1.

Draw diagrams to show the four stages of mitosis in an animal cell with four chromosomes.
(Total 5 marks)

2.

Outline the differences between the behaviour of the chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.
(Total 5 marks)

3.

List the functions of membrane proteins.

(Total 4 marks)

4.

Outline the differentiation of cells in a multicellular organism.

(Total 4 marks)

5.

Discuss possible exceptions to the cell theory.

(Total 4 marks)

6.

Explain the various methods cells use to transport materials across membranes.
(Total 8 marks)

7.

Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)

(a)

Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell.

(4)

(b)

Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei.

(8)

(c)

Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells.

(6) (Total 20 marks)

8.

Describe the consequence of a base substitution mutation with regards to sickle cell anaemia.
(Total 7 marks)

9.

Describe the significance of water to living organisms.

(Total 6 marks)

10.

Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationship between amino acids and dipeptides.
(Total 4 marks)

11.

Explain the process of aerobic respiration including oxidative phosphorylation.

(Total 8 marks)

12.

Explain the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity.

(Total 8 marks)
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13.

Describe the use of carbohydrates and lipids for energy storage in animals.
(Total 5 marks)

14.

Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins, giving one example of each.
(Total 5 marks)

15.

Explain how the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis rely on light-dependent reactions.

(Total 8 marks)

16.

Outline the effect of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
(Total 6 marks)

17.

Explain the reactions involving the use of light energy that occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast.
(Total 8 marks)

18.

Living organisms use DNA as their genetic material. Explain how DNA is replicated within the cells of living organisms.
(Total 8 marks)

19.

(a) bases.

Draw and label a simple diagram to show how DNA is constructed from sugars, phosphates and
(6)

(b)

Define the terms gene and gene mutation.

(4)

(c)

Genetic modification involves the transfer of DNA from one species to another. Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification in a named organism.
(8)

20.

(a)

Draw and label the action spectrum of photosynthesis.

(4)

(b)

Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
(8)

(c)

Outline the potential harmful effects of increased carbon dioxide concentration on the ecosystem and state one measure that could be taken to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
(6)

22.

Explain how meiosis and fertilization can give rise to genetic variety.
2

(Total 6 marks)

23.

Explain how meiosis results in great genetic variety among gametes.

(Total 8 marks)

24.

Outline the process of DNA profiling (genetic fingerprinting), including ways in which it can be used.
Total 6 marks)

25.

Outline a basic technique for gene transfer involving plasmids.

(Total 5 marks)

26.

Karyotyping involves arranging the chromosomes of an individual into pairs. Describe one application of this process, including the way in which the chromosomes are obtained.
(Total 5 marks)

27.

Outline one example of inheritance involving multiple alleles.

(Total 5 marks)

28.

Outline the quadrat method of random sampling used to determine the population of a plant species.
(Total 6 marks)

29.

Explain how parasitism differs from mutualism with reference to named organisms.
(Total 6 marks)

30.

Describe with the aid of a diagram the phases of a sigmoid population growth curve.
(Total 4 marks)

31.

Outline how increased UV radiation can affect life on Earth.

(Total 3 marks)

32.

Explain how energy and nutrients enter, move through, and exit a food chain in an ecosystem.
(Total 8 marks)

33.

Outline the consequences of releasing raw sewage into a river.

(Total 4 marks)

34.

Explain the use of biotic indices and indicator species.

(Total 6 marks)

35.

Explain the factors that affect the distribution of terrestrial animal species.
(Total 5 marks)

36.

Discuss the difficulties in obtaining quantitative data needed to promote fish conservation.
(Total 3 marks)

37.

Outline the roles of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.

(Total 6 marks)
3

38.

Describe one technique that ecologists use to estimate accurately the size of a population of animals, including details of any calculations that need to be done.
(Total 6 marks)

39.

(a)

Draw and label a diagram of the carbon cycle.

(5)

(b)

Outline the mechanism of inhalation in human lungs.

(5)

(c)

Discuss the causes and effects of the greenhouse effect and ways to control it.
(8)

40.

Explain two examples of evolution in response to environmental change.

(Total 8 marks)

41.

Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

(Total 7 marks)

42.

Discuss the benefits and dangers of immunization against bacterial and viral infections.
(Total 8 marks)

43.

Explain the role of antibody production with regard to vaccinations.

(Total 8 marks)

44.

Outline the process of fertilization in humans.

(Total 6 marks)

45.

Discuss the ethical issues of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in humans.

(Total 8 marks)

46.

Draw a labelled diagram of an adult male reproductive system.

(Total 4 marks)

47.

Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle in human females.

(Total 8 marks)

48.

Production of semen involves a series of processes, which in total take many weeks to carry out. Outline the processes involved in semen production from the start of sperm formation (spermatogenesis) to ejaculation.
(Total 8 marks)

49.

Explain how a muscle fibre contracts, following depolarization of its plasma membrane.
(Total 6 marks)

50.

Describe how human skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens.
4

(Total 4 marks)

51.

Draw a labelled diagram to show the internal structure of the heart.

(Total 6 marks)

52.

Describe the structure and function of the placenta.

(Total 6 marks)

53.

Describe the mechanism of ventilation in the human lung.

(Total 5 marks)

54.

Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)

(a)

Draw a diagram of the heart showing the chambers, valves and associated blood vessels.
(4)

(b)

Outline the control of the heartbeat.

(6)

(c)

Explain the relationship between the structure and function of blood vessels that are found in a human.
(8)

55.

(a)

Define the term homeostasis and list four variables under homeostatic control in humans
(5)

(excluding water balance).

(b)

Draw and label a diagram of the structure of the human kidney.

(4)

(c)

Explain the role of the nephron in maintaining the water balance of the blood in the human body.
(9) (Total 20 marks)

56.

Outline the role of the phloem in the active translocation of biochemicals.

(Total 5 marks)

57.

Describe the metabolic events of germination in a starchy seed.

(Total 5 marks)

58.

Explain how abiotic factors affect the rate of transpiration in a terrestrial plant.
(Total 8 marks)

59.

Draw the structure of a dicotyledenous animal-pollinated flower.

(Total 6 marks)
5

60.

The leaves of plants are adapted to absorb light and use it in photosynthesis. Draw a labelled diagram to show the arrangement of tissues in a leaf.
(Total 6 marks)

61.

Compare the structure of bryophytes and angiospermophytes.

(Total 5 marks)