GREEN COMPUTING

1. HISTORY: In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a voluntary labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics. The term "green computing" was probably coined shortly after the Energy Star program began; there are several USENET posts dating back to 1992 which use the term in this manner. Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the TCO Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from CRT-based computer displays; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy consumption, ergonomics, and the use of hazardous materials in construction.

2. INTRODUCTION: Faced with the realities of global warming and rising energy costs, government agencies and private firms worldwide are examining ways to protect the environment. There is a growing global movement to implement more environmentally friendly computing. Green computing is the name attached to this movement, which represents an environmentally responsible way to reduce power and environmental waste. Green computing is an attempt to comply with the environmentally friendly actions of the world and to decrease the carbon footprint on the world. There are several ways computing, or the use of a computer, can be turned green, or environmental friendly.

3. WHAT IS GREEN COMPUTING? Green Computing refers to the method of using environmentally sustainable computers and accessories. It aims to design, manufacturing, use and disposal of computers with minimum or no impact on the environment. The term Green IT is also used to describe the use of eco-friendly devices in Information Technology. Green computing aims to reduce hazardous chemicals in computer devices and to increase their energy efficiency. Green computing also promotes the recycling of electronic components and parts. In the article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesan defines the field of green computing as "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystemssuch as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment." In the past, the sole focus was on IT equipment processing power and associated equipment spending while infrastructure that includes power, cooling and data center space was always assumed available, ready, a given and affordable. Today, the infrastructure is becoming a limiting factor that can determine how and if IT equipment can be deployed to meet business growth while processing power is becoming a given, even thought not ignored. The driving force behind this change comes from the ever growing business computing needs, fast growing burden of energy cost, growing awareness of global warming issues, and increasing sense of national energy security. The rises of sea levels, high carbon emission and carbon footprints and concerns on the disposal of the computing equipment are the key drives towards green computing in order to achieve environmental friendly information and communication technology: 3.1. 3.2. Green Computing has become an innovative way on how technology and ecology converge together. With the recent years many industries and companies have turned their attention in realizing how going 'green' can benefit public

relations, reduced costs, and lowering global emissions from industrial manufacturing. 3.3. Ultimately green computing focuses on ways in reducing overall environmental impact, its main purpose is to find and promote new ways of reducing pollution, discovering alternative technologies, and creating more recyclable products.

4. WHY USE GREEN COMPUTING? Green computing benefits the environment. Reduced energy usage from green computing techniques translates into lower carbon dioxide emissions, stemming from a reduction in the fossil fuel used in power plants and transportation. Green computing conserves resources which mean less energy is required to produce, use, and dispose of products. Simply, saving energy and resources saves money. Core objectives for a Green Computing strategy could include: 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. Minimizing energy technology) estate, consumption from the IT (information

Purchasing green energy and using green suppliers, Reducing the paper and other consumables used, and Minimizing equipment disposal requirements.

Fig: Landfills due improper disposal of computers.

5. COMPUTING AND POWER CONSUMPTION Data centers are currently estimated to account for 3% of the worlds energy consumption. PCs, mobile devices also a significant part.

Power Consumption (Watts)

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Server Desktop Laptop Netbook Mobile Phone

FIGURE: Power consumption

6. FIVE STEPS TO GREEN COMPUTING There are five first steps we can take toward a green computing strategy: 6.1. Develop a sustainable green computing plan: Green computing best practices and policies should include recycling policies, recommendations for disposal of used equipment, government guidelines and recommendations for purchasing green computer equipment. Recycle: Discard used or unwanted electronic equipment in a convenient and environmentally responsible manner. Computers have toxin metals and pollutants that can emit harmful emissions into the environment. Never discard computers in a landfill. Recycle them

6.2.

instead through manufacturer programs such as HP's Planet Partners recycling service or recycling facilities in your community. Or donate still-working computers to a non-profit agency. Strategies you might employ include: 6.2.1. Replacing older printers with more efficient devices such as multifunction printers, 6.2.2. Replacing faxes with paperless solutions such as fax-to-email, 6.2.3. Replacing copiers with scanners (scan and email), 6.2.4. Changing default printer settings to double sided printing, 6.2.5. Replacing memos and paper information distribution with an intranet.

6.3.

Make Environmentally Sound Purchase Decisions: Purchase Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool registered products. EPEAT is a procurement tool promoted by the nonprofit Green Electronics Council to:

6.3.1. Help institutional purchasers evaluate, compare and select desktop computers, notebooks and monitors based on environmental attributes 6.3.2. Provide a clear, consistent set of performance criteria for the design of products 6.3.3. Recognize manufacturer efforts to reduce the environmental impact of products by reducing or eliminating environmentally sensitive materials, designing for longevity and reducing packaging materials 6.3.4. All EPEAT-registered products must meet minimum requirements in eight areas of environmental impact and be energy efficient to reduce emissions of climate-changing greenhouse gases. To demonstrate corporate social and

environmental performance, manufacturers must offer safe end-of-life management and recycling options when products become unusable. 6.4. Reduce Paper Consumption: There are many easy, obvious ways to reduce paper consumption: e-mail, electronic archiving, use the track changes feature in electronic documents, rather than redline corrections on paper. When you do print out documents, make sure to use both sides of the paper, recycle regularly, use smaller fonts and margins, and selectively print required pages. Conserve Energy: Turn off your computer when you know you will not use it for an extended period of time. Turn on power management features during shorter periods of inactivity. Power management allows monitors and computers to enter low-power states when sitting idle. By simply hitting the keyboard or moving the mouse, the computer or monitors awakens from its low power sleep mode in seconds. Power management tactics can save energy and help protect the environment.

6.5.

7. APPROACHES TO GREEN COMPUTING? Modern IT systems rely upon a complicated mix of people, networks, and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative must cover all of these areas as well. A solution may also need to address end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, and return on investment (ROI). There are also considerable fiscal motivations for companies to take control of their own power consumption; "of the power management tools available, one of the most powerful may still be simple, plain, common sense." 7.1. Product Longevity Gartner maintains that the PC manufacturing process accounts for 70 % of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a PC. More

recently, Fujitsu released a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a desktop that show that manufacturing and end of life accounts for the majority of this laptop ecological footprint. Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime. Another report from Gartner recommends to "Looking for product longevity, including upgradability and modularity."For instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger ecological footprint than manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one.

7.2.

Algorithmic Efficiency The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. While algorithmic efficiency does not have as much impact as other approaches, it is still an important consideration. A study by a physicist at Harvard, estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO).However, Google disputes this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produces only 0.2 grams of CO. More recently, an independent study by GreenIT.fr demonstrate that Windows 7 + Office 2010 require 70 times more memory (RAM) than Windows 98 + Office 2000 to write exactly the same text or send exactly the same e-mail than 10 years ago.

7.3.

Virtualization Computer virtualization refers to the abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. The concept originated with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the 1960s, but was commercialized for x86-compatible computers only in the 1990s. With virtualization, a system administrator could combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby unplugging the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption. Virtualization can assist in distributing

work so that servers are either busy or put in a low-power sleep state. Several commercial companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a transition to virtual computing. Intel Corporation and AMD have also built proprietary virtualization enhancements to the x86 instruction set into each of their CPU product lines, in order to facilitate virtualized computing. 7.4. Terminal Servers Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the operating system on the terminal. These can be combined with thin clients, which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption. There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to create virtual labs. Examples of terminal server software include Terminal Services for Windows and the Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) for the Linux operating system. 7.5. Power Management The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power-saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system may hibernate, where most components (including the CPU and the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a computer's BIOS to control power management functions Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU, which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed. This process is called undervolting. Some CPUs can automatically undervolt the processor, depending on the

workload; this technology is called "SpeedStep" on Intel processors, "PowerNow! 7.6. Storage Smaller form factor (e.g., 2.5 inch) hard disk drives often consume less power per gigabyte than physically larger drives. Unlike hard disk drives, solid-state drives store data in flash memory or DRAM. With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low-capacity flash-based devices. In a recent case study, Fusion-io, manufacturers of the world's fastest Solid State Storage devices, managed to reduce the carbon footprint and operating costs of MySpace data centers by 80% while increasing performance speeds beyond that which had been attainable via multiple hard disk drives in Raid 0.In response, MySpace was able to permanently retire several of their servers, including all their heavy-load servers, further reducing their carbon footprint. As hard drive prices have fallen, storage farms have tended to increase in capacity to make more data available online. This includes archival and backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage. The increase in online storage has increased power consumption. Reducing the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research. 7.7. Telecommuting Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies are often implemented in green computing initiatives. The advantages are many; increased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc. The savings are significant; the average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting accounting for 70% of all energy consumed.

Other related initiatives, such as hotelling, reduce the square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when they need it. Many types of jobs sales, consulting, and field service integrate well with this technique. Voice over IP (VoIP) reduces the telephony wiring infrastructure by sharing the existing Ethernet copper. 8. APPLYING CONCEPT OF GREEN IT It is important to understand the life cycle of computer while applying the concept of GREEN IT. This was explained with the help of following figure

From the view of a user in an organization, following are the area of focus for making the IT GREEN: 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. Energy Consumption saving energy while use Purchase- Responsible computer purchase Energy use- Energy use and efficient ways to computing Reducing waste- Using computers to reduce the use of natural resources

8.5.

Recycling - disposal considerations.

9. ENERGY SAVING PROGRAMMES Many countries now adopted programmes to minimize energy consumption in electronic equipments. The Climate Savers computing initiative is the programme launched to reduce power consumption in computers. The Green Electronic Council promotes the manufacturing and sale of Green Computers. The Green Grid is a global consortium promoting the use of energy efficient IT devices in data centers and business firms.

10.METHODS FOR GREEN COMPUTING 10.1. Use of a single hardware to run two or more systems logical computer

10.2. Use of a terminal server system to connect multiple users to transfer data into a Central server. The central server will process the data. This reduces energy consumption. 10.3. Power efficiency system can be introduced, so that the computer and peripherals turn off after a period of time if it is not using. The Hibernating mode and Advanced power management of modern computers are meant for this. 10.4. Power supply efficiency of the PC can be increased to 80% from 70% efficiency of the present power supply system. 10.5. Replacement of CRT monitor with LCD or LED monitors. 10.6. Reduction in the uses of toxic chemicals such as lead, cadmium, mercury etc. in computer parts. 10.7. Introduction of recycling programmes in all places to dispose obsolete devices easily.

10.8. Promotion of telecommuting systems. This reduces the cost, travel expenses, carbon dioxide emission from vehicles etc. Some Green computing tips 10.9. If you are not using the computer frequently, purchase a small system with minimum attachments and peripherals. 10.10. Turn off the computer immediately after the use. Do not keep it in standby mode. Even in the standby mode, it consumes around 10 watts power. 10.11. Buy a good quality computer with Energy star. Always observe the power consumption. 10.12. Unplug peripherals such as printer, audio system, scanner, modem etc if these are not using. 10.13. Do not keep the UPS always switched on. Switch on the UPS only when the computer is using. If you are using the computer for one or two hours daily, that is enough for charging the battery. This prevents overcharging of the battery and reduces the electricity cost.

11.ADVANTAGES Of course, there are still many advantages to this kind of computing. A reduced usage of energy from green computing techniques will actually translate into a much lower carbon dioxide emission, which comes from the reduction in the amount of fossil fuels that were used in power plants, factories and transportation. By conserving resources, it means that less energy is required to go about producing, using and disposing certain products so this is naturally a huge benefit. Saving energy and resources can actually save people money in the long run.

12.DISADVANTAGES 12.1. Green Computing Could Actually Be Quite Costly 12.1.1. Green computing takes a lot of new technology, and hence, you may find that you will have to pay a premium price for your new green computer. 12.1.2. A perfect example is that the greenest modern computers today are Mac books and Mac book Pros. These computers are hardly inexpensive - they're actually some of the most expensive computers in the market.

12.2. Some Computers That Are Green May Be Considerably Underpowered 12.2.1. Some people may need incredibly power-consuming and powerful computers to deal with the tasks that they need them to do. 12.2.2. This is another disadvantage that many people who have highpowered computers believe to have with green computers. 12.2.3. Another issue would be that powerful and green computers are more expensive. For instance, Apple's powerful range of computers, including their iMacs, is incredibly green but is also incredibly expensive.

13.FUTURE PLANS Here's how designers plan to make future computer more eco-friendly across its entire life span, from manufacture to recycling: 13.1. energy-intensive manufacturing of computer parts can be minimized by making manufacturing process more energy efficient

13.2. by replacing petroleum-filled plastic with bioplasticsplant-based polymers require less oil and energy to produce than traditional plastics with a challenge to keep these bioplastic computers cool so that electronics won't melt them 13.3. landfills can be controlled by making best use of the device by upgrading and repairing in time with a need to make such processes (i.e., upgradation and repairing) easier and cheaper 13.4. avoiding the discarding will not only control e-waste out of dumps but also save energy and materials needed for a whole new computer 13.5. power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs, or organic light-emitting diodes 13.6. use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper 13.7. making recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at present) more effective by recycling computer parts separately with a option of reuse or resale 13.8. future computers could knock 10 percent off their energy use just by replacing hard drives with solid-state, or flash, memory, which has no watt-hungry moving parts.

14.COMPARING ATTRIBUTES 14.1. Centralized Centralization exists when the majority of functions are carried out, or obtained from a remote centralized location. 14.2. Concurrency Multiple processes execute at the same time. 14.3. Data Mobility Data Mobility means moving data from distinct locations.

14.4. Data Security Data Security means protecting data from destructive forces and the unwanted actions of unauthorized users. 14.5. Decentralized Decentralized is the allocation of resources, both hardware and software, to each individual workstation. 14.6. Distributed A problem is divided into many tasks, each of which is solved by one or more computers. 14.7. Fault Tolerance Fault-tolerance is the property that enables a system (often computerbased) to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. 14.8. Global Clock 14.9. Heterogeneous Heterogeneous is where all CPU nodes do not have the same Hardware configuration and OS. 14.10. High Availability The services provided by the redundant nodes are always available (even when some system components fail). 14.11. Homogeneous Homogeneous is where all CPU nodes have the same Hardware configuration and OS. 14.12. Load Balancing A single workload is shared by several computers that are linked together, which work as a single unit.

14.13. Loosely Coupled Loosely coupled clusters are a group of machines (or groups of groups) which can operate independent of each other. 14.14. On-Demand Resources Resources are allocated only on demand. 14.15. Ordered Execution Processes are run one after another. 14.16. Parallel Execution Many calculations are carried out simultaneously. A large problem can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently. 14.17. Pre-Reserved Resources Reserve the resources before the computation start. 14.18. Rapid Elasticity It is defined as the ability to scale resources both up and down rapidly as needed. 14.19. Reliability It is the ability of computing resources to consistently perform according to its specification. 14.20. Resource Pooling It refers to grouping computing resources (storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines). 14.21. Scalability
Ability of system to expand to serve large number of users without breaking down.

14.22. Tightly Coupled Tightly coupled clusters are a group of machines that are largely dependent on each other.

14.23. Virtualization Virtualization is the process of presenting a set of computing resources so they can be accessed in ways that are unrestricted by physical configuration or geographic location. Running more than one operating system at the same time on single machine. It allows for minimum power consumption and maximum cooling effect.

15.Conclusion Green computing represents a responsible way to address the issue of global warming. By adopting green computing practices, business leaders can contribute positively to environment and protect the environment while also reducing energy and paper costs. It is improving and theres a chance that one day in the near future we will have a sufficiently environmentally friendly technology sector

16.REFERENCES: The purpose of the traffic rule is to make the road safe for everybody. 16.1. Bardram, J. E. (1998): Designing for the Dynamics of Cooperative Work Activities, Proceedings of the 1998 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1998. ACM Press, pp. 89-98. 16.2. Bossen, C. (2002): The parameters of Common Information Spaces: the Heterogeneity of coop-erative Work at a Hospital Ward,

Proceedings of the 2002 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Nov. 2002. ACM, pp.