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Organization
Introduction Why VFDs Generate Harmonics? Harmonic Limit Calculations per IEEE 5191992 Harmonic Mitigation Techniques
Passive and Active Means
Motivation
Harmonics cause unnecessary heat in equipment connected to harmonic source System rich in harmonics is generally associated with poor power factor and low efficiency
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Motivation - Continued
Harmonics can overload preexisting power factor correcting capacitors at plant facility and at utility distribution points Harmonics can initiate system resonance that can severely disrupt operation Hence, control of harmonic current is important and necessary
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XL
ih ih
Xc
Figure 5.2
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Introduction
Non-linear loads current does not follow applied voltage waveform
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Introduction (Contd.)
To estimate heating effect due to non-linear currents flowing through circuit breakers and transformers, linearization is needed Resolving non-linear waveform into sinusoidal components is Harmonic Analysis Ratio of harmonic content to fundamental is defined as harmonic distortion or THD
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DC capacitor
Phase voltage
3-phase input
Pulsating current due to dc bus capacitor main source of nonlinearity in input current In weak ac systems, during diode conduction ac voltage is clamped to dc bus voltage source of non-linearity in input voltage
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Definition of THD
Ratio of the square root of the sum of squares of the rms value of harmonic component to the rms value of the fundamental component is defined as Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) If the waveform under discussion is current, then the THD definition is called Current Harmonic Distortion. If the waveform under discussion is voltage, then the THD definition is called Voltage Harmonic Distortion
n=
THD I =
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I
n=2
2 n
n =
I1
THDV =
V
n =2
2 n
V1
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Sample Waveforms
THD = 1.2%
THD = 78.3%
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Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above. * All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless of actual Isc / IL ; where Isc is the maximum short circuit current at PCC and IL is the maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency) at PCC.
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10% 3% 16,400
20% 5% 22,800
The value of AN for other than 480V systems should be multiplied by V/480. * Special applications include hospitals and airports. A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to the converter load. In volt-microseconds at rated voltage and current.
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Definitions
PCC - Point of Common Coupling Point where harmonic measurement is to be made Typically, where the utility power comes into the business (commercial building or industrial factory) Also defined as the point where non-linear load meets the linear load within a plant most popular definition used by Consultants to enforce Drive Manufacturers to meet IEEE519 at VFD input TDD Total Demand Distortion Harmonic current distortion in percent of maximum demand load current. The maximum demand current interval could be either a 15-minute or a 30-minute interval.
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Definitions - Continued
ISC: Short-circuit current at PCC Defines the size of the customer from Utilitys view point helps to distinguish between a Seven-Eleven store from a Steel manufacturing plant IL: Maximum demand load current at fundamental frequency Need not be the rated load current.
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h = (k q) 1
h is harmonic order, k is any integer, q is number of pulses at the dc bus voltage in one period
For a six-pulse system, h will be: 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc. For a twelve-pulse system, h will be: 11th, 13th, 23rd, 25th, etc. Amplitude of harmonics is 1/h for a three-phase ac to dc rectifier with no dc bus capacitor Harmonics of order other than those given above are called noncharacteristics harmonics and are more common than not
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I SC = I SC =
Step 3: Determine IL from user. In its absence, use NEC Amps for rated horsepower condition. Here, use 124A Step 4: Determine ISC/IL. Look up Table 10.3 to determine limit - 15%
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Active Techniques Passive Techniques Hybrid Techniques Combination of Active and Passive Techniques
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THD40%
.
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+( 2 / 3)
+( / 3)
2 V L L sin( t ) d ( t ) = 3 2 3 V L N cos( )
3 2 V L L cos( )
2 L I dc V LL 3
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THD37%
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+ ( 2 / 3)
+ ( / 3)
2 V L L sin( t ) d ( t ) = 3 2 3 VL N
3 2 V L L cos( )
i 3 V m = V m V 3 ph avg = V m t t 3 3 T /6 Vm = V m L cr = i I dc L cr
Ldc
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x
40.00 30.00
DC reactor only (with LIN=47H) AC reactor only AC reactor with DC reactor of 2.75mH
THD=92.4% Ldc=0.47mH
-20.00 -30.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99
4.99
5.00
5.00 5.00
THD=82.9% Ldc=1.4mH
THD=58.5% Ldc=2.35mH
0
4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
-10.00
4.99
4.99
4.99
5.00
5.00 5.00
THD=43.9% Lac=2.35mH
THD=92.5% Lac=0.47mH
4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00
5.00 5.00
-10.00 -15.00
20.00
-20.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
10.00
-10.00
-20.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
THD=59.6% Lac=1.4mH
30.00
20.00
10.00
THD=44% Lac=0.47mH
20.00
-10.00
10.00 5.00
4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
-20.00 -25.00
THD=37.3% Lac=1.4mH
0 -5.00 -10.00 -15.00 -20.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
THD=33.8% Lac=2.35mH
-10.00 -15.00 4.98 4.99 4.99
4.99
4.99
4.99
5.00
5.00 5.00
0.5
1.5
3.5
4
x
4.5
THD=92.5% Z=1%
DC reactor only (with ZSC=0.1%) AC reactor only AC reactor with DC reactor of 2.75mH
-10.00 -20.00 -30.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
30.00
20.00
20.00
10.00
THD=59.6% Z=3%
25.00 20.00
10.00 0 -10.00
0
15.00 10.00
-10.00
THD=43.9% Z=5%
25.00 20.00
THD=92.4% Z=1%
-20.00 -30.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99
5.00
-20.00 30.00
4.99
5.00
5.00 5.00
20.00
10.00
THD=50.6% Z=3%
4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
4.98
4.99
4.99
4.99
4.99
4.99
5.00
5.00 5.00
THD=37.7% Z=5%
10.00
-5.00 -10.00
0
-15.00 -20.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
-10.00
-10.00
-20.00 -25.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
-20.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
THD=44% Z=1%
20.00
-10.00
5.00 0
-20.00 -25.00 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
THD=37.3% Z=3%
4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
THD=33.8% Z=5%
4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
-10.00 -15.00
AC equivalent Z (% Impedance)
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Optimal Solution
AC Line Inductor Alone Not Optimal because of Voltage Drop DC Link Inductor Alone Does Not Provide Surge Protection Optimal Solution is a Combination of the two 1% AC Input Inductor + Standard DC Link Choke
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Harmonic Filters
Capacitor Based Harmonic Filters Series Filter tuned to offer high impedance to select frequencies Shunt Filter tuned to shunt select frequencies Hybrid Filters combination of above Large, bulky, expensive, and often ineffective
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Lf Cf
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Lf
Cf
U V W
IM
Lf Cf
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Bulky, expensive
Autotransformer
Cf
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XL
ih ih
Xc
Figure 36.2
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Ldc VDC
H1 H1 H2 H3
IM
Rated for full power operation bulky but ONLY option when input is medium voltage and drive is of low voltage rating
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X1 X2
X2 X3
L1 L2 L3
Ldc VDC
U V W
IM
ILM
% Distortion
16 12 8 4 THD
5 7 11 Harmonic Order
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3-ph ac supply
b b
L3
Common Core
L11 L21
C
L31
Inter-phase Transformer
3-Ph AC supply
b' b
S' T'
VFD #1
U V W
Motor 1
a' B c'
a U V W
R S T
VFD #2
Motor 2
Autotransformer configuration If loads are isolated and fairly balanced, this is very attractive
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X3 H1 H1 H2 H3 H3 H2 Y2 Y3
Ldc VDC
U V W
IM
Transformer is rated for full power operation - bulky and expensive Cost effective method if primary is MV Attenuates conducted EMI effectively
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I1
L1 L2 L3
Iin
I3
L11 L21
Ldc VDC
U V W
5 6 I5 L31
IM
H2
% Distortion
16 12 8 4 THD
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5 7 11 Harmonic Order
X3
Y2
+20 deg Y3
Ldc VDC
U V W
IM
Power rating of isolation transformer is 2/3 of rated output power Current through matching inductor is 1/3 of rated input current Patent Pending
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% Distortion
16 12 8 4 THD
THD= 4.5% with 1.5% input reactor; 6.5% with no input AC reactor.
13 17 19
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5 7 11 Harmonic Order
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THD37%
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Conclusions
IEEE 519 does not mean THD < 5% Find out PCC, ISC, and IL, Apply the Spirit of IEEE 519 correctly
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Conclusions
Avoid capacitor based harmonic filter 12-pulse techniques can achieve low TDD at drive input
Hybrid 12-pulse is attractive, less bulky and cost-effective Isolation transformer based method is best when input is MV
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