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TARA

The Mother of Perfected Wisdom

Tara

"ThereisatruefeministmovementinBuddhismthatrelatestothegoddessT r.Followinghercultivationofbodhicitta, thebodhisattva'smotivation,shelookeduponthesituationofthosestrivingtowardsfullawakeningandshefeltthatthere weretoofewpeoplewhoattainedBuddhahoodaswomen.Soshevowed,'Ihavedevelopedbodhicittaasawoman.For allmylifetimesalongthepathIvowtobebornasawoman,andinmyfinallifetimewhenIattainBuddhahood,then, too,Iwillbeawoman.'" DalaiLama,1989

TheBodhisattvaTaraisasymbolforfeminismandtheinclusionofwomenintheMahayanaBuddhisttradition.Tara's21 formsmetaphoricallyillustratewomen'smultifacetednature,andhermyriadformsprovidemodelswomenmighteasily relatetoinanysituation.Sheemanatesanauraofpower,andinstillsahopethatwomenmayachievegreatness amongsttheirmalecounterparts.

History

Background
TaraistheGoddesswhorepresentsPerfectedWisdomandteachestheinnerandouterunderstandingsofcompassionandemptiness. TherearemanydifferentrepresentationsofTara,uptotwentyoneinallfoursectsofTibetanBuddhism,butthetwomorefamousTaras worshippedaretheGreenandWhiteTaras.GreenTararepresentsenlightenedactivity,andWhiteTararepresentscompassion,longlife,and serenity(SeebelowforfurtherdetailsoneachoftherepresentationsofTara). ToexplainhowTaracametobe,wemustlookatAvalokitesvara'sstory.Avalokitesvarawaslookingdownattheworldofsamsarafromhis Pureland,andrealizedallthesufferingthelowerthreerealmswereenduring.Heweptatthesight,andfromtwotearsappearedWhiteTara andGreenTara,eachactingashis"guardianangels;"reassuringhimthathemustntstopstrivingtohelpallsentientbeings. Interestinglyenough,theTarafigureoriginatedinHinduism;later,onceMayahanabecameanestablishedpractice,shewastransferred intoBuddhistteachings.ShewasthefirstBodhisattvatoincorporatefeminineprinciplesthusknownasthe"MotherofPerfectedWisdom," andthenlaternoticedasthe"MotherofCompassionofPerfectedWisdom."Herfaceisalwaysdepictedwithasubtlesmileandwelcoming eyes,producingtheinfinitewisdomthatallowslaitytoconnectwithheronapersonallevel;andmakingheroneofthemost worshippeddeitiesamongsttheBuddhistcommunity,especiallywomen. Taraisabeacontolayworshipanddevotion;laitycanspeaktoherdirectly,ratherthanthroughamediatingmonkornun.ButTaratends tofinddeeperfootingamongwomen;sheispartofTantricMeditation,whichismostlypracticedbywomen;andsincewomenin traditionalTibetanhouseholdstendtomaintainthedomesticsphere,theydomostoftheirvenerationsinthecomfortoftheirownhome;so beingabletopraydirectlytoTarapullsstrongdevotionfromlaywomen. Taralooksafterallsentientbeingsandprotectsthem,justasamotherwouldherchildren.SheisthefemalefigureofAvalokitesvara, andcanbemodernlydefinedastheembodimentoffeminism;becausesheisapowerfulgoddess(orBodhisattava)whoisnotonlyactivein protectingallsentientbeings,butalsohasacompassionatesidethatiseasilyidentifiablebyall.

OriginMyths

ThePrincess
TarawasaprincessinanotherworldsystemnamedYesheDawa,whichmeans"MoonofPrimordialAwareness".Shewasdevotedtothe Buddhaofherworldsystemandlearnshowtobeabodhisattvafromhim.Theothermonksofthatsystemrecommendsherequesttobeborn amaninhernextlifesoshecanachievemoreinthewayofenlightenment.Sherepliesthatonly"weakmindedworldlings"seegenderas barriertoEnlightenmentandshevowstoalwaysberebornintheformofawomanuntiltheendofsamsara.
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FromtheTearsofAvalokitesvara
TaraisafemaleformofAvalokitesvara,thebhodhisattvaofcompassion.TherearemanylegendsofhowTaracameintoexistence.One legend,similartothelegendofKuanYinsaysthatasAvalokitesvaraweptforthosesentientbeingstrappedinthelowerrealmsTarawasborn fromalotusflowerthatgrewfromhistears.AnotherversionofthisstorytellsofhowtheGreenandWhiteformsofTarawerebornfrom2 tearsofAvalokitesvara.YetanotherversionofthelegendsaysthatTarawascreatedfromabluebeamoflightemanatingfrom Avalokitesvaraseye.

TheTwoWives
TaraissaidtobeincarnatedinallpiouswomeninTibet.Legendsaysthat2ofthewivesofthegreatKingSrongbtsanSgampoofTibet embodiedtheWhiteandGreenTaras.

Mother and Protector

Taraisalsoseenasamotherfigure.Hercompassionforallsentientbeingsiscomparedtolovethatofamotherforherchild.Sheprotects thoseinearthlytravelandisthoughttobethegoddessofnavigation.Thisisalsosymbolicforsheaidssentientbeingsastheytravelthepath toEnlightenment.Sheisoftencalleduponinprayerbyrefugees. 'Tara'means'Rescuer'.Aptlynamed,sherescuesusfromtheeightinnerfears,manifestintheeightouterfears. 8outerfears: Lions=Pride Wildelephants=Delusions Forestfires=Hatred Snakes=Envy Robbers=Fanatical/wrongview Prisons=Avarice Floods=Lust Demons=Doubt[3] Outerfearsmanifestinrealmofcorporealrealityaffectsthephysicalbody Innerfearsmanifestinultimaterealityoccursinthemind

Ritual

Tara's Vow

"Therearemanywhowishtogainenlightenment inaman'sform, Andtherearefewwhowishtowork forthewelfareoflivingbeings inafemaleform. ThereforemayI,inafemalebody, workforthewelfareofallbeings, untilsuchtimeasallhumanityhasfounditsfullness."[1]

Mantra

Omtaretuttareturesvaha/soha

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Om ahessenceofawakenedbody oessenceofawakenedspeech messenceofawakenedmind quicklywithboldness clearingawayallfear,distressandsufferingofallbeings completevictoryoftruthoverallnegativity allaccomplishments[2]

Tare Tuttare Ture Soha/svaha

Manifestations

White Tara: Mother of all Buddhas

ByAmberCarlson

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Introduction WhiteTaraisoneofthetwobestknownemanationsofTara(theotherbeingGreenTara).WhiteTaraembodiescompassionand motherliness.Sheisasaviorbodhisattvaandcanbecalledonforhelp,especiallywhenfollowersneedassistanceinovercomingobstaclesin theirlives.WhiteTaraisassociatedwithhealth,strength,longevityandbeauty,andherloveissopowerfulthatitisthoughttocurediseases. OriginofWhiteTara Accordingtolegend,WhiteTaraoriginatedfromthebodhisattvaAvalokiteshvara.WhenAvalokiteshvarawitnessedallofthesufferingin theworld,hewassomovedthathebegantocry.ItissaidthatWhiteTaraemergedfromthetearsflowingfromhislefteye.Heressenceis thecompassionwithinAvalokiteshvara'stears. Artisticportrayal WhiteTarawearssilkengarmentsalongwithtraditionalbodhisattvaornamentsandjewels.WhiteTara'sskiniswhiteasanautumn moon;clearasastainlesscrystalgem,radiatinglight(1).Itswhitenessisalsocomparedtotheradianceoftheeternalsnows(1).Whiteis symbolicofselflessnessandpurity;additionally,itshowsthatsherepresentsdharma,orunbiasedtruth.Shesitsuprightonacircleofthe moonwithherlegsfoldedindiamondposture,demonstratinghergraceful,calmnature.Withherrighthand,sheismakingthegiftbestowing gestureasasymbolofhercompassion.Withherlefthand,sheholdsalotusflower(utpala)betweenherthumbandfourthfinger(the protectionmudra).Theutpalainherhandhasthreeblooms:onesymbolizingtheBuddhaofthepreviouseon(Kashyapa);thesecond representingthepresentBuddha(Shakyamuni);andthethirdrepresentingthefutureBuddha(Maitreya),WhiteTaraissaidtobetheessence ofthepast,presentandfutureBuddhas.Hence,sheisknownastheMotherofallBuddhas. WhiteTarahasatotalofseveneyesonherbody.TheserepresenttheSevenEyesofKnowledgeandshowhervigilanceTaraseesall humansuffering.Thelocationsofthedifferenteyestellwhatkindofsufferingshesees.Onherface,therearethreeeyes:twoareinthe samelocationsashumaneyes,representingapparent(external)suffering,andonesitsjustabovehernoseinthespiritual"thirdeye" position.ManySoutheastAsianswearbindissmalldotsormarkingsindicatingthelocationofthethirdeyeontheforehead.Inartistic depictionsofTara,thiseyerepresentspsychologicalandspiritualsuffering.Taraalsohasaneyeinthepalmofeachhand(representing
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sufferinginactivity)aswellasoneonthesoleofeachfoot(representingsufferinginprogress). ItisalsosaidthatWhiteTararadiateswhitelight.Whitelightresultsfromcombiningalloftheothercolorsoflighttogether.Whenwhite lightisshonethroughthe"prism"oflife,arainbowappears.Themultitudeofdifferentcolorsarerepresentativeoflife'sdiversity.Tara's whitelightunifiesallofthecolors,makingalllivingthingsone. WhiteTaraisalsoassociatedwithRainbowBodypractice,orDzogchen,amysticaltraditionpracticedbyTantricBuddhists(thoughisnot exclusivetoBuddhism).DzogchenoriginatedintheBnreligion,anindigenousreligionoftheHimalayanpeoples.TheTantricsagePadma SambhavaeventuallybroughtBuddhismtoTibet,andthenativesreadilyadoptedBuddhismbecauseBuddhistbeliefsfitwellwiththeBn beliefsystem.Accordingtolegend,whenPadmaSambhavadied,hisbodydissolvedbackintothenaturalelementsandleftnorelics.This miraculouseventgaverisetotheNyingmatradition,whichledtothedevelopmentofTibetanBuddhism. DzogchenisanintegralfeatureoftheNyingmatradition.ThefinalpracticeofDzogchenistodissolveonesbodybackintotheelementsat thetimeofdeath,asPadmaSambhavadid.Whenthisoccurs,itissaidthatthephysicalbodyliterallyradiateslight,andthepractitioner disappearsintothatlight,transcendingthephysicalformtobecomeawisdombody.ThisisknownastheRainbowBodyattainment,and TantricBuddhistsseeitasasignofextremesanctity.TheRainbowBodyattainmentisenlightenment,inasenseitisawarenesswithout obscurations;itisomniscience;itispurespace.Itistheultimatefruitofspiritualcultivation.(16) HowisWhiteTaradifferentfromGreenTara? ThereareafewwaysinwhichWhiteTaradiffersfromGreenTara.First,comparedwithGreenTara,whoisdepictedasbeingyouthfuland girlish,WhiteTaraiswomanlyandmature.SheismorefullbodiedthanGreenTara;herfullbreasts,inparticular,givetheimpressionof motherliness.Secondly,WhiteTararepresentsday,whileGreenTararepresentsnight.Finally,thetwoTarasaidfollowersindifferentways. GreenTararespondstoimmediateconcerns(e.g.wealthandotherworldlyconcerns),whileWhiteTararespondstolongertermproblems(e.g. physicalandmentalhealth). WhiteTara'sMantra OMTARETUTTARETURE,MAMAAYURJANAPUNTINKURUSOHA. Roughlytranslated,themantraisanappealtoTaraforlongevity,meritandwisdom. WhiteTaraMantra

GreenTara

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Introduction GreenTaraistheBodhisattva'smostdynamicmanifestation.Hercolorsymbolizesyouthfulvitalityandactivity.TheBuddhistLordofkarma, Amoghasiddhi,isalsoassociatedwiththegreencolor;suggestingfamilialaffiliation,andmoreoveraffirmingtheperceptionthatGreenTara isagoddessofaction.[4] OriginofGreenTara PrecedingBuddhism,TarawasworshippedasamanifestationofthegoddessParvatioftheHindureligion;thoughsheprobablyhadnot beenintroducedtoBuddhismuntilthe6thcentury,CE. Thoughsheisthemoreintensemanifestation,herroleofsaviorgoddessofcompassionhasnotdeviated.AsaconsortofAvalokiteshvara, someconsiderGreenTaratobetheoriginalTara.AndlikeAvalokiteshvara,GreenTaraisbelievedtobeanemanationofthe"selfborn" BuddhaAmitabha,andanimageofAmitabhaisoccasionallyillustratedinTara'sheaddress.[17] ArtisticPortrayal Thoughherlegendsororiginationvary,herdepictionstendtoremainconsistent.Sheisoftendepictedinapostureofroyalease characteristicofBodhisattvas.Withherrightlegextended,sheisreadytoleapintoaction.Theleftlegfoldsinthecontemplativepositionon thelotuspedestal;thetwotogetherthussymbolizingtheintegrationofwisdomandart. Herlefthand,heldintherefugemudra,holdsthestemofabluelotusthatfloatsoverherleftshoulderasasymbolofpurityandpower; andfurthermorerecallinglegendsofherorigination,andfullybloomedrealization.Herrighthandissplayedinthegenerositymudra, signifyingbestowalofbothmundaneanddivineblessings.[18]

21 Taras
FromthetantraknownastheTwentyOnePraisesofTara,arisesasystemofpracticewith21emanationsofTara1foreachverse.Each
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formofTaraexhibitsauniquecolor,andischargedtorealizeapreciseaction. Thereare3eminentanddistinctrootsforthesetof21Taras:PanditaSuryagupta,LordAtishaandthelineagefromtheNyingmaLama Longchenpa.Butthese3lineagesdonotsharethesameiconographicforms.IntheAtishaassembly,alltheTarasappearinthesamebasic posture,andonlydifferwiththecolorofthebody.These3lineagesnotwithstanding,thereareother,thoughlesserknownseriesofthe21 Taras.[9] 4colorsbasicallyserveasciphersfortheir4activities:pacifying,enriching,subjugating,andeliminating.Mixedcolorssuchasorange signifyablendofqualities,temperedbystrongassociations.Forexample,#3isbluishyellow,thecolorofanoldTibetanturquoise;and#20, whowearsthetraditionalrobeofanIndianmendicant.[10] Epithetsandcolormanifestations: 1.TheSwiftHeroinered 2.Saraswatiwhite;Tara"TheGreatPacifier"(ofkleshas: negativeobscurations) 3.TheGiverofSupremeVirtueyellow(bluetinged);"Tara whoIncreases" 4.TheAllVictoriouswhite;"TaraoftheLifeForce" 5.TheGiverofIntelligencereddishyellow(orange);"Tara ResonatingwithHUM" 6.TheTerrifierblack(reddish);"Tara,VictoriousOverthe ThreeWorlds" 7.TheInvincibleblack;"TaraWhoCrushestheForcesof Others" 8.TheConquerorofOthersreddishblack;"Tara,Pulverizer oftheMaras" 9.TheSavioroftheScentedForestwhite;"Tara, EmbodimentoftheThreeJewels" 10.TheConqueroroftheThreeWorldlyRealmsred;"The GreatSubduer" 11.TheGiverofWealthyelloworange;"TaraEliminatorof Poverty" 12.TheAuspiciousorange;"TaraBestowerofAuspicious Conditions" 13.TheDestroyerofOpposingForcesred;"TaraBlazingin Flames" 14.TheWrathfulreddishblack;"TaraofWrathfulGaze" 15.TheVeryPeacefulwhite 16.TheBlazingLightred;"TaraWhoSavesbyMeansof HUM" 17.TheSubduerofCountlessHarmfulForcesorange;"Tara TrembleroftheThreeWorlds" 18.ThePeahenwhite;"TaraWhoEliminatesPoisons" 19.TheInvincibleQueenwhite;"Tara,Eliminatorof ConflictsandBadDreams" 20.TheMountaindwellingMendicantsaffronyellow;"Tara EliminatorofDiseases" 21.RaysofLightwhite;"TaraAccomplisherofAll EnlightenedActivities"[11]

21 Praises of Tara
OMIprostratetothenobletranscendentliberator. 1
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HomagetoTaraswiftandfearless Witheyeslikeaflashoflightning Lotusborninanoceanoftears OfChenresig,threeworlds'protector. 3 Homagetoyoubornfromagoldbluelotus Handsadornedwithlotusflowers Essenceofgiving,effortandethics, Patience,concentrationandwisdom. 5 HomagetoyouwhoseTUTTAREandHUM Filltherealmsofdesire,formandspace. Youcrushsevenworldsbeneathyourfeet Andhavepowertocallallforces. 7 HomagetoyouwhoseTREYandPEY Destroyexternalwheelsofmagic. Rightlegdrawninandleftextended, Youblazewithinaragingfire. 9 Homagetoyoubeautifullyadorned BytheThreeJewels'gestureatyourheart. Yourwheelshinesinalldirections Withawhirlingmassoflight. 11 Homagetoyouwithpowertoinvoke Theassemblyoflocalprotectors. WithyourfiercefrownandvibratingHUM, Youbringfreedomfromallpoverty. 13 Homagetoyouwhodwellsinablazingwreath Likethefireattheendofthisage. Yourrightlegoutstretchedandleftdrawnin, Joysurroundsyouwhodefeatshostsoffoes. 15 Homagetotheblissful,virtuous,peacefulone Objectofpractice,nirvana'speace PerfectlyendowedwithSOHAandOM Overcomingallthegreatevils. 17 HomagetoTUREwithstampingfeet WhoseessenceistheseedletterHUM YoucauseMerus,MandaraandVindaya Andallthreeworldstotrembleandshake. 19 Homagetoyouonwhomthekingsofgods, Thegodsthemselvesandallspiritsrely. Yourarmorradiatesjoytoall Yousootheconflictsandnightmaresaswell. 21 Homagetoyou,adornedwiththreenatures Perfectlyendowedwithpeacefulstrength Youdestroydemons,zombiesandyakshas OTURE,mostexaltedandsublime!

Homagetoyouwhosefaceislike Onehundredautumnmoonsgathered Andblazeswiththedazzlinglight Ofathousandconstellations. 4 HomagetoyouwhocrownallBuddhas Whoseactionsubdueswithoutlimit Attainedtoeveryperfection Onyouthebodhisattvasrely. 6 HomagetoyouadoredbyIndra, Agni,Brahma,VayuandIshvara. Praisedinsongbyhostsofspirits, Zombies,scenteatersandyakshas. 8 HomagetoyouwhoseTUREdestroys Thegreatfears,themightydemons. Withawrathfulfrownonyourlotusface, Youslayallfoeswithoutexception. 10 Homagetoyou,radiantandjoyful Whosecrownemitsagarlandoflight. You,bythelaughterofTUTTARA Conquerdemonsandlordsoftheworld. 12 Homagetoyouwithcrescentmooncrown Allyouradornmentsdazzlingbright. Fromyourhairknot,Amitabha Shineseternalwithgreatbeamsoflight. 14 Homagetoyouwhosefootstampstheearth Andwhosepalmstrikesthegroundbyyourside. WithawrathfulglanceandtheletterHUM, Yousubdueallinthesevenstages. 16 Homagetoyouwithjoyousretinue Yousubduefullyallenemies'forms Thetenlettermantraadornsyourheart AndyourknowledgeHUMbringsliberation. 18 Homagetoyouwhoholdsinyourhand Amoonlikeacelestiallake SayingTARAtwiceandtheletterPEY Youdispelallpoisonswithoutexception. 20 Homagetoyouwhoseeyes,thesunandmoon, Radiatewithpurebrilliantlight UtteringHARAtwiceandTUTTARA Dispelsextremelyfearfulplagues. Thustherootmantraispraised Andtwentyonehomagesoffered[7]

Iconography

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WhiteTara StatuesitsinKarmaKagyuschoollocatedinadharmacentre:AKarmaKagyuschoolisanon monasticschool;adharmacentreisalaycommunity. HavingthisstatueinapurelylaycommunityreiteratesthedevotionthelaityhaveforTara. TheGoddess,Tara 12thc.Nepal. Copperalloywithgilt,pigment,andsemipreciousstones. LosAngelesCountyMuseumofArt TheScurveofherbodydemonstratesanelegancecharacteristicofNepaliart. Taraholdsalotus,recallinglegendsofherbirthfromtheflowersproutedfromthetearsof Avalokitesvara. Herright,openpalmfacestowardtheviewerinamudrabestowingpeace,longevityandgood fortune. EasternTibet,c.18001899.GroundMineralPigmentonCotton. CollectionofRubinMuseumofArt Tarahereassumesthegenerositymudraassheprotectssentientbeingsfromthe8fears.
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WorksCited

[1]Khandro.Net.Tara.2010.6April2010

<http://www.khandro.net/deities_Tara1.htm>.
[2]Tara.SacredWind.20072009.<http://www.sacredwind.com/tara.php>

[3]SukhasiddhiFoundation."MeaningofTaramantra."2010.Sukhasiddhi

Foundation.6April2010<http://www.sukhasiddhi.org/docs/>.
[4]Kumar,Nitin.GreenTaraandWhiteTara:FeministIdealsinBuddhist

Art.Internet.http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/tara/2/.
[5]SukhasiddhiFoundation."UnderstandingVajrayanaPractice."2009.

SukhasiddhiFoundation.6April2010<http://www.sukhasiddhi.org/docs/>. [6]Ibid.
[7]OselShenPhenLing.2April2010.7April2010<http://www.fpmt

osel.org/meditate/21taras.htm>.
[8]HimalayanArt.Tara.2004.ShelleyandDonaldRubinFoundation.3April

2010.<http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/237.html>.
[9]Ibid.

[10]

Khandro.Net.Tara'sEpithets.2010.6April2010<http://www.khandro.net/Tara_21names.htm>.

[11]Ibid.

[12]Kumar,Nitin.GreenTaraandWhiteTara:FeministIdealsinBuddhistArt.Internet.http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/tara/2/.

[13]NoAuthorCited.WhiteTaraGoddessofCompassion.Internet.http://www.whitetara.com/whitetara.html.

[14]NoAuthorCited.Tara:BuddhistGoddessinGreenandWhite.Internet.http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/deities/tara.htm.

[15]NoAuthorCited.TheWhiteTara.Internet.http://vortexcd.tripod.com/wtara.htm.

[16]Barrett,JamesAndrew.RainbowBodyBodyofLight.Internet.http://web.me.com/jamesbarrett999/Site/Rainbow_Body.html.

[17]NoAuthorCited.Tara:BuddhistGoddessinGreenandWhite.Internet.http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/deities/tara.htm.

[18]Kumar,Nitin.GreenTaraandWhiteTara:FeministIdealsinBuddhistArt.Internet.http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/tara/2/.

MarnieBrinckerhoff KristenCretecos AmberCarlson BrittanyWoods

[2] dalai [1]

Om. Om Jetsun

Om! ahessenceofawakenedbody oessenceofawakenedspeech ToGreat,NobleTara,Ibowdown.

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