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Recall:
cos
2
sin 2 ) ( ) (
1
b
y
n A bV y
N
n
n
=
= =
=
The local two-dimensional lift distribution is given by Kutta-Joukowsky:
) ( ) ( y V y L =
=
N
n
n
n A V b L
1
2
sin 2 ) (
To calculate the total wing lift, we integrate L :
2
2
2
1
( ) sin
2
2 sin sin
2
b
b
N
n
n
o
b
L L y dy dy d
b
b V A n d
=
= =
( | |
=
|
(
\ .
But:
0,
sin sin
,
2
o
m k
m k d
m k
In this case, n m = and 1 = k . So, the only non-zero term is for 1 = n .
2
(2 )
2 2
n
b
L b V A
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
1
2 2
2
A V b L
=
2
1
1
2
1
2
L
L b A
C A
S
V S
= = =
Force Calculations for Lifting Line
16.100 2002 2
The induced drag is similar. In this case:
) ( ) ( y y V D
i i
=
From previous lecture,
=
=
N
n
n i
n
nA
1
sin
sin
) (
1 1
sin
2 sin
sin
N N
i n n
n m
n
D V nA bV A m
= =
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
Integrating along the wing:
( )
2
2
2 2
1 1
0
2 2
1 1
0
only 0 for
( )
sin
sin sin
sin
sin sin
b
i i
b
N N
n m
n m
N N
n m
n m
n m
D D y dy
n
b V nA A m d
b V nA n A m d
= =
= =
=
=
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
2
2
N
n
n
i n
b V nA
D b V nA
=
=
2
2
1
2
2
2 1
1
2
or (1 ),
where
i
i
N
i
D n
n
L
D
N
n
n
D
C nA
V S
C
C
A
n
A
=
= =
= +
| |
=
|
\ .
Force Calculations for Lifting Line
16.100 2002 3
Lift Distributions
The lift distributions due to each of the
n
A terms can be plotted as well:
root
Elliptic Lift Distribution
Recall that minimum induced drag is achieved when 0 =
n
A for 1 > n . In this
case:
sin 2 ) (
sin 2 ) (
1
2
2
A V b L
n A V b L
n
=
=
but:
2
2
sin 1 cos 1
2
y
b
| |
|
= =
|
\ .
2
2
1
( ) 2 1
2
y
L y b V A
b
| |
| =
|
\ .
Elliptic lift
) ( L
2
0
tip at
2
b
tip at
2
b