Integral Boundary Layer Equations Displacement Thickness The displacement thickness * is defined as:

* = 1

0   
compressible flow

u u dy = 1 dy e ue ue 0
incompressible flow

The displacement thickness has at least two useful interpretations: Interpretation #1

A=
y u/u (y)
e

u dy u 0 e

A + B = (1)dy
0

B u/u
e

So, the difference is in area B.

* represents the decrease in mass flow due to viscous effects, i.e. lost  visc = e u e * m

Integral Boundary Layer Equations

Interpretation #2
stream
li n e

ue y1 y *(x)

y u(y)

Conservation of mass:

uedy =
0 y1 e 0

y1

y1 +y

udy

u dy = udy + yu
0 y1 0

y1

yue = (ue u )dy u y = 1 dy ue 0 Taking the limit of y1 gives

u y = * = 1 dy ue 0

y1

So, the external streamline is displaced by a distance * away from the body due to viscous effects. Outer flow sees an effective body

16.100 2002

Integral Boundary Layer Equations

Karmans Integral Momentum Equation This approach due to Karman leads to a useful approximate solution technique for boundary layer effects. It forms the basis of the boundary layer methods utilized in Prof. Drelas XFOIL code. Basic idea: integrate b.l. equations in y to reduce to an ODE in x .

y ue(x) x *(x)

Derivation: Add ( u ) x continuity + x momentum

u v u u 2u du u + + u + v = ue e + 2 dx x y y y  x  
  

( u )continuity 2 x momentum

(u ) u du + (uv ) = ue e + dx y y y x   

Now, we integrate from 0 to y1 :

y1

(u 2 ) du y dy + uv 01 = ue e y1 + x dx

y1 0

Note:

uv 0

y1

1 v u = ue v ( y1 ) = ue dy = ue dy y x 0 0

y1

So, the equation becomes:

16.100 2002

Integral Boundary Layer Equations

1 (u 2 ) u du dy ue dy = ue e y1 + x x dx 0 0

y1

y1 0

After a little more manipulation this can be turned into (note we let y1 also):

w =

d du 2 ( ue ) + ue * e dx dx

(1)

where momentum thickness =

u
0 e

u 1 dy eue e

incompressible form = Insight

u
o

u u 1 dy ue e

Integrate (1) from stagnation point along airfoil & then down the wake

y x 8
4

x=0 at stag. point

x along wake

2 * wdx = ( ue ) 0 + ue 0 0

due dx dx

But:

dp du u e = 0 at stag. pt. ( x = 0) & = ue e dx  dx 

Bernoulli

dp 2 ue x = wdx + * dx dx   
0 0
drag (see Anderson Sec 2.6 for proof)

dp D = wdx + * dx dx 0 0 N   

friction drag form drag

16.100 2002

Integral Boundary Layer Equations

Another common form of the integral momentum equation is derived below:

w =

du d ( e u e2 ) + e u e * e dx dx

w d du = + (2 + H ) e 2 eue dx ue dx
where H=

* known as "shape parameter"

16.100 2002