Stress Strain Hooke's Law Piosson's Ratio Unit Volume Change Elongation due to its Weight Thin Rings

Strain Energy Thin-walled Pressure vessels Mohr's Circle for Biaxial Stress

Pure Shear Torsion Formula for Thin Walled Tubes Torsion Formula for Circular Shaft Flexure Formula Shear Stress in Bending Thin Walled Hollow Members (Tubes) Stress Concentration Curved Beam in Pure Bending Bending of a Beam

Stress

where,

=normal stress, or tensile stress, pa P=force applied, N A=cross-sectional area of the bar, m2 =shearing stress, Pa As=total area in shear, m2

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Strain

where, =tensile or compressive strain, m/m =total elongation in a bar, m =original length of the bar, m

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Hooke's Law

Stress is proportional to strain

where, E=proportionality constant called the elastic modulus or modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus, P a

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Piosson's Ratio

where, v=Poissons ratio =lateral strain =axial strain

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Unit Volume Change

where, =change in volume =original volume =strain =Poissons ratio

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Elongation due to its weight

where, =total elongation in a material which hangs vertically under its own weight W=weight of the material

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Thin Rings

where, =Circumferential or hoop Stress S=Circumferential or hoop tension A=Cross-sectional area =Circumferential strain E=Youngs modulus

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Strain Energy

where, U=total energy stored in the bar or strain energy P=tensile load =total elongation in the bar L=original length of the bar A=cross-sectional area of the bar E=Youngs modulus U=strain energy per unit volume

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Thin Walled Pressure vessels

where, =normal or circumferential or hoop stress in cylindrical vessel, P a =normal or circumferential or hoop stress in spherical vessel, Pa and longitudinal stress around the circumference P=internal pressure of cylinder, P a r=internal radius, m t=thickness of wall, m

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Mohr's Circle for Biaxial Stress

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Pure Shear

where, =Shearing Stress, Pa =Shearing Strain or angular deformation G=Shear modulus, Pa E=Youngs modulus, Pa V=Poissons ratio

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Torsion formula for Thin walled tubes

where, =maximum shearing stress, P a =Shearing stress at any point a distance x from the centre of a r=radius of the section, m d=diameter of a solid circular shaft, m =polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, m4 T=resisting torque, N-m N= rpm of shaft P=power, kW =angle of twist, radian L=length of shaft, m G=shear modulus, Pa do=outer diameter of hollow shaft, m di=inner diameter of hollow shaft, m section

and

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Torsion formula for Circular Shafts

where, =Ip, polar moment of inertia for thin-walled tubes

r=mean radius t=wall thickness

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Flexure Formula

where, =Stress on any point of cross-section at distance y from the =stress at outer fibre of the beam c=distance measured from the neutral axis to the most remote fibre of the beam I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the centroidal axis neutral axis

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Shear Stress In Bending

where, F=Shear force Q=statistical moment about the neutral axis of the cross-section b=width I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the Centroidal axis.

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Thin-Walled Hollow Members (Tubes)

where,

=shearing stress at any point of a blue t=thickness of tube q=shear flow T=applied torque R=distance between a reference point and segment ds =angle of twist of a hollow tube

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Stress Concentration

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Curved Beam in Pure Bending

where,

=normal stress M=bending moment dA=cross-sectional area of an element r=distance of curved surface from the centre of curvature

A=cross-sectional area of beam R=distance of neutral axis from the centre of curvature R1=distance of centroidal axis from the centre of curvature

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Bending of a Beam (a) Bending of a Beam Supported at Both Ends

(b) Bending of a Beam Fixed at one end

where,

d= bending displacement, m F=force applied, N I=length of the beam, m a=width of beam, m b=thickness of beam, m Y=Youngs modulus, N/m2

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