University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

1 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction Radiation is all around us we absorb it everyday in different ways. Radiation is not good for our health, but theres nothing to worry about because if we know how to protect ourselves from it, we will not be much affected. Unfortunately, we are exposed more to radiation from diagnostic medical imaging test like the use of x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and mammography. In a hospital or a clinic setting, you are most likely to encounter radiation from diagnostic x-ray. From broken bones to life threatening illnesses, x-ray machines help diagnose and treat medical conditions. In fact, seven out of ten people receive either a medical or dental x-ray every year. Literally, thousand of x-ray machines are used daily in medical and industry for examinations, inspections, and process controls. Because of their many uses, x-rays are the single largest source of man-made radiation exposure. X-rays pass more easily through the soft tissues of our bodies than through are bones and organs. After passing through our body, x-rays strike a special x-ray film, creating our image showing shadows where our bones, organs and other dense masses have absorbed x-rays.

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

2 Like microwaves, radio waves, and visible light, the x-rays produced by an x-ray machine are a form of electromagnetic radiation. Unlike microwaves, radio waves, and visible light, x-ray are ionizing radiation which is capable of removing electrons from atoms and damaging living cells and the DNA of those cells. However since x-ray machines only produce radiation during operation and the radiation used is small, resulting medical problems are unlikely. Radiation produces free radicals hat damages cells that make up tissues such as organs, glands, muscle, and bones. Besides causing the cells to age more quickly, they also become distorted, or mutated, creating cancers such as leukemia, birth defects, and other diseases. Now the issue is on how do patients protect themselves from radiation while undergoing medical process like x-ray examinations. Practice of radiation protection which will be applied to all patients before conducting a medical process such as x-ray is one step advantage or asset of an efficient, effective and competitive Radiologic Technologist. Related Literature This research study cited books, articles and laws, which are relevant to the present investigation. It is composed of related literature and studies concerning local which contains facts and information on the problem at hand.

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

3 On June 19, 1965, the International Radiation Protection (IRP) was formed during a meeting in Los Angeles. Membership includes radiation protection societies from US countries as well as individual members. As an international association for the protection from radiation, it aims are promoting excellence in the practice of radiation protection through national and regional associate societies and radiation protection professionals by providing benchmarks of good practice and enhancing professional competence and networking. IRPAs primarily purpose is to permit better communication between those engaged in radiation protection activities in all countries and through this process advance radiation protection in many parts of the world. IRPA organizes international meeting for exchange around radiation protection, among which the International Congress of IRPA itself held about every four years in 1966. Background On December 28, 1895, Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist and mathematician who also discovered x-ray, viewed his discovery as an important one, but he also viewed it as one of primarily academic interest. His interest was in the x-ray itself as a form of energy, not in the possible practical use of it. Others quickly began assembling their own x-ray producing devices and exposed inanimate objects as well as tissue, both animal and human, both living and dead, to determine the range of use of these x-rays could do what had been claimed. Skepticism eventually gave way to College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

4 produced curiosity as investigation concentrated on ways of imaging the living human body for medical benefit. As investigations into legitimate medical applications of the used of x-rays continued, the nonmedical and nonscientific communities began taking a different view of Roentgens discovery. X-ray proof underwear was offer as protection from this rays that were known to penetrate solid materials. New Jersey legislator attempted to enact legislation that would ban the use of x-ray producing devices on opera glasses. Both of this efforts were presumably aimed at protecting one from revealing their private anatomy to the unscrupulous users of x-ray. The public furor reached such a height that a London news paper, the Pall Mall Gazette, offered the following editorial in 1896. Fortunately, the scientific applications of x-rays continued to be investigated for the benefit of the society, despite this public distractions. Roentgens discovery was lauded as one of great significance to science and medicine, and Roentgen received the first Novel prize presented for physics on 1901. Excitement over this previous discovered type of energy was somewhat tempered by the realization in 1898 that x-ray could cause biologic damage. This was first noticed as a reddening and burning of the skin of those were exposed to the large dose of x-rays at the time. More serious effects, such as the growth of malignant tumors and the alterations of ones chromosomes, were attributed in later decades to x-ray exposure. Despite these disturbing findings, however, it was also realized that x-rays could be use

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

5 safely. When radiation procedures followed, which safeguard both radiographer and patient, x-ray assist medical diagnosis by imaging virtually every part of the human body. According to the basic radiation protection principles, Radiation protection shall be on the three principles of justification, optimization, and limitation (International Commission on Radiological Protection, 1991), as follows: 1. No practice shall be adopted unless its introduction procedures a positive net benefit to be exposed individuals or to society. (The justification of the practice.) 2. In relation to a particular practice, the magnitude of individual doses, the number of people exposed, and the likelihood of incurring exposed shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. (The optimization of protection.) 3. The risk either from a dose or potential dose to a class of individuals shall not exceed the limits set for that class. (Limitation of individual dose and risk.) Only those persons required to assist, or being in the course of training, shall be presented during the performance of x-ray examinations. Movable or adjustable protective barriers and shielded doors shall be in their closed or protective positions during the x-ray examination. Protection of persons holding patients or image receptors No person shall hold a patient during exposures unless it is otherwise impossible

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

6 to obtain a diagnostically useful image and not merely that it is a matter of convenience. No person shall hold an x-ray film cassette, or other imaging equipment or x-ray tube head in position during exposures. Holding of patients during exposure shall be done by person accompanying the patient in preference to non-radiation personnel or radiation personnel. No pregnant women or young person (under the age of 18) shall do any holding. Any person holding patients during x-ray examination shall wear a leaded apron and wherever practicable, leaded gloves. No part of the holders body shall be primarily beam, even if covered with protective clothing. Statement of the Problem The study will be conducted to analyze the practice of radiation protection as perceived by the patient undergoing x-ray examination in University of Perpetual Help Medical Center Las Pias City. It is specially sought to answer the following research problems: 1. What is the profile of selected patients of University of Perpetual Help Medical Center in terms of the following demographic variables: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Civil Status

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

7 2. What is the radiation protection practice in terms of the following examinations: 2.1 Chest X-ray 2.2 Abdominal X-ray 2.3 Pelvic X-ray 3. Is there any significant difference on the practice of radiation protection as perceived by patients when grouped according to their demographic profile? Significance of the Study This study mainly focuses on the significance of practicing radiation protection as perceived by the patient undergoing x-ray examination. The result of the study will be useful to the patient and the radiologic technologist himself/herself. It will confirmed the knowledge of the patients on the different radiation protection. Further it will also gauge the attitude and practice of Radiologic Technologist who implements the radiation protection clothing. Today, the main problem to which we, Darren B. Gamueda and Chester Louie A. Dancel must address in order to effectively contribute to national development goals: Practice of Radiation Protection as Perceived by the Patient undergoing X-ray Examination.

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

8 Hypothesis There is no difference between the perception of patients even when grouped according to age, gender, and civil status on the practice of radiation protection. Definition of Terms Age the leght of time that a person has lived or existed. Gender according to the sex of the referent. Chest x-ray an x-ray examination of the chest area. Abdominal x-ray an x-ray examination of the abdominal area. Pelvic x-ray an x-ray examination of the pelvic area. Perception the act of perceiving.

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

9 Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY Reseach Design The research design that the researchers will be use will be the descriptive type of research. In order to determine the awareness of the patients in University of Perpetual Help Medical Center Las Pias City, regarding the radiation protection. Subject of the study The main subjects of the study are patients undergoing Chest x-ray, Abdominal x-ray, Pelvic x-ray at University of Perpetual Help Medical Center Las Pias City. Instrument of the study Questionnaire will be used as an instrument in order to gather data. The questionnaire will be self made but will undergo validity and reliability by subjecting it to the experts and pilot test before the actual use. Data Gathering Procedure The reseachers will make a communication to the school administration through Dean Chona Cabatay, the dean of the College of Radiologic Technology, to cunduct the study. Upon the approval of the administration, the reseachers will now proceed to the

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

10 Department of University of Perpetual Help Medical Center and to the Department of Radiologic Technology to make the necessary arrangments. Before interviewing the patient a letter of consent will be obtain and the researchers will explain to the patients the purpose of the study, and will assure to them the confidentiality of all information. All the data that will be gathered and analyzed accordingly. Statistical treatment of Data The data gathered will be analyzed by using frequency distribution, ANOVA, Ttest as needed.

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

Pratice of Radiation Protection as Perceived by the Patient undergoing X-ray Examination

Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty Of BS Radiologic Technology University of Perpetual system DALTA Las Pias City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Bachelor Of Science in Radiologic Technology

By: Darren B. Gamueda Chester Louie A. Dancel College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction Related Literature Background Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Hypothesis Definition of terms 1 2 3 6 7 8 8 i ii

College of Radiologic Technology

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

2. METHODOLOGY Reseach Design Suject of the Study Instrument of the Study Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Treatment of Data 9 9 9 9 10

College of Radiologic Technology