Question 9

Suppose
2
E is an ellipse with polar equation
2
1 cos
l
e
r
= +

This means that the new origin is at the focus of the ellipse, the x axis has not
changed its direction and the new y axis passes through the focus (clearly still at
right angles to the new x axis).

Then
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin
cos , sin
1 cos 1 cos
l l
x r y r
e e



= = = =
+ +


Therefore k l =

Now the length of the major axis of the ellipse(using
1
E ) is 2a.

Using
2
E the major axis occurs when
2
0 or or
1 1
k k
x
e e


= =
+


Hence
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
1 1
2
2 + 1
1 1 1 1
k e k e
k k k
a k a e
e e e e
+ +
= = = =
+


Further we have :-

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
1 sin 1 cos 1 cos 1 sin sin
1 cos
1 cos
a e e a e a e e
dy
y
e d
e



+
= =
+
+

( )
2
2 2 2
2
0 when 1 cos cos sin 0
dy
e e
d

= + + =

2
2
0 when cos
dy
e
d

= =


Thus when
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1 sin
0 we have =a 1
1
a e
dy
y e
d e

= =

Therefore
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 b a e b a e = =


Now the length of the perimeter of the ellipse above the x axis (using
1
E ) is :-

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0
1 1
sin cos
dx dy
d a b d
d d



| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ \



2 2 2 2
1 1 1
0
sin cos a b d

= +

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
0
sin cos a b a a d

= + +

( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
0
cos a b a d

= +

2 2 2 2
1 1
0
cos a a e d

2 2
1 1
0
1 cos a e d

The length of the perimeter of the ellipse above the x axis (using
2
E ) is :-

2 2
2
0
2 2
dx dy
I d
d d

| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

Now
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
1 cos sin cos sin
sin
1 cos 1 cos
e k k e
k dx
d
e e

+

= =
+ +

And
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
1 cos cos sin sin cos
1 cos 1 cos
e k k e k e
dy
d
e e

+ +
= =
+ +

Therefore
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
0
2 2
cos
sin
1 cos 1 cos
k e
k
I d
e e

| | | |
+

= + | |
| |
+ +
\ \

( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
0
2
sin cos
1 cos
k
e d
e

= + +
+

( )
2
2 2 2
0
2
1 2 cos
1 cos
k
e e d
e

= + +
+

( )
2
2
2 2 2
0
2
1
1 2 cos
1 cos
e
a e e d
e

= + + +
+

Since these two lengths are equal we have :-

( )
2
2 2 2
2
0 0
1
1 cos 1 2 cos
1 cos
e
e d e e d
e

= + + +
+



Now ( )
1 4
2 2 2 2 4
2
1
1 cos 1 cos cos
2 8
e
e e
if we ignore all powers of
6
e e

Hence
4
2 2 2 2 4
0 0
1
1 cos 1 cos cos
2 8
e
e d e d


| |

|
\



4
2
0
1 1 cos 2 1 cos 4 3
1 2cos 2
2 2 8 4 2 2
e
e d

| | + ( | | | |
= + +
| | | (
\ \ \

2 4
0
sin 2 sin 4 3
sin 2
2 2 4 32 8 2
e e



(
| | | |
= + + +
| | (
\ \



2 4
3
2 2 32 2
e e
=

( )
2 4
64 16 3
64
e e

=

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