SM SAINS SERI PUTERI, KUALA LUMPUR

4. VECTORS


NAME:



CLASS: .










1
CHAPTER 4 : VECTORS















































VECTORS
A vector is a quantity that has
a magnitude and a direction
Notation of Vectors
~

a AB =

~
a BA =

Magnitude

AB or -
~
a
(c) Polygon Law










=

AB+

BC+

CD+

DE +

EF

AF
Expression of a vector as the linear
combination of a few vectors

DC =

DE +

EA+

AB+

BC
Multiplication of vector By a scalar
ka= k
~
a

AB =
~
a ;

PQ = 2

AB
= 2
~
a

Two vectors are parallel if one of the vectors is
the scalar multiple of the other vector

AB =
2
1

PQ hence

AB //

PQ

A
B
A
B
P
Q
Non-parallel vectors
(a) Triangle Law of vector
Additions

AC=

AB+

BC



A
B
C
S
P
Q
R
Addition and subtraction of vectors
F
E
B
A
D
C
2
1. INTRODUCTIONS TO VECTOR

Vector is a quantity which has both ___________________ and ______________.

Examples of vectors are ______________________________________________.

Scalar is a quantity which has only ________________________.

Examples of scalars are _____________________________________________.







~

a AB =

2. MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF VECTORS

The _______________________ of a vector is the length of the line segment.

Magnitude of vector

AB = _______________ = ____________________


Example:
Find the magnitude and direction of

AB vector.


Distance of AB =
2 2
3 3 +
= 18
= 4.24 unit
Magnitude

AB = 4.24 unit
Direction = North-East








A
B
A
B
A vector can be represented by a
scaled line segment with an arrow.
3
Exercise

Write the notation of vector and find the magnitude and direction























NEGATIVE VECTOR

A negative vector

AB represents a vector which has the same _____________________

but in the _________________________direction to

AB.





~

a AB =

a AB BA = =




A vector with 0 magnitude is known as _______________________= ____________








Notation Magnitude Direction

AB
5.099 unit North-East




F
B
G
A
H
E
D
K
M
C
Q
P
~
a
~
b
~
c
~
d
~
f ~
e
A
B
A
B
4
3. EQUAL VECTORS

Two vectors are equal if both vectors have the same _______________________ and
______________________.

Exercise
Practice 4 (page 84)

4. MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS BY SCALARS

Multiplying a vector by a positive scalar will get a vector with the same direction, but
different magnitude.

Multiplying a vector by a negative scalar will get a vector with the
______________________ direction and different magnitude.


Examples


Express

AB and

PQ as a scalar product of
~
a

Solution

AB = 2
~
a

PQ =
2
1
1
~
a









Multiplication of a by a scalar k:

a) If k is __________________, ka is a vector in the same direction as a, and a k a k = .

b) If k is __________________, ka is a vector in the opposite direction as a, and
a k a k = .




~
~
a
P
B
A
Q
5
Examples

1. State the vector and the magnitude of

MN and

OP in terms of

. QR




2. The diagram shows

AB.
a. Draw the vector

CD which is twice as

AB.
b. Draw the vector

EF which is
3
4
times

AB.
























N
Q
R

M
O
P
A
B
6
3. The diagram shows p , q ,

AB and

CD. Express vector

AB and

CD in terms of p
and q .











3. Draw the following vectors.

m d m c m b m a
2
1
) 2 )
2
3
) 3 )



















a
p D



C
B
A
m
7
4. PARALLEL VECTORS

If a and b are two parallel vectors, then we can express a as the product of b and a scalar
or vice versa.





Exercise 4

1. In each diagram below, determine the vectors that are parallel and state their relationships.




















(1) AB and ________ are parallel vectors.

AB =

(2) CD and ________ are parallel vectors.

CD =

(3) EF and ________ are parallel vectors.

EF =

(4) IJ and ________ are parallel vectors.

IJ =
Answers : (1)
1
2
; GH AB GH =
(2)
; 2 MN CD MN =
(3)
1
2
; KL EF KL =
(4)
3
2
; QP IJ QP =



2. Given that
,
5
2
and 2 u RS u AB = =
determine whether RS and AB are
parallel.










If k is a scalar, then a = kb if and only if a and b are parallel.

A
B
C
D
K
L
J I
F
E
Q P
M
N
G
H
8











3. Given that , 4
~
u AB = and ,
3
2
~
u BC = show that A, B and C are collinear.



















4. Given that (o - 3)u = (2| - 3)v where u and v are not parallel. Find the values of o
and |.
Example:
Given AB

=
~
u and BC

=
~
4u , shows that A, B and C are collinear
AB

=
~
u , BC

=
~
4u
BC

= 4 AB

AB

// BC

Point B is common point. A, B and C are collinear.
If ha = kb, a and b are not parallel and non-zero vectors, then h = k = 0

9
5. ADDITION OF VECTORS

5.1 Determining The Resultant Vector Of Two Parallel Vectors


Examples:

1. Given that u AB 3 = and u ST
3
2
= , determine . ST AB+











2. Given . 4 EF and 5 , 2 u u CD u AB = = = Express EF CD AB + + 2 3 in terms of u.








5.2 Determining The Resultant Vector Of Two Non-Parallel Vectors

a. Triangle Law




AC BC AB = +








a
b
c
a + b = c
A
B
C
10

b. Parallelogram Law



a
a
b
b
+




Examples

1.











2.
















A
B
C
D
AD AC AB = +
P
S
Q
R
Determine the resultant vectors for each of the
following:

a) PQ SP+


b) QR PQ+
Given that MNOP is a parallelogram.
Determine the resultant vectors for each of the
following:

a) NO NM +


b) ON OP+
P
O
M
N
11




















5.3 Determining the resultant vector of three or more vectors using the Polygon Law







































E
D
C
B
A
q
p
The diagram shows
. q and p
of terms in following the Express
, ED and , , AB q CD p BC = =

ED b
AB a
)
)

A
B
C
D
E
The Polygon Law

AE DE CD BC AB = + + +
A
B
C
D E
F
ABCDEF is a hexagon. Find the resultant vector for the
following:
AF CB BA DC c
CD BC AB FA EF b
CD BC AB a
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
.
.
.


12
6. SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS


) (
) (
b a b a
CD AB CD AB
+ =
+ =











































B
A
C
D
1. In the diagram ABCD is a
quadrilateral. Find

a) CB AB




b) DC BC

P
Q R
S
T
U
2. In the diagram PQRSTU is a hexagon.
Find

a) UT ST




b) PU PQ

c ) SQ UQ d) PT PR
13
7. REPRESENTING VECTORS AS A COMBINATION OF OTHER VECTORS













































1. In the diagram ABC is a triangle and
D is a point lying on AC such that
AC AD = 3 . Given that
, 8 AB and 9 v u AC = = find the following
vectors in terms of u and v .

a) BC
b) DB

A
B
C
D
8 v
9u
R
S P
Q
K
M
N
9 b
6 a
2. In the diagram PQRS is a
parallelogram. Point M is the midpoint of
SP and point N is the midpoint of PQ. If
, 9 and 6 , 2 b RQ a SR KN SK = = =
express each of the following vectors in
terms of a and b .

a) SN

b) MR

c) KN

d) MK
14
3. Given in the diagram, point Q is on AC,
3 : 1 : = AC AQ , AD and BC are parallel
and 3 BC = 4 AD . If AD = 9 u and
AB = 12v , express each of the following
vectors in terms of u and v .

(a) AC (b) BQ




8. SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
VECTORS














D
A
Q
B
12v
9 u
C

O P
Q
R
u
v
1. Given that u v PQ = and R lies on the line
PQ such that .
5
2
PQ PR = Express OR in terms
of u and v .
15
2. SPM 2003 Q14

Diagram below shows a parallelogram ABCD where BED is a straight line.
D C



E
A B
Given

AB = 6p,

AD = 4q and DE = 2EB, express, in terms of p and q:

(a)

BD ,
(b)

EC . [4 marks]



3. SPM 2006 Q14
The points P, Q and R are collinear. It is given that

PQ= 4
~
a 2
~
b and

QR = 3
~
a + (1 +k)
~
b , where k is a constant.
Find,
(a) the value of k,
(b) the ratio of PQ : QR. [4 marks]



4. SPM 2007 Q15
Diagram below shows a rectangle OABC and the point D lies on the straight line OB.











It is given that OD = 3 DB,
Express

OD , in terms of x and y .



C B
A
D
O
9 x
5 y
16
9. Vectors in a Cartesian Plane
9.1 Express Vectors in Cartesian Plane in the form of x i y j + or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
.
A vector that is x units parallel to the x-axis and y unit parallel to the y-axis can be
represented as
x
y
i
j
r
0
x
y
P(x, y)

Exercise
1. Express the following vectors in the form of x i y j + and
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
.





























j y i x
y
x
r + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
d
e
a
c
17

2. The points A(2, 5), B(-4, 1), C(6,3) and the origin, O are on the Cartesian plane.
Express AC and , , AB OB OA in the form of j y i x
y
x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
and .




























9.2 Determining the magnitude of a vector


r = xi + yj

2 2
y x r + =

x
y
i
j
r
0
x
y
P(x, y)





















18
Examples:

Find the magnitude of the following vectors:

|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =

8
6
8 6 . 1 j i AB




j i AB 4 3 . 2 + =

j i v 2 8 . 3 + =





|
|
.
|

\
|

=
12
9
. 4 u

|
|
.
|

\
|

5
7
. 5 CD






9.3 Determining the unit vector


2 2
^
then , Given
y x
j y i x
r
r
j y i x r
r
+
+
= =
+ =

x
y
i
j
r
0
x
y
P(x, y)


19
A unit vector is a vector with magnitude _____ unit.
A unit vector that is parallel to the x-axis is denoted by ______, a unit vector that
is parallel to the y-axis is denoted by _______.

A unit vector in the direction of a vector j y i x r + = is given by








Examples:

Determine the unit vector of the following vectors.

1.
j i u 6 8 + =








2.
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
5
12
u
3.
j i v 16 12 + =







4.
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
12
9
v
5. Given that
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
6
2
a and
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
4
8
2 b a , find
^
~
b








20
9.4 Adding two or more vectors

Vectors given in the form of xi + yj or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
can be added, that is by adding
corresponding x and y components.


Examples:

1. Given j i u 3 4 + = and j i v 7 9 + = .
Find the vector u + v .









2. Given that
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
9
5
u and
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
7
6
v .
Find the vector u + v .
3. Given j i u 4 5 + = , j i v 3 8 = and j i w 2 6 =
Find the vector u + v + w .












9.5 Subtracting two vectors

Vectors given in the form of xi + yj or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
can be subtracted, that is by
_________________________ corresponding x and y components.





21
Examples:


1. Given j i u 9 8 = and j i v 3 12 = .
Find the vector u v .











2. Given that
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
5
6
h and
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
9
7
k .
Find the vector h - k .


9.6 Multiplying a vector by a scalar

Vectors given in the form of xi + yj or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
can be multiplied by a scalar. It is done
by _________________________each of the x and y components by the scalar.


Examples:


1. Given j i u 5 6 = , find 4u .














2. Given that
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
9
a , find a
3
1
.


22
9.7 Performing combined operations on vectors

Principal: 1. Multiplication of vectors.
2. Addition or subtraction from left to right


Examples:
1. Given that
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
7
3
u ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
16
4
v and
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
9
5
w . Find . 2
4
1
3 w v u +







2. Given that
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
5
4
r ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
8
2
s and
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
10
15
t . Find .
5
2
2
3
4 t s r +






3. Given j i u 18 6 = , j i v + = 3 and j i w 3 7 + = . Find w v u + 4
3
1
in terms of i
and j.






4. Given j i a 7 7 = , j i b 10 5 = and j i c 3 15 + = . Find c b a
3
1
5
3
3 + in terms of
i and j.









23
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

1. Diagram 1 shows a parallelogram, OPQR, drawn on a Cartesan plane.
y

Q



R P

x
O
Diagram 1
Given that

OP = 6
~
i + 4
~
j and

PQ = 4
~
i + 5
~
j . Find

PR .
Answer: 10i j +
2. Given O(0, 0), A(3, 4) and B(2, 16), find in terms of unit vector
~
i and
~
j ,
(a) AB ,
(b) unit vector in the direction of AB .
Answer: ( ) ( )
1
5 12 (b) 5 12
13
a i j i j + +

3. Given A(2, 6), B(4, 2) and C(m, p), find the value of m and the value of p such that
AB + 2 BC = 10 i 12 j .
Answer: 6 4 , m p = =

4. Given the points ) 0 , 3 ( A , ) 8 , 7 ( B and ) , 1 ( k C
(a) Express vector AB in terms of i and j ,
(b) Find the value of k if vector OC is parallel to vector AB .
Answer: ( )
1
4 8 (b) 2
4
, a i j h k + = =
5. Given that OABC is a rectangle where OA = 6 cm and OC = 5cm. If OA

=
~
a andOB

=
~
b ,find
(a) AC in terms of
~
a and
~
b
(b) a b +
Answer:(a) (b) 61 a b +

24

6. Diagram 2 shows vector
~
s , vector
~
t and vector unit
~
a and
~
b .















Given
~ ~ ~
3 2 t s r = , express
~
r in terms
~
a and
~
b . Answer:
14 13 a b +

7. Given AB

= (k + 1)
~
a and BC

= 2
~
b . If A, B and C are collinear, AB

= BC

and
~
b =
3
~
a .
Find the value of k.
Answer:k= 5


8. Given that 2 2 a i j = + , 2 3 b i j = and 2 c a b = . Find
(a)
c

(b) unit vector in the direction of c .
Answer: ( ) ( ) ( )
1
10 b 3 4
5
a i j +

~
t

~
s

~
a

b
Diagram 2
25


9.









Diagram 3
Diagram 3 shows GH : AB = 3 : 10 and GH is parallel to AB

. If AB= 10
~
a , find
GH

in terms of
~
a .
Answer: 3a

10.








Diagram 4 shows PQRSTU is a regular hexagon. Express PQ

+ PT

- RS

as a
single vector.
Answer: PR

11. In AOPQ, OP

=
~
p and OQ

=
~
q . T is a point on PQ where PT : TQ=2 : 1. Given
that M
is the midpoint of OT, express PM

in terms of
~
p and
~
q .

Answer:
5 1
6 3
p q +




A
H G
C
B
P Q


U R


T S

Diagram 4
26
12. Diagram 5 shows triangles OAB. The straight line AP intersects the straight line OQ
at R.
It is given that
1
3
OP OB = ,
~
~
1
, 6 and 2
4
AQ AB OP x OA y

= = =



Diagram 5




(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y (i) AP

, (ii) OQ

(b) (i) Given that AR h AP

= , state AR

in terms of h,
~
x and
~
y .
(ii) Given that RQ k OQ

= , state RQ

in terms of k,
~
x and
~
y .
(c) Using AR

and RQ

from (b), find the value of h and of k.

Answer:(a)(i)
( )
9 3 9 3 1 1
2 6 (ii) (b)(i) 2 6 (ii) (c)
2 2 2 2 3 2
, y x x y h y x k x y k h
| |
+ + + + = =
|
\ .



















R
B
P
Q
O
A
27


13. Diagram 6, ABCD is a quadrilateral. AED and EFC are straight lines.











It is given that
~
20 AB x

= ,
~ ~
~
1
8 , 25 24 ,
4
AE y DC x y AE AD

= = = and
3
5
EF EC =
(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y (i) BD

, (ii) EC

(b) Show that the points B, F and D are collinear
(c) If
~
~
2 and 3 x y = = , find BD

Answer:(a)(i) 20 32 (ii) 25 (c) 104 x y x +






















A
C E
F
B
D

28
SPM QUESTION

1. SPM 2003

P = 2a + 3b
q = 4a b
r = ha + (h k)b, where h and k are constants

Use the above information to find the values of h and k when r = 3p 2q
[3 marks]











2. Diagram shows a parallelogram ABCD with BED as a straight line.








Given that
~ ~
6 , 4 and DE = 2EB, AB p AD p

= = express in terms of p and q
(a) BD

(b) EC

[ 4 marks]











B A
E
C
D
29
3. SPM 2004

Diagram below shows triangles OAB. The straight line AP intersects the
straight line OQ at R. It is given that
1
3
OP OB = ,
~
~
1
, 6 2
4
AQ AB OP x and OP y

= = =







(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y
(i) AP

,
(ii) OQ

[4 marks]
(b) (i) Given that AR h AP

= , state AR

in terms of h,
~
x and
~
y
(ii) Given that RQ k OQ

= , state RQ

in terms of k,
~
x and
~
y
[2 marks]
(c) Using AR

and RQ

from (b), find the value of h and of k

[4 marks]


















R
B
P
Q
O
A
30
4. SPM 2005

In diagram, ABCD is a quadrilateral. AED and EFC are straight lines.











given that
~
20 AB x

= , It is
~
~
~
1
8 , 25 24 ,
4
AE Y DC x y AE AD

= = = and
3
5
EF EC =
(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y
(i) BD

,
(ii) EC

[3 marks]
(b) Show that the points B, F and D are collinear [2 marks]
(c) If
~
~
2 3 x and y = = , find BD

[2 marks]

A
C
E
F
B
D