Chapter 11: Shafts and Associated Parts

Design issues to learn here: Loading: Torque Bending moment Fatigue strength Sizing Deflection Linear Slope at bearings and gears Keys Whirling

Loading: Needed first in calculations

Torsion
(a) Gear forces P1 and P2; (b) free-body diagram with torque and forces horsepower

T=
T=

63025 h p Na
Power
rpm

(4.41)

(SI units )

(c) moment diagram in x-z and x-y planes

Force
P =T /r
radius

M in x-y plane

M in x-z plane

Combined bending moment at x

2 2 M x = M xy + M xz

(d) torque diagram.

Text Reference: Figure 11.1, page 425

(11.1)

(Direction is somewhere between x-y and x-z planes.)

Example 11.2 (Moment diagrams only)

Design for static strength is almost never relevant. Problem: Given all forces, draw the bending moment diagrams (2 planes) and torque diagram.

Figure 11.3 Example 11.2. (a) Assembly drawing;

(b) free-body diagram.

Text Reference: Figure 11.3, page 430

Example 11.2 (cont.)

Figure 11.3

Text Reference: Figure 11.3, page 430

(c) M in x-y plane

(d) M in x-z plane Note: Almost all shaft illustrations in Hamrocks book are unrealistically long. Real-world shafts are designed as short as possible, often with no space between gears and bearings. Advantages of shorter shafts: lower bending moments and stresses Smaller deflections Lower cost.

(e) torque diagram.

Stresses
Bending stress (
= Mr/I)

: = : =

32 M

d d

(11.5)

Torsional stress (
Axial stress ( =P/A) :
=

= Tr/J)

16T
3

(11.6)

4P

d 2

Assume stress concentration Kf multiplies the alternating part of bending stress. Assume stress concentration Kfs multiplies the alternating part of torsional stress.

Fluctuating Stresses in shaft

Given stresses on rectangular element, determine stresses on plane at an angle .
Figure 11.4 Fluctuating stresses. (a) on rectangular element

Force equilibrium
A + m + K fs a A cos cos m + K fs a A sin sin + m + K f a A cos sin = 0

(b) on oblique plane at angle .

Text Reference: Figure 11.4, page 432

Soderberg Line for Shear Stress

Figure 11.5 Soderberg line for shear stress.

Text Reference: Figure 11.5, page 433

Fatigue calculation

Figure 11.6 Eq. (11.29).

Text Reference: Figure 11.6, page 434

Shaft fatigue formulae: MSST

From Mohr circle

yx = x =

16T d 3 32 M d 3

Safety factor against fatigue: see next page.

Fatigue safety factor versus diameter according to MSST

Safety factor against fatigue (based on MSST):

ns =

d 3 S y
M + K M + T + 32 K T fs a f a m S m S e e Sy Sy
2 2

(11.34)

To calculate diameter for a given safety factor, use

32n s d = S y Mm + K M T K T + + f a m fs a S S e e Sy Sy
2 2 3 1

(11.35)

Fatigue safety factor versus diameter according to DET

For DET, replace Eq. 11.31 with:
Sy Sy Sy = + K + 3 + K f a fs a m S m S ns e e
2 2

(11.36)

Derivation similar to MSST results in

Safety factor against fatigue (based on DET):

ns =

d 3 S y
Sy Sy 3 M K M T K T 32 + + + f a m fs a m S Se 4 e
2 2

(11.37)

To calculate diameter for a given safety factor, use

32n s d = S y S S 3 M m + y K f M a + Tm + y K fs Ta Se Se 4
2 2 3 1

(11.38)

Diameter calculation: notes

Recall diameter for a given safety factor (MSST):
32n s d = S y S S M m + y K f M a + Tm + y K fs Ta Se Se
2 1 2 3

(11.35)

For a shaft that torques and rotates in only one direction: Mean bending moment Mm = 0. Alternating torsion Ta = 0.
32n s d = S y 3 2 S y 2 K M T + f a m S e
1

(11.35a)

Stress concentration factors Kf and Kfs depend on size Need iteration. factor ks, which depends on size d.

Example 11.4
32n s d = S y S S M m + y K f M a + Tm + y K fs Ta Se Se
2 1 2 3

Figure 11.7, page 438

Example 11.4

Example 11.4

Example 11.4