Perforating X

Perforating
Geir Melhus
Perforating domain champion, Indonesia
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Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved
Perforating Seminar
Welcome Perforating safety Conveyance Perforating principal and gun selection TCP accessories API RP 19 B section 1 Gun system performance Research
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Wellsite Perforating Safety
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Must be Followed!
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Why Care About SOP? WARNING

If precautions are not taken, the danger of premature detonation may occur!
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Perforating Safety - Detonators

Hazards from Potential Differences (PDs) Involved While Perforating:
Radio Frequency (RF) Radiation Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Electric Welding High Tension Power Lines Inductive Coupling From Large Induction Motors (Rig Top-Drive Motors)
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Well Construction
1. Drill well to total depth 2. Run casing 3. Cement casing and change fluid 4. Establish underbalance and perforate
reduced permeability
Mud filtrate invasion
Reservoir
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History of Perforating Techniques

Mechanical, prior to 1932 Bullet Gun, 1932 to present Hydraulic, 1958 to present
Abrasive jetting
Shaped Charge, 1946 to present

Spin-off from DOD and DOE Technology >99% of all perforating
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Perforated Completion Damage

Drilling Damaged zone, Kd Non damaged formation, K
Crushed rock debris Reduced permeability crushed zone, Kc

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Perforation conveyance
Wireline - electric activation from surface
Perforating interval? Pressure control? Well restrictions? Radio silence? Pressure or mechanical activation Correlation? Might have to kill the well again No Radio silence needed
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TCP - Drill pipe, Completion, Coil Tubing, Slickline,
Perforating Gun Components

(Explosives)
Detonator initiates detonation train Primary High Explosive (except SECURE)
Primacord transmits detonation to shaped charges Secondary High Explosive
Shaped Charge creates perforation tunnel Secondary High Explosive
Capsule Gun
Carrier 1010Gun
Shaped Charge Magic
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Perforation Process
High jet tip velocity - 7,000 m/sec High Impact pressure - millions psi Short duration microseconds Moderate temperature does not melt Particulated jet does the work About 25% of liner mass in jet About 25 30% energy efficient
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Perforating Gun Systems
Carrier guns Capsule Guns
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Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems

Capsule Guns (WL Only) Enerjet 1 11/16, 2 1/8 Pivot Gun 1 11/16 PowerSpirol 1 11/16, 2 1/8, 2 Carrier Guns (TCP and WL) HSD & PURE 1.56 to 7 Special Purpose Tubing punchers, squeeze guns, custom
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Enerjet Guns
Big gun performance in a small OD package Guns shown are Zero Degree Enerjet +/- 45 Deg Enerjet PowerSpiral
Pendulum phased High Shot Density
Historically, they were mostly unidirectional, strip carrier systems.
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Standard Enerjet Phasings

12 9 6 3
Zero or +/- 45 deg 4 spf for best performance Less than optimal productivity Lower Shot Density Limited Phasing
Limestone 6610 9500 5200
psi psi psi
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15
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Lim estone 6610 9500 5200
psi psi psi
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Carrier Gun Make-up
System can be combined in length as required
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Carrier Guns
Varied Applications
TCP and Wireline PURE
Charges packed in steel tubes and sealed Robust system

>10000 shot at one time
Illustrations of 2, 4 and 7 High Shot Density Gun Systems
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Shaped Charge Perforator

Three principal explosive types RDX HMX HNS All secondary high explosive
Different Temperature Ratings
Case materials can vary

Steel, zinc, ceramics.
Liner does the work

Powdered metal preferred
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Shaped Charge Materials
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Shaped Charge Liners

Solid copper (1946)
Adapted from military Used today in some big hole charges Leaves large copper slug
Bimetallic sheet metal (1958)

Hard to fabricate & Poor performance
Powder metal (1960s)

Slug disintegrates Better debris control Preferred liner for most charges today
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Detonators for Perforating Guns

Detonator Required to initiate detonation train through guns
27 ohms Safety Resistors
Primary High Explosive
Conventional Detonator
Percussion Detonator for TCP
SECURE Detonator
Radio Safe System
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Temperature
Selection of explosives: T (within rating) --> no performance loss Effect is cumulative Consider accuracy of T reading Ratings per type of explosive Temperature: RDX < HMX < HNS Performance: HNS < RDX < HMX
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Time vs Temperature Curves for Carrier Guns
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Shaped Charge Penetration Evolution 4 in. 4-5 spf Schlumberger Guns

API 1 Penetration - inches 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
PowerJet Omega
Mid '90's PowerJet 4505 1990 51J Ultrajet
API RP 19B API RP 19B API RP 43 API RP 43

(shot in 2002)
API RP 43
1980's 50B Hyperjet
Old System
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Guns Review
Carrier Guns
Big guns, high shot density, multi phased, extreme conditions All Conveyance options
Capsule Guns
Small OD guns for through tubing applications
Best performance for small OD guns
Consider Debris, running lengths and conveyance options
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What is Tubing Conveyed Perforating ?

TCP has evolved from running guns on tubing to: A variety of optimized Perforation Delivery systems designed to enhance the completion process. Including but not limited to Deployment on Tubing or Drill Pipe Deployment on Coiled Tubing Deployment on E-Line or Slickline Deployment before, with or after the completion Deployment in Sections and for Selective Zones
Best Available Charge Performance Where and When needed API Performance is not the whole picture.
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TCP System
Packer & completion/testing accessories Nipples, sleeves, gauges etc. TCP Accessories Debris & drop off subs, valves TCP Firing Head Drop bar, pressure, electric, mechanical, timer TCP Gun with safety spacer Various lengths & combinations gauges
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Why TCP??
Productivity and Convenience Shoot big guns, high shot densities underbalanced Shoot large intervals underbalanced Shoot deviated & horizontal wells Oriented perforating Disassociate perforating from wireline
Drill Stem Testing Completions
Hostile environment.H2S etc.

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OrientXact Perforating System
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7-in. Casing - 5 deg/100ft Dogleg
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Confirmation of Gun Orientation

350 10 0
Orientation Confirmation Device (OCD) with 1 accuracy
OrientXact
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CIRP
Completion Insertion and Retrieval (of Gun Strings) under Pressure CIRP allows the insertion and retrieval of long gun strings under pressure After insertion into the well the guns are run on Wireline, Coiled Tubing or a Snubbing Unit
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CIRP Connector
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GunStack
Completion Disassembly and Assembly (of Gun Strings) Downhole Underbalanced perforating of long intervals for increased production with no rathole requirement Rigless deployment of long gun strings to reduce operating cost Anchored guns withstand high underbalance for optimum perforation clean up Guns can be removed from well without killing
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Depth Control
Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs Gamma Ray pips can help Tag plug or packer Wireline set packer/gun combinations
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Firing Head Drop bar

Run in Hole Actuate Head Fire Guns
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Drop Bar Firing Head BHF

Wells with Deviation < 50 degrees Ideal for shallow straight wells Can be used with Dry Hole pin where limited hydrostatic pressure is available Bar deployed via slick line after guns are on depth Compatible with all other firing systems for redundancy Wells where partial fluid column is used to achieve underbalance Expendable System
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eFire - General Specifications

1.707-in. tool OD 320 F temperature rating 15 kpsi pressure rating 500 g shock rating Battery life up to 1000 hrs Includes memory pressure gauge
Job record High speed at time of shot
Pressure Transducer Battery
Controller Circuits
Initiator Circuits
EFI Detonator 39
eFire with Liquid Cushion

Unique Timed Sequence of Pressure Pulses RIH arming command Safe Insensitive to pressure testing Low pressure initiation Programmable delay underbalance Ability to abort at any time No moving parts
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eFire SL Pulse Command

Strain Sensor
Example Pulse generated by pulling up 2 - 3 ft at 7,500 ft

3 seconds/division
3 .10 3.183 3180
Pressure Transducer Battery

3170
.092"LINE - TOOL AT 7500'
3160
3150
Pressure (psig)
Controller Module
10psi/ division
3140
3130 bbotcor k, 1
3120
3110
3100
3090
Initiator Module EFI Detonator
To Pressure Sensor
3080
3 .10 3.069
3070 795.3 795.29 795.35 795.4 795.45 795.5 795.55 795.6 795.65 795.7 795.75 bbotcor .60 k, 0 Time (min) 795.8 795.85 795.9 795.95 796 796.05 796.1 796.15 796.173
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eFire SL Command Sequence

1. eFire SL turned on by preset hydrostatic pressure 2.
1 min 1.5 min 2 min Programmed delay
Armed
Get on depth
Fire
3.
1min 1min 1min 1.5 min

3 1600 1400
1.5 min 5 min 2 min
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
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4
0 640 640
645
650
655
660
665
670
675
680
685 b
j, 0
690 .60
695
700
705
710
715
720
725
730
735
740 740
Hydraulic Delay Firing Head - HDF

Used as a means to perforate multiple zones Insensitive to debris Not limited by well deviations Can be deployed via slick line/CT after guns are on depth Compatible with all other firing systems providing redundancy Delay time can be set from minutes to hours
(N2 applications)
Timer Application
Remove shear pins for no time delay
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Coiled Tubing Firing Head - CBF

Pump down ball to activate Work over and rigless completions in conjunction with CT High Deviations Perforate while well is flowing One trip abandonment 1 11/16 and 2 1/8 OD sizes
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TCP Accessories
Accessories designed and manufactured by Schlumberger
Production Valves Drop off Subs Debris barriers
Other systems available

Cost reliability
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Debris Circulating Sub

Application Debris protection of firing head
Run with drop bar, trigger charge, firing system
Circulation or production port Operation Positioned between packer and guns

Typically 30 ft above guns
Cone broken by drop bar, gamma ray during correlation etc
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Drop Bar Tubing and Rathole Production Valve (DTRV)

Application Used with TCP to isolate rathole from tubing until needed
Establish underbalance with open perforations Protect casing from extreme overbalance pressure
Operation Drop bar ruptures break plug releasing oil Tubing pressure or rathole pressure, whichever is greater, shifts sleeve
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Pressure-Operated Production Valve (POUV)

Application Allows pressuring tubing to set packers, liner hangers, test tubing etc
Run between packer and guns
Allows tubing to be run with desired underbalance Operation Valve remains closed during run in Pressure applied at surface shears pins and valve opens. Valve is locked in open position
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Enerjet Debris
Shaped Charge: Charge case breaks up into small pieces Strip: Retrievable strip remains intact
1 11/16 2 1/8 2
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Shaped Charge Case Debris

Two strategies: Zinc case Reduces size of debris Different debris type Steel case Change steel spec Pack charges in such a way that the case breaks into large pieces
Case debris stays in gun Debris is too big to exit gun
* Mark of Schlumberger
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Controlling the Debris with a Zinc Case

Change charge case from steel to zinc Zinc case charges produces fine zinc powder
MORE debris exits gun Partially dissolved with acid
This is a system in use industry wide to control perforating debris
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Issues With Zinc

Zinc cases break up into very fine particles which are ejected from the gun during the detonation process
Reports of up to 6 kg/m of Zinc ejected
Zinc is only partially acid soluble

15% debris remains in the well/formation after acidizing
Remaining Zinc deposits on hardware

Downhole & Surface
Zinc debris is fine enough to pass through filters Zinc debris will plug pore throats (SPE 58758)
Do not use for injector wells
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More Zinc Issues

Zinc reacts with brines Precipitation can form hard cement in wellbore & formation
Gas wells
Possibility that precipitation causes formation damage Adding inhibitors can reduce chance of precipitation Charge performance reduced by ~15% Guns suffer more shockZinc reacts during detonation Possible EAC (Environmentally Assisted Cracking) issues for guns and hardware under high tension loads - In Hydrogen rich environments
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TCP Depth Control

Measure reference point in string to Top Shot
Usually a radioactive marker sub
Correlated usually by Gamma Ray in pipe to reference logs

Gamma Ray pips can help
Tag plug or packer Wireline set packer/gun combinations

Gun Anchor (MAXR)
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Factors Affecting Productivity
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Downhole Parameters That Affect Performance

Major effects
Gun clearance Formation strength Effective formation stress Casing Properties Wellbore Fluid Temperature (selection of explosive)
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19B 1st EditionSection 1 - Principal Reference

System test into a concrete target Gun position important SPF & Phasing important Penetration & EH & Burr Height recorded
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19B 1st EditionSection 3

Temperature test Gun system (minimum 6 shots) Steel targets Referenced to ambient temperature Penetration & EH Separate test for gun pressure/temperature/time rating
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19B 1st EditionSection 1
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Gun ready to shoot in target
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Gun Shot in target
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Cutting target for measurements
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API-19B Section 1 - Test Target
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Productivity Index
Productivity Index is a measure of the well's ability to produce fluids under an imposed reservoir pressure drop.
qsc (t ) J= p pwf
Productivity Index, STB/d/psi J p (t ) Average pressure in drainage area, psia pwf (t ) Bottomhole flowing pressure, psia q (t ) Production rate, STB/day
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Perforations
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Perforation Objectives
Clean Conduit from Well to Reservoir Bypassing Near Wellbore Damage
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Well conditions
Overbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic higher than reservoir pressure Underbalance, Wellbore hydrostatic lower than Pr Dynamic underbalance, uses gun hardware and job design to create a rapid large underbalance just after perforation tunnel is created.
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OB vs UB vs DUB
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Overbalance
DUB Pore fluid: GAS (Dry N2)
Pore fluid: LIQUID (brine)
Overbalance
DUB

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Formati disponibili

Perforating

Wellsite Perforating Safety

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Must be Followed!

Why Care About SOP? WARNING

Perforating Safety - Detonators

Mud filtrate invasion

History of Perforating Techniques

Shaped Charge, 1946 to present

Perforated Completion Damage

Crushed rock debris Reduced permeability crushed zone, Kc

TCP - Drill pipe, Completion, Coil Tubing, Slickline,

Perforating Gun Components

Primacord transmits detonation to shaped charges Secondary High Explosive

Shaped Charge creates perforation tunnel Secondary High Explosive

Shaped Charge Magic

Perforating Gun Systems

Carrier guns Capsule Guns

Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems

Historically, they were mostly unidirectional, strip carrier systems.

Standard Enerjet Phasings

Limestone 6610 9500 5200

psi psi psi

Lim estone 6610 9500 5200

psi psi psi

Carrier Gun Make-up

System can be combined in length as required

Charges packed in steel tubes and sealed Robust system

Shaped Charge Perforator

Case materials can vary

Liner does the work

Shaped Charge Materials

Shaped Charge Liners

Bimetallic sheet metal (1958)

Powder metal (1960s)

Detonators for Perforating Guns

27 ohms Safety Resistors

Primary High Explosive

Percussion Detonator for TCP

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Time vs Temperature Curves for Carrier Guns

Shaped Charge Penetration Evolution 4 in. 4-5 spf Schlumberger Guns

API RP 19B API RP 19B API RP 43 API RP 43

1980's 50B Hyperjet

Consider Debris, running lengths and conveyance options

What is Tubing Conveyed Perforating ?

Hostile environment.H2S etc.

OrientXact Perforating System

7-in. Casing - 5 deg/100ft Dogleg

Confirmation of Gun Orientation

Orientation Confirmation Device (OCD) with 1 accuracy

Firing Head Drop bar

Drop Bar Firing Head BHF

eFire - General Specifications

Pressure Transducer Battery

eFire with Liquid Cushion

eFire SL Pulse Command

Example Pulse generated by pulling up 2 - 3 ft at 7,500 ft

Pressure Transducer Battery

.092"LINE - TOOL AT 7500'

Initiator Module EFI Detonator

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

eFire SL Command Sequence

1min 1min 1min 1.5 min