cc 5U
4A

30

-r,
80%
I00".,"
PERCENT RATED LIFE

PERCENT RATED LIFE

lRecommended perioa lor economrcal group reP acemenll

The cost of light can be reduced signiflcantLy by better ighting maintenance. Group relarnpinq can mean an mrnediate reduct on in labor costs of between 1/5th and 1/l0th the cost-per larnP for rePlacement ol ind vidua amPs at b!rn-out This is because the t me needed for someone to replace a sing e lamP s much greater than that invo ved ior each lamp in an orqan zed rePLacement of all the amps at one tirne, whether functionlng or not. The rnost econom ca tirne to re amp can be Predicted on the basis or the known rate of burn

FOR LIGHTING MAINTENANCE, CONSIDER GROUP RELAMPING

costs to be reduced without redLlcing light leveis. Group relamping with Watt-N'4iser amps can prov de even more light with substantjal operatlng cost reduction Both Walt-tViser and Watt-Miser ll amps are available ln four-foot Rapid Start, Slir.line, High Output and Power Groove deslgns A computer Proqram has been aleveloped that can determlne the most econom cal group re arnp ng nterval for the office owner or manager t s based on al the Pertinent varlab es labor costs lamp cost lamP Ilfe burninq hours. etc The Program is aval ab e through any GE Lamp oll ce (see outslde back cover)

C lea nin g S gnificant ight losses will result from di( accurnulat on on lamps, ref ectors and sh e d ng materials f regu ar clean ng is not done. Even in very clean situations where there is I ttle dirt n the neighborhood and the air systern uses flltering light output can drop by 5 o',, per year. n dirt er s tuatlons muchgreater losses can occur Cleanlng s usually needed no more than once a Year no less than once every three years Slnce group re amp ng s often most economical n offlces every three years. thls could co ncide with c eaning and reduce the labor cost

oLl, dl d ce la
groLrp of

larnps Ordinarily, the most

PornL 1 InP I 'a oi

economlca grouP relamP ng Per od s at about 60% of rated I ie

Group relamP ng can comPensaie for

the reduced ight oLltput experienced with Walt-Miser fluorescenl lam ps; pern'ritting

.tl

-:

The2

.:-

modL

b,! il liri!res.oordifate we wthtrc5 !!5 es llre re!r.55 a1 the per nret-ar of rt.c firt!re

:rng -ps ,nrprov f-o

! i!a conrf.n

The visual environment for genera

oilices

of extreme importance,

because of rnanagement s investment a the performance of people who work there Even though lighting n an ex sting environment may seem adeqLtate. new ight ng that provides sulfic ent um nation of good qua ity w olten stimu ale mprovements in empioyee perforrnance wOrth far more than the cost of the systelrt. The general off ce can be tho!ght ol as a prodLrct on area Jor the process ng of paper. And, as such shou d have ictht nA des qned to make that prodLlct on as efficient as
Poss ib le.

.!l

Ov.'.riread Shtin.t s pro!

.1,44 oI v o!.r lfe work eno!!h sp I s o!!r .1o the a : e at I chr t.r tre tralf.lhe e l.l.reover nj.rr..r.r lamp il.wr ot i! tj r,rr ah1

st:l !f:

bLrl

h rti !f J..n. qhl ntr : !e.ppro:.h I ghts the !ro.r ir!rfr.c:i lfjr lhe ea:t..sl. afl pcrm tj chir,. r-4r.lr th. t.rl, I..r na._! !o!r.-ps LA.l!.r f.r ifrrlrors .rri ser.r-p ret eft !.s t . e:lie.i e lj.fo.i br qhlf.ss rh.l ! ! !La ,r ..rmfo.trb e {lrLrf rhe ..r rr.] s.r'Tir.e rff.r.ra.ce! h.!e l,--:

tlrrerf iork-p rler! t,, .

1.-. n o:ir .rlt-a.l

&'=.,
:
,.1

20

';;

Recessed 4-1ool il!oresceni iroffers with pr smat c pane s have become tiie rnosl pop!lar approach to orf ce light ng beca!se of the h gh efficjency and long te of the 40 watt f !orescent amP and the h qh e11 c ency ol lhe pr snrat c pane Care m!st tre taken. however lo select panels lhat .jo noi prod!ce d sconrJort I are (U se VCP cr teria in selecting i

Larg,. Lrm n.,!s areas cai be a.

acoLrst c prob em f lhe ! tht sir eld ng materia s a so d surlac-a lhal wi rei ec1 sound Here o!vered paneis were Lrscd that w ll transmll so!nd nlo the Larnp cavifi

where lhe aco!st c treatmcnt

rrorCertore ceenergyconsumptonwilhoulred!cn!lgh1.35watt!\rattMserMampsrepace'istandard40 tn. ncreased to nrake !p for the redL'ed qhl o!tp!1 olthe walt N'4 ser ng I rtr;" "v" " re.ltrced s g nir canl v when t was !ro!p reLanrp-''l w rh W'tt N'l ser were bu d;9 o" th "s "un roi"r
wstr arnps and the

"p"tuil"q.".t"

Lighiing opplicotions cont.

LIGHTING FOR PRIVATE

OFFICES
Private offices are used Jor desk work. conferring and thinking, and the ighting needs to be appropr ate for all these functions.

The ow brlghtness oi parabo c wedge louvers deemphas zes the ce ng The drapes are ttghted from a pocket w th ll!ores.eni amps.

Whprpt edccl

. nal\eOlo.d_ion.

ighting equ prnent can be positioned \^here I will produce n-ore rluri-dtroon the desk top than eisewhere in the room. Ve(ical surfaces should not be neglected, however, slnce they can becorne dark and vlsLlally uncomfortable w th non-symmetrical ighting. Environmental I ghting techniques can create a more p eas ng visual surrounding as wel as a more comfortable one. L ghting for the desk should genera y be centered over the occupant's head, rather than over the decl. -o lhar ligh' .o ir.e el e.t on. r the seeing task are minimized. ncandescent downlights shou d not be used over a working area, because they
produce harsh shadows and br ght

A .emode ed des gners oflice w th ex st ng l!!orescent ghtirg and track-mo!nted spotighling on lhe ce nq well above the open woocl bailles thal concealthem irom norma v ew

Belighlin!l of a h gh ce ng otf ce w th a suspended woo{j jramed gr d ol parabo c wedle ouver Keepi.g a space between the gr d a.d rhe wal s a lows th-. amps above to sp il ghl ofro rhe wat s

Il!oresceit ceil n9 pane ghls on y the work area but lhe rema nder oi tlre room keeps a corniorlab e trrioht.ess wilh wa !rn nat on
Tlre

'

d q'.

ror-.,-,

q. r'a t.o.

Open bollom parabolic a uminum ref ectors in 2 by 2 recessed !n ts present a ow br girtness al norma v e!! ng afg es ror a ow key gh1 ng efiect Two Mod

A highly

eiieclive .thling nsta alion ihat puts ght on the desk iron-ran nconspic!o!s dark ouver f Lrorescent unit ocated over lhe occ!pant s
n.andes.ent wal washers

U Line Lamps are used.

edge or the desk. L ghi is also provided on vert cal sLrfaces lrom

LIGHTING FOR PUBLIC AREAS, Lobbies and Reception Areas

F rst impressions are mportant. This warrants carefu plann ng for bLrilding lobb es and reception rooms. Lobby l:q-- ng shou d be p.nned 'o a d'e.

plpd.dnl I ansilio'f or build 'g e'te or lo nter or, or the reverse, both day and ght. lt can be hazardous to enter the lighted building obby with eyes adapted to several thousand footcandles of daylight. Or it may be pa nfu to eave a dim. dinoy buildinq obby and encounter bright su nshine with eyes that are dark-adapted.
n

gloon'r of a poorly

(Above) Luca ox . arnDs Droduce qht at abo!t one f fth the operaling cosl ol ncandescenl .lL e lo the r mrch !realer efi c ency a.n nrLrch longer I Ie Here 400 watt Llca or s !sed

Warnr delLrxe merc!ry vapor amps create a p easing cosl lo abo!t one third llrat

atmosphere n th s lobby recept o. area and r-.dLrce operating oi nca.descenl The 4Q0-walt amp

23

Lighting cpplicciions cct-lt.

.:

___ -

--

-*::'

Corridors And Stairs

Corridors are important to the overa atmosphere ol a bu ding. They are an lmportant part oi the transition from the outslde of a build ng to the work ng spaces inside Sta rs need adequate light ng from several direciions to make

,4,

themadequatelyvsbe. Corridor ght ng shou d be keyed" to the off ces served. The br ghtness of the walls, ce I ng, and f oor are important in the re at onsh p of office to corr dor brightness. Wall ighting makes corr dors brighter, and gives a cheerfu . spac ous feel ncl
-.\qq'
work areas lo avo d suddcn changes n br ghiness on the vert ca 5!rja.es wh ch are mosl prom nenl n the ileld ol!iew

.3

rt

(Above) A ser es 01 we sh c dea PAF amps gra.es the textured wall lor ellec1 b!t a so qhls th-. sta rs for qood v s b tY ol the sleps

(F ghl) A dramat c eileci s somel mes applop. at-. and thesc PAB .lown qlrls .reate f(erest nar patlcrns on thc 1oo.

., ]-..:,!

l-i{iiifl!NG FDn
e

fi

h,l

F E H trtir:

iE fn O O

lruii

Visua tasks in conference Tooms can vary from casual (eye contact with meet ng partic pants) to demanding (prolonged design conferences). Other tasks encountered inc ude v sual presentations, charts, product d splays and sildes or movies. Flex b ty in light ng can great y
v sual

e,peoile (o^tprerco room fu ( I on. Higher leve s of comfortable illurn nalion are conducive to a stimulat ng atmosphere and alertness on the part of ndividuals participat ng. Lower evels of controlled ighting are needed, however
when sl des and rnovies are shown.

F exib e ghllng was deve oped tor th s board room tlral invo ve. overhead f uorescent ght ng both oi the cove and above the lolvers. down ght ng above lhe o!vers and wall llqlrt ng virtua an-v ght ng s tuat on can be mel willr comb nalions of these

-!

The three rlght lrand p ctu.es slro!!

r "berore photograph oi a conierence roorn thted w th recesscd fL!orescent on v (iop) then the re ghl ig that uses parabo ic wcdge o!ver s!sp-'nded be ow rluorescent amps and 75 walt Cool Beani PAR L amps lhat direct Light throLrgh the o!vers {Cool Beanr rcnioves mosl ol the he:t Irom the ght ol th s ampr Flroresccnt !h1in! (cent-',) is tor genera !ser down ght ng lbotloml for proieLtea v s!a aids Trre f !orescent amps 3r-. sw lclled n steps and thc down !hl!i are on a dimnrer to co.tro the eve oi ll!rn nat on

25

Lighting opplicotions cont.

-::*:. .., :'

LIGHTING FOR DRAFTING
ROOMS
Draft ng s one of the rnost demanding visua tasks. This s recogn zed by the current recom men dation of 200 footcand es of illumination for draft ng rooms. twice the recommended level fo noderdle la-k\ ^ ge.e a ot-.c, Cornplaints of trou blesom e shadows are heard less frequent y n drafting d eds liqhled lo rFco.''r-e-ded eve More lght supplied fTom more sources minim izes shadows.
.:

r'

rt

Two-ieet by fo!r ieel recessed lrofiers w lh forr 40 watl ft!orescent amps ighi tlre drafting area Note fewer lixr!res are lsed I the ess cr t ca reiere..-..rea

Parabo c wedge loolcand es of excepliona

y ow brlqhtness !m nation.

ed I xtrrre prodlce 200

ff:,:'-

. ..:

The lighted

ce

n9 !ses

sh

e.i the amps from

il!ores.ent amps above : p asli. cub-a o!vers rhar d rect g are and perm t air lrom the room to be arawn over

lhe la..ps and ba asl ho!s ngs to plck up m!ch oi the tight n! heat and red!ce the coo ng a r nee.ls

by 2 J xt!res w th high ntensily discharge amps br oht. ettic ent qht nq for drait na

cai

prov cle

26

LIGHTING FOR OFFICE BUILDING EXTERIORS

after-dark appearance of buildings is important lor reasons of safety. secur ty, and Jor identify ng the company. Efiic ent light sources should be selecled for the job. Appropriate qhtino methods inc ude: T. Un form floodlighting of the exterior. 2 Non uniform ight ng to emphaslze arch tectural f eatures.
The
3

nterior lighting circuits

lelt 'on"

ln

the evening. An interior lighting system designed speciiica ly for use after dark.

(Above) The andscape and facade ght ng ior this ow r se bu lding are very effect ve securily ght ng measures as well as a means oi bu d ng dentificat on. Anyofe approaching the b! ld ng s very easily seen n

100-wait Lucalox Lamps n I xtures mounted between the beams provide eli cient ghling. that results in low operating costs jor the rnany hours ol !se sen by th s park ng struclure

The nter or wal wash llghling provides

a verllca surlace brightness aga nsl which anyone approaching the b!lldlng or ns de the obby cou be seen. Downlighls that ghl lhe floor woLld nol be necessary ailer

OTHER I NFORMATION ON OFFICE LIGHTING

A recent energy manageanent

publlcation issued as an aid prlmar y for new construct on is ''Energy Managernent and the Lighting of Off ice Buildings," published by the llluminating Englneering Soc ety ( L E.S. ). This pub ication. along w th the 'Amer can National Standard practlce for Off ice Lighting," avallab e through .E.S., and the other publ cations mentioned be ow, are usefu tools for relating energy management and llght ng des gn and operations for office
bui dings.

Additional

Reference:

La

mps

fo'

Flules of Thumb for Office Lighl ng,

the off ice GE pub ication

260-5266 I F S Handbook

264 5579

GENERAL ELECTRIC LAMP SALES DISTRICTS AND DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

SALES DISTRICTS
(To Obtain Sales and Technical lnlormation)

DISTRIBUTION CENTERS
(To Order Lamps and lo Obtain Shipping lntormalion. Loca Warehouse Slocks rnainlaind al those Poinls)

zlP
Cily
ALBANY, N.Y. ATLANTA. GA BALIIMOHE, Mo. BOSTON, i,lAss. BUFFALO, N.Y. ... CHARLOTTE, N.C.

Area lelephone

ztP

.. ...

Comme'c'al& lnor,l rr Consuner Producls 1401 Parker Road ... .. ... p.ii 50 lndusrrial Place-P.o Box 257,

Dr:/e L"'r
0 O le/ D

rre

am, N ,l F

"

12110 (518)783.6188/89
1404) 262-6257

14150

(716) 874.5180

.P.O. Box 13469 30324

34324 (404) 262 62sA

e;" z;ii 21227

QA4) 262 6254

t3A1) 242 57AO
(7i61

N"$4o ljppe

770 nveryiew Blvd, Tonawanda .1001 TJ!\d.eeqee Fd

'aI V"\'

1401 Parkr Foad 50 nduslral Place-P.O Box 257,

.. ..

. P.O. Box 7427

(341) 242

5TA0

N.Y

...

02164 (617) 332 6200

14150 874 5180

\eko1 Lppe rd 5 i/d-\ _70

cHrcAGo,

CINCINNATI, OHIO

rrl.

. ..

till] ai:i r,an" woia no, s;rr;, 5;?,. ii

Kenwood Prolessonal 81d9,
Commerc

24204 t7a4) 376'6585 28234 t7a4) 376 6585 60176 (312) 671 6390
45242

P \e r'ie* A r'd., -o-.a-1d", N.v 1001 Tuckaseegee Fd.

02r64
14150

(617) 332'6200
1716)

874.5i80

... . P.O

Box 34144 2A234 (7O4) 376 6585

9a0l herood Pooo

4201 Sollh Pu aski Road 49 Cenlra Ave.ue

60632 (3121 45202 (5r3)

254 6161 559.3600

CIEVELAND,

OHIO

Con,Lme ProoLL(!

a & ndLsr -l

..1705NobleFd
Comme

c"

..... ..
I"

(513) 745 5730 (513) 745-5733 P.O Box 2494 44112

(2r6) 266-4256 266 4264 \214) 358.5321 (303) 320 3597
{216) (313) 956-0200 (713) 932 6472 (317) 547 5513 {317) 547-5511 (816) 471 4123 (2131 725 2677

& lndJ

.
6500 Cedar Sqngs Fd. 6501 Slapelon Drlve Norlh 15135 Ham'lon Avenue 7402 Neuhals Ave

O. Bot 2422 44112 l'2161 266-4404

DALLAS, TEXAS DENVES, COLO

DETROIT, MICH, HOUSTON, TEXAS

.. .. ..

INOIANAPOLIS,

. ...1200aaockFoad,slle210 .. lNo. 2511 E 46th Slreel, Slite Q2 P.O

CommerciaL& lndlsta Consumer Producls . 535 Easl 1 4rh Ave , N (ansas Ciry

6500 Cedar Spri.as Bd ... P.O Box 35425 6501 Slaplelon Drive, Nonh .. .. .. s0216 15135 H.m llon Av-pnue 48203

Con5J_ et P odJcr,

..

..PO.Box35425

.. 7T455 Box 55650 46205

.

CincrnnaliDislr crr, 49 centralAye, clnc.nar,

535 East 14lh Ave . N Kansas Ciry, 2747 Sourh lMalr Alenue 2021 Soulh Lalham Steel

....PO oho ....

75235 80216 48203 Box12911 77017

..

.. .

1214) 358 5321

(303) 320 3597 (313) 956.0200 {713) 64+3264 {513) 559.3600

.. ...45202 ..
64116

KANSAS CtfY, MO. LOS ANGELES. CALIF. .2T4TSouthMalAvenle MMPH|S, TENN. ... .2011 S. Latham Sr ... ...

Mo. .. .......

..64116
90040

Mo

...PO.Box2207390040
34i09

{816)

4710123

Co-

ercrol8 I o!.(,d

P.O. Box 9335 38109 (90r) 774.9016

(901) 774 9015 (305) 693.3611 (414) 462,3860 (612)

1213) 725"2677 1901)

MlAMl, FLA. .. MILWAUKE, WlS. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.

ConsJme, Prod.cr 3655 N W. Trsl Si . PO Box 470857 33147 PO Box 299 53201 8100 Wost Flo.isl Ave .8501 54lh Avenue, No , New Hope, M nn. . 55428 6 vera.d Foad , "in". Comme,. aiA l.drgl a "",*. Consumer Prod!cts . 1 45 Orange ave O Box 546,

3655NW

8100 Wesl Forist 8501 54lh Avenle No. 133 Boyd Slreel

71srSr. Ave

.. .. PO Box 470857 .. .. .. P.O Box 299 . PO Borl278

33147 53201 55440 07101

{305) 693 3811 (4r4) 462-3860 (612) 535 515r

NEwaFK,

N.J.
CONN,

i?

"""

l:t' :;:1:
06s16

(201) 822 3960 (201) 322 3960

N.Y. Disir. Crr. 75 11 Woodhaven

(201) 622.8000
t2t2) unu uooo

NEW HAVEN,

NEW OFLEANS,

LA .

We q".p-

NEW YOFK, NEW YORK,

N.Y. ... ..

oAKLAND.

CALIF- ..

N,Y.

701 Edward Ave., 'Haraha., LA, Mai P.o. Box 10236, Jetlerson, LoLisrana 219 E. 42nd Slreel Conmerc a & nduslral Co.eLrF D'odL. s 100 E wood Davis Fd. N Syracuse, N.Y. . .. 88'36 77lh Avenle, Glendae, N.Y .. .. 999 98lh Avenle .... .. Po. Box 24354

-P Cor

Bvd, Gendare

t2a3) 932 2274

lva

..

11227

10123

(504) 733,9200
10017

I PO

Box 10236. Jefierson. LA

G

(504) 733 9200

N.Y

7511 Woodhaven Boueva.d,

endae

(212) 896 6000

PHILAOELPHIA. PITTSBUFGH,

PA,

Co e rdr3 hdl51,d Cor.Ln e P'ooL!r5

orl"lrr
Pa

l.212) 754-3024 1212) 75A 21aA 't3212 (315) 456 2975 11227 (2121 896 6000 94623

75 11 Woodhaven Bollevard, GrendaLe, N Y

999
1000

9a1h

A\enr

11221

(212) 896 6000 (415) .136 9433

{415) 436-9450 (415) 436 9470

1000 Conlrne.l Orive-P

Box 299

Conrlne.ralFd P.O

Box 299. 19406 15230

PA,

h | 9 ol

600N

Be lAvenue, Crnege

Pa.
P

....

..

19406 1215)
15106 15230

688-5900

(215) 688 5900 (412) 665-3750

Commec" &
POaTLAND.

.d- !O
a

(4r2)566 4300/06
(412)566 4307/8
Box 3877 98124

OFE. ..
UTAH

Cons0rer Prod!cls .4930 Th.d Ave. So Commer.r:lA l.d"sl

Con>Lmer ProdJ.ls

Ponhnd Dsrr 1206) 292 6836 (206) 292 6838

cir.2800N

Nela

srreet Po eox 10006 972t0

21221

(503) 22i-5120
(3O1) 242 5140

FICHMOND, VA. SAI T I AKE CITY.

20i5 Slaples Mlll Rd, Foom

r'5W

425

23234 (804) 355

(81)1)

500 SoLr-

972-5606

3289

ealmore Dislr Q\t Pa Bat t427 Batimore Md. 1775W 1500 South Mal PO Box 26548
4930 Th id Avenle

(801) 972-5606 P.O Box 3877 98124 (206) 292.6831

SEATTLE,

wAsH.

...

isio iti,a A'"","

Coaae,." & rdJ:r'c

s",i;

""%"9:":ti9
Syracuse, N.Y.

84125
93124

S.llh

sT. LOUIS,

SyAACUSE, N-Y.. TAMPA, ILA.

MO.

.. ..l00ElwoodDavsFoad N .. . I l0 \o 5 j6 5 .
uo, Bollr o e
Md

ConsJmer Prod,crE !5)0 Fdi. pw Av.,

63132 1314) 13212 1315) 33617 {813)

(206) 292 6836 {206) 292-6838

997 456

wasHrNcroN,

D.c. .. rior p"*"ina po

rolil

"o*'uu"u

Frr

988-7351
37134

3413 2975

1530 Fa rviw Avenue .... .63132 (314) 997 8413 B!1lalo Dislr. Clr. 770 Fvervew Blvd. Ton.wznda, N Y r4150 1716) 374 5130 PO Box16626 336S7 (813) 988 7351 11101 Nodh 46th St 33617

21227 (301) 864 105

Batmore Dislr. c1r. 1401 Parker

Fd

P.A Bax7421

21227

(301) 242 5700

ln addition lo the Sales District Headquafters cilies listed above, GE Lamp Sales Represenlalives are resident in 100 other cilies. Consult your lelephone direclory under General Electric Company Lamp Producls Division.

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIGHTING BUSINESS GROUP

GENERAL OFFICES: NELA PARK, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44112

TP-114R1

(May, 1e79)