title of the work e.g.

Word Exercise + module your name Course and (sometimes) tutorial group Date of submission

Abstract
The abstract tells the reader in about 100-200 words what are the purpose, the main objectives and major outcomes of the piece of work contained in the report. Remember that in the abstract you are selling your work. Therefore it needs to be concise, informative and interesting.

Table of Contents
1 2 3 Introduction .............................................................................................. 4 Literature Review....................................................................................... 4 Experimental procedure ............................................................................. 4 3.1 3.2 4 5 6 7 Experiment Part A ................................................................................ 4 Experiment Part B ................................................................................ 5

Results and Analysis .................................................................................. 6 Interpretation and discussion ..................................................................... 8 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 9 References ................................................................................................ 9

List of figures
Figure 1 Photograph testing rig with panel ........................................................ 5 Figure 2 Schematic diagram of panel in test apparatus ...................................... 5 Figure 3 Graph of applied load versus deflection ............................................... 6

1 Introduction
This section should be fairly brief and should attempt to set the scene for the reader, for example, sentences that guide the reader through the context and central issues of the report. The introduction is not the place to get into lengthy discussions or to develop an argument. Some people find this section easier to write this section last so that it reflects the main body of the report.

2 Literature Review
Information is presented here might include accounts of theory gained from books and journal papers. You can use literature to develop an argument which will then make it clear why you have undertaken some particular research work, i.e. your study aims. For shorter reports, for example laboratory reports, it may not be necessary to include this section.

3 Experimental procedure
This section is appropriate for experimental or empirical procedures details the methodology used to collect. data. You may wish to include a picture (see Figure 1) or diagram of the apparatus (see Figure 2), location maps or building elevations. Numbered or bullet lists can be a good way of presenting the steps in the experimental procedure.

3.1 Experiment Part A

If it is large experiment use sub heading to split up the sections. In this subsection you would describe the experimental procedure for the first part of the experiment. The experimental equipment consisted of: 4 Hydraulic loading rig. Load cell with a 10kN maximum load. Five linearly variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). A spreader beam arrangement. A Datataker logger.

3.2 Experiment Part B

If it is large experiment use sub heading to split up the sections. In this subsection you would describe the experimental procedure for the second part of the experiment.

Figure 1 Photograph testing rig with panel

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of panel in test apparatus

60

50

40

Defledtion (mm)

y = 2.4x R = 1

30

Significant cracking
y = 4.4706x + 4.5917 R = 0.9995

20

10

8
Applied load (kN)

10

12

14

16

Theoretical Deflection d mm Series3

Linear (Series3)

Observed Deflection after significant cracking (mm) Linear (Theoretical Deflection d mm)

Figure 3 Graph of applied load versus deflection

4 Results and Analysis

The analysis section should present a summary and review of the data. It may be appropriate to display a limited quantity of raw data as a table. However, presenting summary data is often best; this could be a figure, such as a graph. Alternatively a table may work. It would not be appropriate to present large amounts of data in this section; these should be placed in an appendix. Even in an appendix, if the quantity of data is very large, firstly you should seriously consider if it is needed, secondly if it must be presented you should contemplate an electronic presentation, perhaps as an excel file or on-line resource. If presented a summary of the data this could include: typical data, averages, minimum and maximum values and totals. The review should analyse the data including: comments on its' soundness, identification of anomalies and recognition of behaviours and trends. In the the section the review of the data tends to be 6

more examining the data as numbers (maximum, means etc.) and less relating the data to theory. Examining the data with respect to theory tends to be undertaken in the interpretation section.

Load (kN) Max Load Panel 1.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 (kN) 6.0 8.0 7.5 8.5 8.1 7.2 7.5 8.0 Rounded Load (kN) 6.0 8.0 7.5 8.5 8.0 7.0 7.5 8.0

Deflections (mm)

End 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LVDT LVDT 3 18.3 17.7 13.2 14.8 13.9 20.2 21.2 20.9 49.1 47.9 38.1 43.3 42.9 52.2 53.3 50.5 LVDT 1A 57.1 52.9 51.2 55.5 51.8 60.7 65.4 73.7 LVDT 2a 42.8 47.9 43.6 43.7 42.2 46.7 52.5 60.7 LVDT 4 15.0 17.7 15.9 15.7 15.7 15.2 17.3 21.2 End 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Max

8.5

max min average

5 Interpretation and discussion

The interpretation section is where you should present your explanation of the observed results in relation to theory and practice. It is in this section that you demonstrate that your understand the underlying science that the experiment is attempting to illustrate or explain, and why your experiment did or did not perform as expected. You should set out your explanations in a logical sequence and use equations, graphs and tables as appropriate. Marshall (1984) gives the equation for the centre deflection of a simply supported beam as:

Where: d is the deflection in mm, W is the applied load in kN, L is the span of the beam in mm E is Modulus of Elasticity of the beam in kN/mm2, I = Moment of Inertia in mm4 The second moment of area of a rectangular section can be calculated from:

Where B is the breadth (width) of the rectangle in mm D is the depth (height) of the rectangle in mm

The dimension of the panels tested where 100mm deep, 600mm wide and 2400mm long. The average load applied in the experiment was 7.6kN. The elastic modulus for RAAC panels is defined in BRE Information Paper 10/96 (BRE 1996) is 1.5kN/mm2. Applying this equation it was expected that the deflection of the beam would be 18mm. All the beams had considerably different deflections, a number of reasons could be proposed for this.

6 Conclusions
Bell (1987) advocates that In this section, the main conclusions should be summarised briefly and simply. Only conclusions that can be justifiably drawn from the findings contained within the report should be made. This sounds obvious but there is often a great temptation to drop in an opinion for which you have provided no evidence. Before you write this section you should read through the whole of your report and make a note of the key points. Readers who want a quick idea of your report will read the abstract, possibly the introduction and almost certainly the summary and conclusions. This final section should be succinct and clearly expressed. It should enable the reader to understand quite clearly what research has been done and the conclusions that can be drawn from the evidence.

7 References
You must use the Harvard referencing system to list the references to which you have referred or from which you have quoted in your report. The purpose of a standard referencing system is to enable every reader to locate the exact source of a reference to other work made in your report. The Adsetts Centre provides a leaflet which outlines all the basic rules of the Harvard system. For example, e.g. 9

Bell, J (1987). Doing your research project. Milton Keynes, Open University Press. It will also show you how to cite and quote work in your reports.

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