1

1
One Dimensional Problems
Lecture Notes
Dr Mohd Afendi
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
ENT467 Finite Element Analysis
Chapter 3
2
Introduction
Total potential energy, stress-strain and strain-
displacement relationships are used in developing
FEM for one dimensional problems.
Same basic procedure for two- and three-
dimensional problems.
For one-dimensional problems, the vector is a
function of x.
u=u(x), =(x), = (x), T=T(x), f=f(x)
Stress-strain and strain-displacement relations are:


=
du
E
dx
o c c =
3
Introduction
Three types of loading:
Body force, f (self weight due to gravity)
Traction, T (frictional resistance, viscous drag)
Point load, Pi.


Figure 1
4
Finite Element Modelling
In one dimensional problems, every node is
permitted to displace only in the x direction.
Each node has only one degree of freedom (dof).
Element division, numbering scheme.
Figure 2
5
Finite Element Modelling
Displacement along each dof is denoted by Q=[Q1,
Q2,,Qn]
T
and global node vector, F=[F1,,Fn]
T
.






Figure 3
6
Finite Element Modelling
Global numbering.


Element connectivity.




Figure 4
Figure 5
2
7
Coordinates and
Shape Functions
Natural or intrinsic coordinate system, :






Figure 6
1
2 1
2
( ) 1 x x
x x
=

8
Coordinates and
Shape Functions
The unknown displacement field within an element
will be interpolated by a linear distribution.
Approximation becomes more accurate if more
elements are considered.
Figure 7
9
Coordinates and
Shape Functions
Linear shape function:


Linear displacement:

where q1 and q2 are nodal displacement

In matrix notation: u = Nq
N = [N1, N2]
T
and q = [q1, q2]
T
1 2
1 1
( ) , ( )
2 2
N N


+
= =
1 1 2 2
u N q N q = +
10
Coordinates and
Shape Functions
Stress derivation.
Strain-displacement relation.




Also, since:

We have:


chain rule

du du d
dx d dx

c c

= =
differentiate
1
2 1 2 1
2 2
( ) 1
d
x x
x x dx x x

= =

1 1 2 2 1 2
1 1
2 2
u N q N q q q
+
= + = +
1 2
2
du q q
d
+
=
11
Coordinates and
Shape Functions
Then, substitute into previous equation:


This equation can be written as:
= Bq
matrix B is the element strain-displacement matrix.


The stress, from Hookes law, is:
= EBq
1 2
2 1
1
( ) q q
x x
c = +

2 1
1
= [ 1 1]
x x

B
12
Example 3.1
Referring to the following figure:




(a) Evaluate , N1 and N2 at point P.
(b) If q1 = 0.003 in and q2 = -0.005 in,
determine the value of the displacement q at
point P
x2 = 36 in
x = 24 in x1 = 20 in
2 1 P
3
13
Example 3.1
Answer:



Using Eq. 3.4 the coordinate of P is given by:



Using Eq. 3.7a we get:

1 2
x1 = 20 in
P
x2 = 36 in
x = 24 in
5 . 0 1 ) 20 24 (
16
2
= =
p
25 . 0 75 . 0
2 1
= = N and N
in u
p
001 . 0 ) 005 . 0 ( 25 . 0 ) 003 . 0 ( 75 . 0 = + =
14
Problem 3.1
Consider the bar in Fig. 3.1. Cross-section A
e
= 1.2 in
2
, and
Young modulus E = 30x106 psi. If q
1
= 0.02 and q
2
= 0.025
in determine the following:
The displacement at point P
The strain c and stress o
The element stiffness matrix
The strain energy in the element
1 2
x
1
= 15 in
P
x
2
= 23 in

x = 20 in

Figure 3.1
15
Problem 3.1
Answer
(a) q=0.023125 in
(b) c = 0.000625 and o = 18750 psi
16
Potential-Energy Approach
General expression for potential-energy approach:


Since the continuum has been discretized into finite
elements, the expression for becomes:



T T T
1
u f u T u P
2
T
i i
V V S
i
dV dV dS o c [ =

} } }
T T
1
2
T
i i
e e e
e e e i
Adx u fAdx u Tdx QP o c [ =

} } }
17
Potential-Energy Approach
Then, the equation can be written as:


where Ue is the element strain energy.



T T
e i i
e e
e e e i
U u fAdx u Tdx QP [ =

} }
1
2
T
e
e
U Adx o c =
}
18
Potential-Energy Approach
Element Stiffness Matrix
Consider the strain energy term.

Substitute for = EBq and = Bq into above equation.


From previous equation:



1
2
T
e
e
U Adx o c =
}
T T T T
1 1
or [ ]
2 2
e e
e e
U E Adx U E Adx = =
} }
q B Bq q B B q
2 1
or
2 2
e
l x x
dx d dx d

= =
4
19
Potential-Energy Approach
The element strain energy Ue is now written as:


where Ee is Youngs modulus. Note that , then:


which result in:
1
T T
1
1
2 2
e
e e e
l
U A E d

(
=
(

}
q B B q
1
1
2 d

=
}
{ }
T
2
1 1
1
[ 1 1]
1
2
e e e e
e
U A l E
l

= q q
T
1
1 1
1 1
2
e e
e
e
A E
U
l
(
=
(

q q
20
Potential-Energy Approach
This equation can be written as:


where the element stiffness matrix k
e
is given by:


T
1
2
e
e
U = q k q
1 1
1 1
e e e
e
E A
l
(
=
(

k
21
Potential-Energy Approach
Force terms
Element body force term:

This equation can be written as:


Integrals of the shape functions:


T
1 1 2 2
( )
e
e e
u fAdx A f N q N q dx = +
} }
1 T T
2
e
e
e
e
e
A f N dx
u fAdx
A f N dx


=
`

)
}
}
}
q
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
e e
e
e e
e
l l
N dx d
l l
N dx d

= =
+
= =
} }
} }
22
Potential-Energy Approach
The body force term can be written as:

or

where the element body force vector f
e
is:
{ }
T T 1
1
2
e
e
e
A
u fAdx l f =
}
q
T T e
e
u fAdx =
}
q f
{ }
1
1
2
e e
e
A
l f = f
23
Potential-Energy Approach
The element traction force term:






T
1 1 2 2
( )
e e
u Tdx N q N q Tdx = +
} }
1 T T
2
e
e
e
T N dx
u Tdx
T N dx


=
`

)
}
}
}
q
T T e
e
u Tdx =
}
q T
{ }
1
1
2
e e
Tl
= T
24
Potential-Energy Approach
At this stage, element matrices k
e
, f
e
and T
e
have
been obtained. Then, the total potential energy can
be written as:

where K is the global stiffness matrix, F is the global load
vector and Q is the global displacement vector.
Assembly of the global stiffness matrix and load
vector:

T T
1
2
[ = Q KQ Q F
( )
e
e
e
e
e

K k
F f +T P
5
25
Galerkin Approach
Galerkins variational form for one dimensional
problem:


On the discretized region:
T T
( ) 0
T
i i
L L L
i
Adx fAdx Tdx P o c | | | | =

} } }
T T
( ) 0
T
i i
e e e
e e e i
E Adx fAdx Tdx P c c | | | | =

} } }
26
Galerkin Approach
Summary.
The variational form can be written as:

Or

where
T T T
0
e e e
i i
e e e i
P + =

k q f T
T
( ) 0 = KQ F +
{ }
{ }
1 1
1 1
1
1
2
1
1
2
e e e
e
e e e
e e
E A
l
A l f
Tl
(
=
(

=
=
k
f
T
Element body
force vector
Element stiffness
matrix
Element traction
force
27
Penalty Approach
Penalty approach is used to handle the boundary
conditions.
In this approach, global stiffness K is modified by
adding a large number C to the first diagonal
element which has specified boundary condition.
Similarly, global load vector is also modified by
adding C and boundary condition number.
Consider a displacement boundary condition:
Q1 = a1
28
Penalty Approach
The modified stiffness matrix and modified load
vector are given by:



It is that the value of C is:

Reaction force: R = -CQ
11 12 1 1 1 1
21 22 2 2 2
1 2
( )
N
N
N N N N NN
K C K K Q F Ca
K K K Q F
Q F K K K
+ + (
(
=
` `
(

(
) )
4
max 10
ij
C K =
1
1
i N
j N
s s
s s
29
Example 3.4
Consider the bar shown in fig. E3.4. An axial
load P = 200x10
3
N is applied as shown. Using
the penalty approach for handling boundary
conditions do the following:
(a) Determine the nodal displacements
(b) Determine the stress in each material
(c) Determine the reaction forces

Ex 3.4
30
300 mm 400 mm
P
1 2
1
2
3
Aluminum
A
1
= 2400 mm
2
E
1
= 70 x 10
9
N/m
2

Steel
A
2
= 600 mm
2
E
2
= 200 x 10
9
N/m
2

6

31 31
Ex. 3.4
(a) Determine the nodal displacements
(

=
1 1
1 1
300
2400 10 70
3
1
k
(

=
1 1
1 1
400
600 10 200
3
2
k
1 2
1
2
Global dof
2 3
2
3
(

=
1 1
1 1
e
e e e
l
A E
k

32 32
Ex. 3.4
Structural stiffness matrix K is assembled from k
1

and k
2







Global load vector
(

=
1 1
1 1
300
2400 10 70
3
1
k
(

=
1 1
1 1
400
600 10 200
3
2
k
(
(
(

=
30 . 3 30 . 3 0
30 . 3 86 . 0 56 . 5
0 56 . 5 56 . 5
10
6
K
| |
T
F 0 10 200 , 0
3
=

33 33
Ex. 3.4
Global load vector is
dofs 1 and 3 are fixed
Using penalty approach, a large number of C is
added to the first and third diagonal element of K
(
(
(

=
30 . 3 30 . 3 0
30 . 3 86 . 0 56 . 5
0 56 . 5 56 . 5
10
6
K
| |
T
F 0 10 200 , 0
3
=
4
10 max =
ij
K C
| |
4 6
10 10 86 . 0 = C
max
(
(
(

=
30 . 8600 30 . 3 0
30 . 3 86 . 0 56 . 5
0 56 . 5 56 . 8600
10
6
K

34 34
Ex. 3.4
Finite element equation are given by
| |
4 6
10 10 86 . 0 = C

(
(
(

0
10 200
0
30 . 8600 30 . 3 0
30 . 3 86 . 0 56 . 5
0 56 . 5 56 . 8600
3
3
2
1
Q
Q
Q

(
(
(
(

+
N N NN N N
N
N
F
F
Ca F
Q
Q
Q
K K K
K K K
K K C K

2
1 1
3
2
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

35 35
Ex. 3.4
The solution of displacement

(
(
(

0
10 200
0
30 . 8600 30 . 3 0
30 . 3 86 . 0 56 . 5
0 56 . 5 56 . 8600
3
3
2
1
Q
Q
Q
| | mm Q
T
6 6
10 1127 . 8 23257 . 0 10 1432 . 15

=
36 36
EBQ = o
Ex. 3.4
(b) the stresses in each element
Using Eq. 3.15 and Eq. 3.16
| | MPa 27 . 54
23257 . 0
10 1432 . 15
1 1
300
1
10 70
6
6
1
=
)
`

=

o
| | 1 1
1
1 2

=
x x
B
| | MPa 29 . 116
10 1127 . 8
23257 . 0
1 1
400
1
10 200
6
3
2
=
)
`

=

o
7
37
Ex. 3.4
(c) Determine the reaction force at the support
Using Eq. 3.78
| |
3 6 10
1 1
10 23 . 130 10 1432 . 15 10 86 . 0 = = =

CQ R
r i a Q C R
i P P
,..., 2 , 1 ) (
1 1
= =
| |
3 6 10
3 3
10 77 . 69 10 1127 . 8 10 86 . 0 = = =

CQ R
38
Quadratic Shape Functions
In some problems, use of quadratic interpolation
leads to more accurate results.
Consider a typical three-node quadratic element.



Transformation of the coordinate system:

Figure 8
3
2 1
2( ) x x
x x

39
Quadratic Shape Functions
In -coordinate, quadratic shape function N1, N2
and N3 will be introduced as:
Figure 9
1
1 2
1
2 2
3
( ) (1 )
( ) (1 )
( ) (1 )(1 )
N
N
N



=
= +
= +
40
Quadratic Shape Functions
The displacement field within the element:





Figure 10
1 1 2 2 3 3
or
u N q N q N q
u
= + +
= Nq
41
Quadratic Shape Functions
The strain is given by:


Then,


The stress is given by:
du du d
dx d dx

= =
2 1
2 1 2 1 2
, , 2 or =
2 2 x x

c c
+ (
=
(

q Bq
E o = Bq
42
Quadratic Shape Functions
The element stiffness matrix:


The element body force vector:


The element traction-force vector:
7 1 8
1 7 8
3
8 8 16
e e e
e
E A
l
(
= (
(

k
1/ 6
1/ 6
2 / 3
e
e e
A l f


=
`

)
f
1/ 6
1/ 6
2 / 3
e
e
l T


=
`

)
T
8
43
Temperature Effects
For thermal stress problems.
Initial strain: 0 = T
The element load vector:


This equation can be simplified as:


1
T
0
1

2
e e
e e
l
E A d c

=
}
B
{ }
2 1
1

1
e e e e
E A l T
x x
oA

=

2 1
[ 1 1]
x x

B
44
Temperature Effects
The global load vector:

The desired element load vector:


The stress in each element:

Or

( )
e e e
e
= + + +

F f T P u
( ) E T o o = A Bq
2 1
[ 1 1]
E
E T
x x
o o = A

q
{ }
2 1
1
1
e e e e
E A l T
x x
oA

=