Introduction

What makes a leader?

A leader is the guiding force to successfully complete any task. Leaders have the ability to make or break a nation.So what defines a leader? How do they differ from other people. What are the characteristics common across all leaders? How is their thinking and ideology different from other people? There are some leaders who I have been intrigued by,due to their unconventional acts and nature.Leaders like Steve Jobs, Adolf Hitler, Indira Gandhi, Osama bin Laden. I will examine them individually and analyse what characteristics in them made them successful. Their leadership characteristics are irrespective of the fact of whether or not they did good or bad to the society.Their influence and power cannot be neglected.What is it about these people that differentiates them from the rest. Circumstances do not make the man, they reveal him. -James Allen To get a better understanding of these leaders we need to know how their surroundings affected them.What influenced them?What influenced their decisions? Their decisions and thinking is influenced by their surroundings yet their drive , passion and leadership comes from within.It is then necessary to understand what their leadership characteristics and what are the beliefs that drive them. What power do they have over other people.Do people respect them ,fear them or revere them? How do their styles differ?How do they differently handle people and what do they expect from their subordinates? What is common between?What are the traits we can see in all of them?

Project Description
I have first listed a detailed biography of each person .Then I have listed their leadership characteristics. I have then analysed them and understood the source of their decisions. I concluded the project with a comparative analysis.

Osama Bin Laden

Osama bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 1957. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, bin Laden joined the Afghan resistance.After the Soviet withdrawal, bin Laden formed the al-Qaeda network which carried out global strikes against Western interests, culminating in the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. On May 2, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that bin Laden had been killed in a terrorist compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Early Life Osama bin Laden was born on March 10, 1957, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to construction billionaire Mohammed Awad bin Laden and Mohammed's 10th wife, Syrian-born Alia Ghanem. Osama was the seventh of 50 children born to Muhammad bin Laden, but the only child from his father's marriage to Alia Ghanem. Osama's father started his professional life in the 1930s in relative poverty, working as a porter in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. During his time as a young laborer, Mohammed impressed the royal family with his work on their palaces, which he built at a much lower cost than any of his competitors could, and with a much greater attention to detail. By the 1960s, he had managed to land several large government contracts to build extensions on the Mecca, Medina and AlAqsa mosques. He became a highly influential figure in Jeddah; when the city fell on hard financial times, Mohammed used his wealth to pay all civil servants' wages for the entire kingdom for a six-month period. As a result, Mohammed bin Laden became well respected in his community. As a father, he was very strict, insisting that all his children live under one roof and observe a rigid religious and moral code. He dealt with his children, especially his sons, as if they were adults, and demanded they become confident and self-sufficient at an early age. Osama, however, barely came to know his father before his parents divorced.After his family split, Osama's mother took him to live with her new husband, Muhammad al-Attas. The couple had four children together, and Osama spent most of his childhood living with his step-siblings, and attending Al Thagher Model Schoolat the time the most prestigious high school in Jedda. His biological father would go on to marry two more times, until his death in a charter plane crash in September 1967. At the age of 14, Osama was recognized as an outstanding, if somewhat shy, student at Al Thagher. As a result, he received a personal invitation to join a small Islamic study group with the promise of earning extra credit. Osama, along with the sons of several prominent Jedda families, were told the group would memorize the entire Koran, a prestigious accomplishment, by the time they graduated from the institution. But the group soon lost its original focus, and during this time Osama received the beginnings of an education in some of the principles of violent jihad. The teacher who educated the children, influenced in part by a sect of Islam called The Brotherhood, began instructing his pupils in the importance of instituting a pure, Islamic law around the Arab world.

Using parables with often-violent endings, their teacher explained that the most loyal observers of Islam would institute the holy word even if it meant supporting death and destruction. By the second year of their studies, Osama and his friends had openly adopted the attitude and styles of teen Islamic activists. They preached the importance of instituting a pure Islamic law at Al Thagher; grew untrimmed beards; and wore shorter pants and wrinkled shirts in imitation of the Prophet's dress. Osama was pushed to grow up rather quickly during his time at Al Thagher. At the age of 18 he married his first cousin, 14-year-old Najwa Ghanem, who had been promised to him. Osama graduated from Al Thager in 1976, the same year his first child, a son named Abdullah, was born. He then headed to King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah, where some say he received a degree in public administration in 1981. Others claim he received a degree in civil engineering, in an effort to join the family business. From Hero to Exile But Osama would have little chance to use his degree. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Osama joined the Afghan resistance, believing it was his duty as a Muslim to fight the occupation. He relocated to Peshawar, Afghanistan, and using aid from the United States under the CIA program Operation Cyclone, he began training a mujahideen, a group of Islamic jihadists. After the Soviets withdrew from the country in 1989, Osama returned to Saudi Arabia as a hero, and the United States referred to him and his soldiers as "Freedom Fighters." Yet Osama was quickly disappointed with what he believed was a corrupt Saudi government, and his frustration with the U.S. occupation of Saudi Arabia during the Persian Gulf War led to a growing rift between Osama and his country's leaders. Bin Laden spoke publicly against the Saudi government's reliance on American troops, believing their presence profaned sacred soil. After several attempts to silence Osama, the Saudis banished the former hero. He lived in exile in Sudan beginning in 1992. Formation of al Qaeda By 1993, Osama had formed a secret network known as al Qaeda (Arabic for "the Base"), comprised of militant Muslims he had met while serving in Afghanistan.Soldiers were recruited for their ability to listen, their good manners, obedience, and their pledge to follow their superiors. Their goal was to take up the jihadist cause around the world, righting perceived wrongs under the accordance of pure, Islamic law. Under Osama's leadership, the group funded and began organizing global attacks worldwide. By 1994, after continued advocacy of extremist jihad, the Saudi government forced Osama to relinquish his Saudi citizenship, and confiscated his passport. His family also disowned him, cutting off his $7 million yearly stipend. Undeterred, Osama began executing his violent plans, with the goal of drawing the United States into war. His hope was that Muslims, unified by the battle, would create a single, true Islamic state.

In 1996, to forward his goal, al Qaeda detonated truck bombs against U.S. occupied forces in Saudi Arabia. The next year, they claimed responsibility for killing tourists in Egypt, and in 1998

they bombed the U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Tanzania, killing nearly 300 people in the process. Osama's actions abroad did not go unnoticed by the Sudanese government, and he was exiled from their country in 1996. Not able to return to Saudi Arabia, Osama took refuge in Afghanistan, where he received protection from the country's ruling Taliban militia. While under the protection of the Taliban, Osama issued a series of fatwas, religious statements, which declared a holy war against the United States. Among the accusations reared at the offending country were the pillaging of natural resources in the Muslim world, and assisting the enemies of Islam. 9/11 and Final Days By 2001, Osama had attempted, and often successfully executed attacks on several countries using the help of Al Qaeda trained terrorists and his seemingly bottomless financial resources. On September 11, 2001, Osama would deliver his most devastating blow to the United States. A small group of Osama's Al Qaeda jihadists hijacked four commercial passenger aircraft in the United States, two of which collided into the World Trade Center towers. Another aircraft crashed into The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. A fourth plane was successfully retaken, and crashed in Pennsylvania. The intended target of the final aircraft was believed to be the United States Capitol. In all, the attack killed nearly 3,000 civilians. Following the September 11 attacks on the United States, the government under President George W. Bush formed a coalition that sucecssfully overthrew the Taliban. Osama went into hiding and, for more than 10 years, he was hunted along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. In 2004, shortly before President Bush's re-election, Osama bin Laden released a videotaped message claiming responsibility for the attacks on 9/11. Then, on May 2, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that Osama bin Laden had been killed in a terrorist compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. In an eight-month plan enacted by the president, and led by CIA Director Leon Panetta and American special forces, Osama was shot several times. His body was taken as evidence of his death, and DNA tests revealed that the body was, in fact, his. "For over two decades, bin Laden has been al Qaeda's leader and symbol and has continued to plot attacks against our country and our friends and our allies," President Obama said in a late-night address to the nation on the eve of Osama's death. "The death of bin Laden marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation's effort to defeat al Qaeda." He added that "his demise should be welcomed by all who believe in peace and human dignity."

Leadership
Clear and consistent vision Osama bin Laden had a clear and consistent vision attack America. He viewed the United States as an immoral nation, full of homosexuality, gambling, alcohol, and an unacceptable alliance with Israel. Loosely allied terrorist groups frequently adopted this mission and expanded it to include local governments. This caused bin Laden quite a bit of consternation. He made a considerable effort to moderate these more extreme groups. In this sense he was a moderate. He admonished rogue groups who reinterpreted ancient Islamic law regarding collateral damage in the event of an attack into enemy territory. While Islamic law may allow this only in extreme circumstances, these regional groups considered it acceptable to inflict casualties to innocent bystanders, including Muslims during normal operations. Adaptability Osama bin Ladens journey from country to country has been well-documented.He fought the Soviets in Afghanistan, then returned to his home country of Saudi Arabia from which he was expelled. He chose to live in Sudan and continue to build a network of terror. Pressured to leave that country, he boarded a chartered flight back to Afghanistan. Upon his return he struck up a friendship with Mullah Omar and began to establish the fighter training camps.Each stop along bin Ladens journey he adapted to the local culture and developed a strong network of allies. Training In order to execute successful terrorist attacks significant training is necessary and bin Laden knew this. He invested both time and money in people and equipment. The September 11, 2001 attacks are a prime example of meticulous plans executed well. Expectation and Alignment From the beginning, Osama bin Laden felt that discipline and a code of conduct were necessary. The al Qaeda manual obtained in a raid on a Manchester, England house reveals a number of values and behaviours demanded from all members. These included patience, a calm personality, a commitment to the organization, and the Islamic faith. He developed a vision and remained steadfast in it. He adapted well to contrary events, trained his people, and demanded the best of his men. Concepts: Maintain a clear and consistent vision Use power wisely and effectively Remain adaptable, able to adjust to changes in outside forces Invest in training for your people Communicate well to assure alignment of everyone in the organization

Analysis
The origin of Osama bin Ladens disciplinary nature was his father.His father was very strict, insisting that all his children live under one roof and observe a rigid religious and moral code. He dealt with his children, especially his sons, as if they were adults, and demanded they become confident and self-sufficient at an early age.

He joined a small Islamic study group in school with the promise of earning extra credit. Osama, along with the sons of several prominent Jedda families, were told the group would memorize the entire Koran, a prestigious accomplishment. But the group soon lost its original focus, and during this time Osama received the beginnings of an education in some of the principles of violent jihad.The teacher who educated the children, influenced in part by a sect of Islam called The Brotherhood, began instructing his pupils in the importance of instituting a pure, Islamic law around the Arab world.Using parables with often-violent endings, their teacher explained that the most loyal observers of Islam would institute the holy word even if it meant supporting death and destruction. By the second year of their studies,Osama and his friends had openly adopted the attitude and styles of teen Islamic activists. They preached the importance of instituting a pure Islamic law at Al Thagher; grew untrimmed beards; and wore shorter pants and wrinkled shirts in imitation of the Prophet's dress. This experience with the group was responsible for the building up of his ideas about Islam.I personally feel that all relegions propogate peace among people and no one propogates violence. But this groups extreme ideas led him to beleive otherwise.It is interesting note that he was offered a position in this group as he was a brilliant student.And had he not taken the option who know what he would have become. Therefore when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Osama joined the Afghan resistance, believing it was his duty as a Muslim to fight the occupation. By 1993, Osama had formed a secret network known as al Qaeda (Arabic for "the Base"), comprised of militant Muslims he had met while serving in Afghanistan.Soldiers were recruited for their ability to listen, their good manners, obedience, and their pledge to follow their superiors. Their goal was to take up the jihadist cause around the world, righting perceived wrongs under the accordance of pure, Islamic law.He focused on the people he selected.He ensured his team had only people whose values coincided with his mission.He ensured that they were capable and dutiful.His choice was based on deliberate consideration and not impulsive

Adolf Hitler
Born in Austria in 1889, Adolf Hitler rose to power in German politics as leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, also known as the Nazi Party.Hitler was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as dictator from 1934 to 1945. His policies precipitated World War II and the Holocaust.Hitler committed suicide with wife Eva Braun on April 30, 1945, in his Berlin bunker. Early Years Born in Branau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889, Adolf Hitler was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. When Hitler was 3 years old, the family moved from Austria to Germany. As a child, Hitler clashed frequently with his father. Following the death of his younger brother, Edmund, in 1900, he became detached and introverted. His father did not approve of his interest in fine art rather than business. In addition to art, Hitler showed an early interest in German nationalism, rejecting the authority of Austro-Hungary. This nationalism would become the motivating force of Hitler's life. Alois died suddenly in 1903. Two years later, Adolfs mother allowed her son to drop out of school. He moved to Vienna and worked as a casual laborer and a watercolor painter. Hitler applied to the Academy of Fine Arts twice, and was rejected both times. Out of money, he moved into a homeless shelter, where he remained for several years. Hitler later pointed to these years as the time when he first cultivated his anti-Semitism, though there is some debate about this account. At the outbreak of World War I, Hitler applied to serve in the German army. He was accepted in August 1914, though he was still an Austrian citizen. Although he spent much of his time away from the front lines, Hitler was present at a number of significant battles and was wounded at the Somme. He was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross First Class and the Black Wound Badge. Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort. The experience reinforced his passionate German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's surrender in 1918. Like other German nationalists, he believed that the German army had been betrayed by civilian leaders and Marxists. He found the Treaty of Versailles degrading, particularly the demilitarization of the Rhineland and the stipulation that Germany accept responsibility for starting the war. After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich and continued to work for the military as an intelligence officer. While monitoring the activiti es of the German Workers Party (DAP), Hitler adopted many of the anti-Semitic, nationalist and anti-Marxist ideas of DAP founder Anton Drexler. Drexler invited Hitler to join the DAP, which he did in 1919.

To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP). Hitler personally designed the party banner, featuring a swastika in a white circle on a red background. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his vitriolic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, Marxists and Jews In 1921, Hitler replaced Drexler as NSDAP party chairman. Hitler's vitriolic beer-hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. Early followers included army captain Ernst Rohm, the head of the Nazi paramilitary organization, the Sturmabteilung (SA), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. On November 8, 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3, 000 people at a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government. After a short struggle including 20 deaths, the coup, known as the "Beer Hall Putsch," failed. Hitler was arrested three days later and tried for high treason. He served a year in prison, during which time he dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf("My Struggle") to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Rise to Power The Great Depression in Germany provided a political opportunity for Hitler.Germans were ambivalent to the parliamentary republic and increasingly open to extremist options. In 1932, Hitler ran against Paul von Hindenburg for the presidency. Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 percent of the vote in the final election. The election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor in order to promote political balance. Hitler used his position as chancellor to form a de facto legal dictatorship. The Reichtag Fire Decree, announced after a suspicious fire at the Reichtag, suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. Hitler also engineered the passage of the Enabling Act, which gave his cabinet full legislative powers for a period of four years and allowed deviations from the constitution. Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political allies embarked on a systematic suppression of the remaining political opposition. By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. On July 14, 1933, Hitler's Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. Military opposition was also punished. The demands of the SA for more political and military power led to the Night of the Long Knives, which took place from June 30 to July 2, 1934. Ernst Rhm and other SA leaders, along with a number of Hitler's political enemies, were rounded up and shot.

The day before Hindenburgs death in August 1934, the cabinet had enacted a law abolishing the office of president and combining its powers with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government, and was formally named as leader and chancellor. As head of state, Hitler became supreme commander of the armed forces. He began to mobilize for war. Germany withdrew from the League of Nations, and Hitler announced a massive expansion of Germanys armed forces. The Nazi regime also included social reform measures. Hitler promoted anti-smoking campaigns across the country. These campaigns stemmed from Hitlers self -imposed dietary restrictions, which included abstinence from alcohol and meat. At dinners, Hitler sometimes told graphic stories about the slaughter of animals in an effort to shame his fellow diners. He encouraged all Germans to keep their bodies pure of any intoxicating or unclean substance. A main Nazi concept was the notion of racial hygiene. New laws banned marriage between nonJewish and Jewish Germans, and deprived "non-Aryans" of the benefits of German citizenship. Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities, and later authorized a euthanasia program for disabled adults. The Holocaust was also conducted under the auspices of racial hygiene. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazis and their collaborators were responsible for the deaths of 11 million to 14 million people, including about 6 million Jews, representing two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe. Deaths took place in concentration and extermination camps and through mass executions. Other persecuted groups included Poles, communists, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and trade unionists, among others. Hitler probably never visited the concentration camps and did not speak publicly about the killings. World War II In 1938, Hitler, along with several other European leaders, signed the Munich Agreement. The treaty ceded the Sudetenland districts to Germany, reversing part of the Versailles Treaty. As a result of the summit, Hitler was named Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. This diplomatic win only whetted his appetite for a renewed German dominance. On September 1, Germany invaded Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Hitler escalated his activities in 1940, invading Scandinavia as well as France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium. Hitler ordered bombing raids on the United Kingdom, with the goal of invasion. Germanys formal alliance with Japan and Italy, known collectively as the Axis powers, was signed to deter the United States from supporting and protecting the British. On June 22, 1941, Hitler violated a non-aggression pact with Joseph Stalin , sending 3 million German troops into the Soviet Union. The invading force seized a huge area before the German advance was stopped outside Moscow in December 1941.

On December 7, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Hitler was now at war against a coalition that included the world's largest empire (Britain), the world's greatest financial power (the U.S.) and the world's largest army (the Soviet Union). Facing these odds, Hitler's military judgment became increasingly erratic.Germany's military and economic position deteriorated along with Hitler's health. Germany and the Axis could not sustain Hitlers aggressive and expansive war. In late 1942, German forces failed to seize the Suez Canal. The German army also suffered defeats at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk.

On June 6, 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France. As a result of these significant setbacks, many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that Hitler's denial would result in the destruction of the country. Death and Legacy By early 1945, Hitler realized that Germany was going to lose the war. The Soviets had driven the German army back into Western Europe, and the Allies were advancing into Germany. On April 29, 1945, Hitler married his girlfriend,Eva Braun , in a small civil ceremony in his Berlin bunker. Around this time, Hitler was informed of the assassination of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini .Afraid of falling into the hands of enemy troops, Hitler and Braun committed suicide the day after their wedding, on April 30, 1945. Their bodies were carried to the bombed-out garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were burned. Berlin fell on May 2, 1945. Hitlers political program had brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe, including Germany.His policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale and resulted in the death of an estimated 40 million people, including about 27 million in the Soviet Union. Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany, and the defeat of fascism. A new ideological global conflict, the Cold War, emerged in the aftermath of World War II.

Leadership
Adolf Hitler did much evil during his regime in Nazi Germany. Although I do not share his values, but he did do certain things right as a leader to rally a whole nation. Here are some positive lessons that you can pick up from him: 1. Public Speaking

Hitler was a captivating public speaker. He would enrapture crowds with his vision and sense of purpose of the nation.It is difficult to place the Fhrer within these categories. His ability to reach the masses is unique and remarkable, fitting no organizational scheme or dogma.He speaks his heart, and therefore reaches the hearts of those who hear him. He has the amazing gift of sensing what is in the air. He has the ability to express things so clearly, logically and directly that listeners are convinced that that is what they have always thought themselves. That is the true secret of the effectiveness of Adolf Hitlers speeches. Hitler is neither a speaker from reason nor from the heart. He uses both, depending on the needs of the moment. The essential characteristics of his speeches to the people are: clear organization, irrefutable logical reasoning, simplicity and clarity of expression, razor-sharp dialectic, a developed and sure instinct for the masses and their feelings, an electrifying emotional appeal that is used sparingly, and the ability to reach out to the souls of the people in a way that never goes unanswered. Long ago when he was still far from power, the Fhrer spoke to a meeting filled primarily with his political opponents. From the beginning, he was rejected. For two hours he struggled with the stubbornness of his audience, addressing all their problems and objections until at the end there was only thundering agreement, jubilation and enthusiasm. As he concluded, someone yelled from the highest row: Hitler is Columbus!

2.Understanding Human Nature Adolf Hitler understood human nature very well. He knew how to use human nature to his personal gain and with that knowledge, he rallied the whole nation behind him.He exploited the element of self-pity. The Germans were once incredibly proud of thereselves. After the war (not WWII), however, many had fallen into hard times, and thus, poverty. They felt sorry for thereselves, and thus, Hitler was able to take control with his incredible communication skills. According to propoganda he was extremely kind and generous.He also loved dogs and was a vegetarian.He did not drink or smoke.These factors contributed to the propoganda that he was an extraordinary human. 3. Constant Influence Adolf Hitler successfully used propaganda to bring the whole nation under his will. Through the constant use of media and communications, he managed to cause a whole nation to think alike to serve his cause.The Nazis only allowed certain messages out on radio and film and these were messages of how great Hitler was. They created a cult of personality around Hitler and

made him seem almost God-like . Hitler's book, Mein Kampf, was distributed in schools and used to indoctrinate the youth. Schools only taught children the greatness of the Fuhrer and Germany. "Propaganda must always address itself to the broad masses of the people. All propaganda must be presented in a popular form and must fix its intellectual level so as not to be above the heads of the least intellectual of those to whom it is directed.The art of propaganda consists precisely in being able to awaken the imagination of the public through an appeal to their feelings, in finding the appropriate psychological form that will arrest the attention and appeal to the hearts of the national masses -Hitler They also told people that their economic and social problems were the fault of the Jews. This just inflammed antisemetic feeling in the country, a feeling that was already underlying in Europe at the time. Hitler promised people wealth and prosperity. People believed him because the country was in a state of economic crisis and there were no jobs. When someone like Hitler came along with his public speaking skills and promises, of course people were inclined to believe him. Poster art was a mainstay of the Nazi propaganda effort, aimed both at Germany itself and occupied territories. It had several advantages. The visual effect, being striking, would reach the viewer easily. Posters were also, unlike other forms of propaganda, difficult to avoid.[38] Imagery frequently drew on heroic realism. Nazi youth and the SS were depicted monumentally, with lighting posed to produce grandeur. The Nazis produced many films to promote their views. Themes included the virtues of the Nordic or Aryan type, German military and industrial strength, and the evils of the Nazi enemies. On March 13, 1933, The Third Reich established a Ministry of Propaganda, appointing Joseph Goebbels as its Minister.The department controlled the licensing of every film prior to its production. Under Goebbels and Hitler, the German film industry became entirely nationalised. Schools were also provided with motion pictures projectors because film was regarded as particularly appropriate for propagandizing children. Films specifically created for schools were termed "military education." Newsreels were explicitly intended to not be the truth, but to portray such of the truth as was in the interest of Germany to spread. Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will, 1934) by film-maker Leni Riefenstahl chronicles the Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including speeches by Adolf Hitler. Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew, 1940) was directed by Fritz Hippler at the insistence of Goebbels.. The movie is done in the style of a documentary, the central thesis being the immutable racial personality traits that characterize the Jew as a wandering cultural parasite. Throughout the film, these traits are contrasted to the Nazi state ideal: while Aryan men find satisfaction in physical labour and the creation of value, Jews only find pleasure in money and a hedonist lifestyle.

Analysis Hitler was a ruthless leader but he still had some characteristics that made him appealing to people.He had the power to convince people he was right even if it was widely perceived to be wrong.He could move crowds with his speeches.He effectively used his deep understanding of people along with the power of propaganda to spread his anti-semitic ideas. Why he was against Jews, what was the origin of his anti-semitic views is still not entirely understood.There are many factors that contributed to this Hatred. Hitler hated Jews and blamed them for all of the problems in the world. Hitler hated the Jews because the Jews controlled much of German society in business, politics, and in media; and the Jews started getting big-headed by bad mouthing the German way of life via movies and media. HIs hatred stemmed from his belief that they "stole" victory from the country in the First World War "The core of his hatred lies at the defeat of Germany in WWI.Hitler told the German people that they could have won the first war, if Germany had not been "stabbed in the back" by the Jews and their conspirators. Hitler saw the state 'poisoned' from within. Hitler lived in Munich, where Jews played a leading role in the revolution against the monarchy on Nov. 9, 1918. So suddenly the delusion came to his mind, that the Jews were the reason for the 'inner poisoning' of Germany and that they had stolen the victory from Germany," Some theories say that Hitler began hating the Jews after a Jewish doctor, Eduard Bloch, unsuccessfully treated his mother Klara who was stricken with breast cancer and died from the disease in 1907.

Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco, California, on February 24, 1955, to two University of Wisconsin graduate students who gave him up for adoption. Smart but directionless, Jobs experimented with different pursuits before starting Apple Computers with Steve Wozniak in 1976. Apple's revolutionary products, which include the iPod, iPhone and iPad, are now seen as dictating the evolution of modern technology. He died in 2011, Early Life Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California, to Joanne Schieble (later Joanne Simpson) and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, two University of Wisconsin graduate students who gave their unnamed son up for adoption. His father, Abdulfattah Jandali, was a Syrian political science professor and his mother, Joanne Schieble, worked as a speech therapist.Shortly after Steve was placed for adoption, his biological parents married and had another child, Mona Simpson . As an infant, Steven was adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs and named Steven Paul Jobs. Clara worked as an accountant and Paul was a Coast Guard veteran and machinist. The family lived in Mountain View within California's Silicon Valley.As a boy, Jobs and his father would work on electronics in the family garage.Paul would show his son how to take apart and reconstruct electronics, a hobby which instilled confidence, tenacity and mechanical prowess in young Jobs. While Jobs has always been an intelligent and innovative thinker, his youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. A prankster in elementary school, Jobs's fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high schoola proposal that his parents declined. Not long after Jobs did enroll at Homestead High School (1971), he was introduced to his future partner, Steve Wozniak , through a friend of Wozniak's.Wozniak was attending the University of Michigan at the time. In a 2007 interview with ABC News, Wozniak spoke about why he and Jobs clicked so well: "We both loved electronics and the way we used to hook up digital chips," Wozniak said. "Very few people, especially back then had any idea what chips were, how they worked and what they could do. I had designed many computers so I was way ahead of him in electronics and computer design, but we still had common interests. We both had pretty much sort of an independent attitude about things in the world. ..." Apple Computers After high school, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Lacking direction, he dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes. Jobs later recounted how one course in calligraphy developed his love of typography. In 1974, Jobs took a position as a video game designer with Atari. Several months later he left Atari to find spiritual enlightenment in India, traveling the continent and experimenting with psychedelic drugs. In 1976, when Jobs was just 21, he and Wozniak started Apple Computers. The duo started in the Jobs family garage, and funded their entrepreneurial venture after Jobs sold his Volkswagen bus and Wozniak sold his beloved scientific calculator.

Jobs and Wozniak are credited with revolutionizing the computer industry by democratizing the technology and making the machines smaller, cheaper, intuitive and accessible to everyday consumers. Wozniak conceived a series of user-friendly personal computers, and with Jobs in charge of marketingApple initially marketed the computers for $666.66 each, and the Apple I earned the corporation around $774,000. Three years after the release of Apple's second model, the Apple II, the company's sales increased by 700 percent, to $139 million. In 1980, Apple Computer became a publicly traded company, with a market value of $1.2 billion on its very first day of trading. Jobs looked to marketing expert John Scully of Pepsi-Cola to help fill the role of Apple's president.

Departure from Apple However, the next several products from Apple suffered significant design flaws resulting in recalls and consumer disappointment. IBM suddenly surpassed Apple sales, and Apple had to compete with an IBM/PC dominated business world. In 1984, Apple released the Macintosh, marketing the computer as a piece of a counter culture lifestyle: romantic, youthful, creative. But despite positive sales and performance superior to IBM's PCs, the Macintosh was still not IBM compatible. Scully believed Jobs was hurting Apple, and executives began to phase him out. In 1985, Jobs resigned as Apple's CEO to begin a new hardware and software company called NeXT, Inc. The following year Jobs purchased an animation company from George Lucas , which later became Pixar Animation Studios.Believing in Pixar's potential, Jobs initially invested $50 million of his own money into the company. Pixar Studios went on to produce wildly popular animation films such as Toy Story, Finding Nemo and The Incredibles. Pixar's films have netted $4 billion. The studio merged with Walt Disney in 2006, making Steve Jobs Disney's largest shareholder. Reinventing Apple Despite Pixar's success, NeXT, Inc. floundered in its attempts to sell its specialized operating system to mainstream America. Apple eventually bought the company in 1997 for $429 million. That same year, Jobs returned to his post as Apple's CEO. Much like Steve Jobs instigated Apple's success in the 1970s, he is credited with revitalizing the company in the 1990s. With a new management team, altered stock options and a self-imposed annual salary of $1 a year, Jobs put Apple back on track. His ingenious products such as the iMac, effective branding campaigns, and stylish designs caught the attention of consumers once again. Pancreatic Cancer In 2003, Jobs discovered that he had a neuroendocrine tumor, a rare but operable form of pancreatic cancer.Instead of immediately opting for surgery, Jobs chose to alter his pescovegetarian diet while weighing Eastern treatment options. For nine months, Jobs postponed surgery, making Apple's board of directors nervous.Executives feared that shareholders would pull their stocks if word got out that their CEO was ill. But in the end, Jobs's confidentiality took precedence over shareholder disclosure. In 2004, he had a successful surgery to remove the pancreatic tumor. True to form, in subsequent years, Jobs disclosed little about his health.

Later Innovations Apple introduced such revolutionary products as the Macbook Air, iPod and iPhone, all of which have dictated the evolution of modern technology. Almost immediately after Apple releases a new product, competitors scramble to produce comparable technologies. Apple's quarterly reports improved significantly in 2007: Stocks were worth $199.99 a share a record-breaking number at that timeand the company boasted a staggering $1.58 billion dollar profit, an $18 billion dollar surplus in the bank and zero debt. In 2008, iTunes became the second biggest music retailer in America-second only to Wal-Mart. Half of Apple's current revenue comes from iTunes and iPod sales, with 200 million iPods sold and six billion songs downloaded. For these reasons, Apple has been ranked No. 1 on Fortune magazine's list of "America's Most Admired Companies," as well as No. 1 among Fortune 500 companies for returns to shareholders. Personal Life Early in 2009, reports circulated about Jobs's weight loss, some predicting his health issues had returned, which included a liver transplant. Jobs had responded to these concerns by stating he was dealing with a hormone imbalance. After nearly a year out of the spotlight, Steve Jobs delivered a keynote address at an invite-only Apple event September 9, 2009. In respect to his personal life, Steve Jobs remained a private man who rarely discloses information about his family. What is known is Jobs fathered a daughter with girlfriend Chrisann Brennan when he was 23. Jobs denied paternity of his daughter Lisa in court documents.But, when she was a teenager, she came to live with her father.In the early 1990s, Jobs met Laurene Powell at Stanford business school, where Powell was an MBA student. They married on March 18, 1991, and lived together in Palo Alto, California, with their three children. Final Years On October 5, 2011, Apple Inc. announced that its co-founder had passed away. After battling pancreatic cancer for nearly a decade, Steve Jobs died in Palo Alto.He was 56 years old

Leadership
Heres to the Crazy Ones. The misfits. The rebels. The trouble-makers. The round pegs in the square holes. The ones who see things differently .Theyre not fond of rules, and they have no respect for the status-quo. You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify, or vilify them. About the only thing you cant do is ignore them. Because they change things . They push the human race forward. And while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius. Because the people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who DO! ~ Apple Computers ~ The 1997 quote from the famous Think Different marketing campaign for Apple prod ucts might have been conceived to represent the elusive qualities of Apple product users, but it is also a very good description of Steve Jobs himself whose business philosophy and colorful life Steve Jobs way to get what he wanted was often by either yelling or sobbing uncontrollably in front of his business partners .He was a powerful CEO whose way to approach difficult problems was to avoid them all together including avoiding his early cancer diagnosis that might have cost him his life. Steve Jobs had an unconventional way of management , his leadership traits and skills are appreciable regardless of his self-centered way of managing Apple as a business . 1. Focus: When Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, it was producing a random array of computers and peripherals. After a few weeks of product review sessions, he shouted, Stop! This is crazy. Their job, he told his team members, was to focus on four great products. All other products should be canceled. But by getting Apple to focus on making just four computers, he saved the company. 2. Simplify: Jobss Zen like ability to focus was accompanied by the related instinct to simplify things by zeroing in on their essence and eliminating unnecessary components. Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication, declared Apples first marketing brochure. During the design of the iPod interface, Jobs tried at every meeting to find ways to cut clutter. He insisted on being able to get to whatever he wanted in three clicks.

3. When Behind, Leapfrog: The mark of an innovative company is not only that it comes up with new ideas first. It also knows how to leapfrog when it finds itself behind. That happened when Jobs built the original iMac. He focused on making it useful for managing a users photos and videos, but it was left behind when dealing with music. People with PCs were downloading and swapping music and then ripping and burning their own CDs. The iMacs slot drive couldnt burn CDs. But instead of merely catching up by upgrading the iMacs CD drive, he decided to create an integrated system that would transform the music industry. The result was the combination of iTunes, the iTunes Store, and the iPod, which allowed users to buy, share, manage, store, and play music better than they could with any other devices.

5.Vision His early life experiences as a Zen Buddhist with a strong belief in the power of sublime minimalism contributed greatly to his understanding of himself as an artist and subsequently shaped his positioning of Apple as a company at the intersection of technology and humanity . His vision for Apple was to develop products whose simple user interface and graceful design would delight users of all ages. He witnessed how companies such as Microsoft were able to dominate the software market by developing and subsequently licensing their operating system to run on multiple 3rd party platforms. Jobs was firmly against that approach. He wanted end-toend control over the user experience which he achieved by limiting his software to run on Apple products and retaining full control over user experience both in terms of hardware and software . DETERMINATION Pretend to be completely in control and people will assume that you are. Nolan Bushnell who founded Atari, Inc . Once Steve had his vision he was able to filter out distractions to make the path to success perfectly clear. When he took over Apple in 1997 and the company was on the brink of financial disaster he knew to eliminate all but a handful of key products & projects that matched his vision. The book makes it obvious that Jobs did not tolerate velvety leaders that were afraid to offend others. He was direct and unfiltered which took some getting used to . He blamed President Obamas unwillingness to upset others as his greatest weakness . He was equally direct and unfiltered with his top hires as he was with rank and file Apple employees .

Being a very intense man (at early age he taughht himself how to stare at someone without blinking) he demanded nothing but full devotion from his employees that he hand-selected and considered his A-team. While his determination was widely considered extreme and even nicknamed Steves Reality Distortion Field most of his employees were willing to put up with it because he made them believe in things they never thought were possible and most importantly he helped them achieved the impossible.

6.Passion for great user experience Some people say, Give the customers what they want. But thats not my approach. Our job is to figure out what theyre going to want before they do. I think Henry Ford once said, If Id asked customers what they wanted, they would have told me, A faster horse! People dont know what they want until you show it to them. Steve Jobs Steve Jobs did not invite users into his design studios. He never relied on market research and never crowd-sourced the ideation process. Instead, Jobs surrounded himself with top designers (incl. Pixars John Lasseter and Apples Jony Ive ) who appreciated his minimalist esthetics and followed his design simplicity. He and his team relied on themselves and their gut feeling to develop products that users did not even realize they needed such as iPod or iPhone . Steve Jobs believed he created a company with a deep current of humanity in [their] innovation where simplicity was the ultimate sophistication and where great engineers similarly to great artists had a deep desire to express themselves . Because of Apples out-of-the box design approaches Steve was able to change entire industries: the music industry with iPod (1000 songs in your pocket) and iTunes that included pay-per-song music selling, the phone industry with iTunes store with 3 rd party apps, the retail industry with Apple stores and finally the publishing industry with iPad .

Analysis
Steve Jobs was a leader with a unique style. His aesthetic , minimalistic sense was influenced by his past and his buddhist nature.He had a keen interest in designing beautiful products.He also had very high expectaions from his subordinates.In case of sub-par work he did not think once before firing.He ruthlessly shouted at his team without taking anyone into cosiderationi.He aslo appreciated brilliance.And immediately hired people who showed promise..He was a taskmaster and led people to accomplish they themselves thought impossible.. He was determined and very clear in what he wanted.He also sometimes focused on unnecessarily details.His compulsion to design the iPhone4 with a metal antenna that surrounds the sides of the device led to reception problems. It is also interesting to note why he was fired from Apple. Jobs was Apple's chief visionary, a role that put him in charge of the team developing Apple's next revolutionary product, the Macintosh computer. The Mac debuted in 1984 to rave reviews but disappointing sales, putting a financial strain on the company - and fraying Jobs' relationship with Sculley. The Jobs-Sculley relationship was further strained by complaints from workers on the Mac team about their demanding boss.Jobs demanded a lot from the people who worked for him.His expectations were not easily met.Yet that was part of his greatness,But he drove people too hard,being gentle and polite was not part of his demeanor. with the CEO, removing Jobs from his command of the Macintosh group

Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi's Early Life: On November 19, way back in 1917, Allahabad welcomed the cries of a little baby girl. Her parents Jawarharlal Nehru and Kamala Nehru named her Indira Priyadharshini. She was affectionately called "Priyadharshini" by one and all in her household. Indira's babyhood was every little girls dream as she grew up in a very wealthy family where she had every little thing she wished and had her every need catered to. But things did not remain the same for long. When she was two years old Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi visited her house. He had long talks with her parents and before Indira could comprehend anything, things began to change in her home. Her parents gave up all the Western possessions they had enjoyed so long. One day, Indira's mother came to her and said "Priyadharshini, please give me your doll. I shall have to burn it". Little Indira asked, "Why do I have to my doll mama?" Her mother Kamala replied, "This is to show your support to Uncle Gandhi against the British rule. Your doll is a product of Britain my dear". "You can surely take her mama, said Indira and gave up her doll without the slightest grudge.' Such was Indira's exposure to freedom in that tender age of four. Indira's parents joined in the freedom struggle along with Gandhi and soon her quiet home became a center of the movement. Constant meetings were being held with a lot of freedom fighters rallying around the house most of the time. Political leaders were always staying at her house and no longer were the stately mansion a quiet place. Her parents Nehru and Kamala started to get thoroughly involved in the freedom movement and soon, little Indira were left all to herself. Her grandfather Motilal Nehru a great lawyer of those days stayed with her during her lonesome hours. But things got worse in the household when her beloved grandfather and her father were imprisoned for the first time for their activities in the freedom movement. This led little Indira through a bout of grief, which worsened when her mother was also imprisoned for her involvement in the freedom struggle. Indian customs in those days did not allow women to stand in the forefront and the breaking of this social custom by Kamala Nehru led to her frequent imprisonments. Little Indira soon became a silent observer of all the atrocities that took place against her mother and her family. Eventually as she grew up she hardened herself and declared, I will not to be hurt, as my mother had been, by Indian social customs that repressed women". She grew up as a solemn and intelligent child whose childhood games were related to the fight against Britain. Her games always reflected the freedom struggle India underwent and the involvement of her parents in the struggle against the British. But gradually her games grew serious as she started to involve herself in the freedom movement with her friends in a shrewd manner. During that time, many Indian National Congress workers from Allahabad did not know when the British would arrest them or search their homes. This was the main fear among the workers

and in order to find out when this would occur Little Indira called her friends and said "Lets help out our country" Thus she formed the Monkey Brigade. Imitating the Monkey army in the epic Indian story Ramayana, she and her friends took part in the struggle by writing and delivering notices, making flags, cooking food, and spying on the police. Indira became the leader of this children's group. When asked, she said, "Our purpose is to help end British control in India. We will do our best even if we are just children." Being its leader, she delivered speeches while other children actually warned the people who were going to be arrested. The Congress was fully aware of the Monkey Brigade movement led by Indira. One leader said, "Though she is just twelve years old her idea is ingenious. The British will never suspect children of participating with such involvement." Indira took her job very seriously. One of the most significant actions of the Monkey Brigade involved Indira when she was all by herself. The Congress party's top officials were organizing a civil disobedience movement. After the meeting, the documents containing the plans of the movement were placed in trunk of a car with Indira in the back seat. Before the car was ready to leave the area, a police inspector stopped the car in order to search it. However, Indira pleaded saying, "Please do not inspect the car. I will be delayed and I will arrive late at school." Fortunately, the inspector said, "Ok, you may go" He had believed her and the car was not searched. Indira triumphantly succeeded in delivering the documents intact. Indira spent her school days visiting jails where her parents or her favorite freedom fighters were imprisoned. While she was in school in Poona, she often visited Mohandas Gandhi in prison. According_to Indira, "Gandhi uncle is one person who played an important role in shaping me up". Not only did she visit Gandhi in the prison, she gave him her support in her child like manner by sitting on his bedside, as he recovered from one of his fasts. Though Indira was not involved directly in the freedom struggle, she came to know the entire Indian political leadership when she was a little girl itself. Nehru, Indira's father was in jail most of the time. But he was extremely concerned about the education of his only child. So in order to keep her well updated in general knowledge he told Indira, "Priyadharshini, I will write to you all about the history of the world in my letters. Read them and store them in your memory. That is all I can do as I am unable to sit beside you and teach". Thus began the long correspondence between the father and daughter, which lasted through Nehru's prison years. Meanwhile Indira passed her Metric from Pune University and was then sent on to Shantiniketan, formed by Rabindranath Tagore. Here she was made to lead a strict highly disciplined life. As time went by Indira's mother Kamala became ill and was sent to Switzerland to convalesce. Indira accompanied her mother to Switzerland where she Joined a school and completed a part

of her studies. But as time went by her mother became increasingly sick and when Indira turned 17, her world came apart when her mother passed away. By and by she got over the loss. She pursued her studies in Oxford University in London. Although she had vowed to remain single, she decided to marry Feroze Gandhi, a family friend of the Nehru's. He was a Parsee, a member of a small cultural group that had fled from Persia centuries earlier to escape Muslim persecution. Since the Nehru's were of the Brahmin or priestly class of India, Indira was criticized for her choice of a husband not only by her father but also from the public. Despite these protests the couple were married when Indira was 23 years old.After, her wedding Indira became increasingly active in the freedom movement. As a result of this, she was jailed for nine months. As soon as she was released she got herself involved thoroughly in politics. Due to this she could not spend much time with her husband and family. Soon after her imprisonment she gave birth to a baby boy. She named him Rajiv. When Rajiv was two years old, the family moved to Lucknow where her husband Feroze served as Managing Director of the National Herald. Before long Indira carried again and little Rajiv was joined by his baby brother Sanjay. Finally India achieved independence when Indira was 28 years old and Indira's father became the nation's first prime minister. Early Political Career: During the early 1950s, Indira served as an unofficial personal assistant to her father, then the prime minister. In 1955, she became a member of the Congress Party's working committee; within four years, she would be president of that body. Feroz Gandhi had a heart attack in 1958, while Indira and Nehru were in Bhutan on an official state visit. Indira returned home to take care of him. Feroz died in Delhi in 1960 after suffering a second heart attack. Indira's father also died in 1964, and was succeeded as prime minister by Lal Bahadur Shastri. Shastri appointed Indira Gandhi his minister of information and broadcasting; in addition, she was a member of the upper house of parliament, the Rajya Sabha. In 1966, Prime Minister Shastri died unexpectedly. Indira Gandhi was named the new Prime Minister as a compromise candidate. Politicians on both sides of a deepening divide within the Congress Party hoped to be able to control her. They had completely underestimated Nehru's daughter. Prime Minister Gandhi: By 1966, the Congress Party was in trouble. It was dividing into two separate factions; Indira Gandhi led the left-wing socialist faction. The 1967 election cycle was grim for the party - it lost almost 60 seats in the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha. Indira was able to keep the Prime Minister seat through a coalition with the Indian Communist and Socialist parties. In 1969, the Indian National Congress Party split in half for good. As prime minister, Indira made some popular moves. She authorized the development of anuclear weapons program in response to China's successful test at Lop Nur in 1967. (India would test its own bomb in 1974.) In order to counterbalance Pakistan's friendship with the

United States, and also perhaps due to mutual personal antipathy with US President Richard Nixon, she forged a closer relationship with the Soviet Union. In keeping with her socialist principles, Indira abolished the maharajas of India's various states, doing away with their privileges as well as their titles. She also nationalized the banks in July of 1969, as well as mines and oil companies. Under her stewardship, traditionally famine-prone India became a Green Revolution success story, actually exporting a surplus of wheat, rice and other crops by the early 1970s. In 1971, in response to a flood of refugees from East Pakistan, Indira began a war against Pakistan. The East Pakistani/Indian forces won the war, resulting in the formation of the nation of Bangladesh from what had been East Pakistan. Re-election, Trial and State of Emergency: In 1972, Indira Gandhi's party swept to victory in national parliamentary elections based on the defeat of Pakistan and the slogan of Garibi Hatao, or "Eradicate Poverty." Her opponent, Raj Narain of the Socialist Party, charged her with corruption and electoral malpractice. In June of 1975, the High Court in Allahabad ruled for Narain; Indira should have been stripped of her seat in Parliament and barred from elected office for six years. However, Indira Gandhi refused to step down from the prime ministership, despite wide-spread unrest following the verdict. Instead, she had the president declare a state of emergency in India. During the state of emergency, Indira initiated a series of authoritarian changes. She purged the national and state governments of her political opponents, arresting and jailing political activists. To control population growth, she instituted a policy of forced sterilization, under which impoverished men were subjected to involuntary vasectomies (often under appallingly unsanitary conditions). Indira's younger son Sanjay led a move to clear the slums around Delhi; hundreds of people were killed and thousands left homeless when their homes were destroyed. Downfall and Arrests: In a key miscalculation, Indira Gandhi called new elections in March, 1977. She may have begun to believe her own propaganda, deceiving herself into believing that the people of India loved her and approved of her actions during the years-long state of emergency. Her party was trounced at the polls by the Janata Party, which cast the election as a choice between democracy or dictatorship, and Indira left office. In October of 1977, Indira Gandhi was jailed briefly for official corruption. She would be arrested again in December of 1978 on the same charges. However, the Janata Party was struggling. A cobbled-together coalition of four previous opposition parties, it could not agree on a course for the country, and accomplished very little. Indira Emerges Once More: By 1980, the people of India had had enough of the ineffectual Janata Party. They reelected Indira Gandhi's Congress Party under the slogan of "stability." Indira took power again for her fourth term as prime minister. However, her triumph was dampened by the death of her son Sanjay, the heir apparent, in a plane crash in June of that year.

By 1982, rumblings of discontent and even outright secessionism were breaking out all over India. In Andhra Pradesh, on the central east coast, the Telangana region (comprising the inland 40%) wanted to break away from the rest of the state. Trouble also flared in the evervolatile Jammu and Kashmir region in the north. The most serious threat, though, came from Sikh secessionists in the Punjab, led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Operation Bluestar at the Golden Temple: During this period, Sikh extremists were waging a campaign of terror against Hindus and moderate Sikhs in the Punjab. Bhindranwale and his following of heavily armed militants holed up in the Akhal Takt, the second-most holy building after the Golden Temple itself. The leader himself was not calling for the creation of Khalistan; rather he demanded the implementation of the Anandpur Resolution, which called for the unification and purification of the Sikh community within India. Indira Gandhi decided to send the Indian Army on a frontal assault of the building to capture or kill Bhindranwale. She ordered the attack at the beginning of June, 1984, even though June 3rd was the most important Sikh holiday (honoring the martyrdom of the Golden Temple's founder), and the complex was full of innocent pilgrims. Interestingly, due to the heavy Sikh presence in the Indian Army, the commander of the attack force, Major General Kuldip Singh Brar, and many of the troops were also Sikhs. In preparation for the attack, all electricity and lines of communication to the Punjab were cut off. On June 3, the army surrounded the temple complex with military vehicles and tanks. In the early morning hours of June 5, they launched the attack. According to official Indian government numbers, 492 civilians were killed, including women and children, along with 83 Indian army personnel. Other estimates from hospital workers and eyewitnesses state that more than 2,000 civilians died in the bloodbath. Among those killed were Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and the other militants. To the further outrage of Sikhs world-wide, the Akhal Takt was badly damaged by shells and gunfire. Aftermath and Assassination of Indira Gandhi: In the aftermath of Operation Bluestar, a number of Sikh soldiers resigned from the Indian Army. In some areas, there were actual battles between those resigning and those still loyal to the army. On October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi walked out to the garden behind her official residence for an interview with a British journalist. As she passed two of her Sikh bodyguards, they drew their service weapons and opened fire. Beant Singh shot her three times with a pistol, while Satwant Singh fired thirty times with a self-loading rifle. Both men then calmly dropped their weapons and surrendered. Indira Gandhi died that afternoon after undergoing surgery. Beant Singh was shot dead while under arrest; Satwant Singh and alleged conspirator Kehar Singh were later hanged. When news of the Prime Minister's death was broadcast, mobs of Hindus across northern India went on a rampage. In the Anti-Sikh Riots, which lasted for four days, anywhere from 3,000 to 20,000 Sikhs were murdered, many of them burned alive.

The violence was particularly bad in Haryana state. Because the Indian government was slow to respond to the pogrom, support for the Sikh separatist Khalistan movement increased markedly in the months following the massacre.

Indira Gandhi's Legacy: India's Iron Lady left behind a complicated legacy. She was succeeded in the office of Prime Minister by her surviving son, Rajiv Gandhi. This dynastic succession is one of the negative aspects of her legacy - to this day, the Congress Party is so thoroughly identified with the Nehru/Gandhi family that it cannot avoid charges of nepotism. Indira Gandhi also instilled authoritarianism into India's political processes, warping the democracy to suit her need for power. On the other hand, Indira clearly loved her country, and did leave it in a stronger position relative to neighboring countries. She sought to improve the lives of India's poorest, and supported industrialization and technological development.

Leadership
Indira Gandhi assumed leadership of the Congress party and government shortly later Nehru died of a stroke. Her style of leadership rapidly confounded party members when she began unseating her rivals from positions of authority, showing little argument to tolerate dissent. Her intolerance for opposing viewpoints fractured the once-monolithic ruling party into competing factions, a split which never healed. Unlike Nehru, Indira Gandhi remained aloof from the Indian great deal. She defied prevailing customs by marrying outside her Hindu religion after studying history and anthropology at Oxford University. After having flouted one genial convention by marrying Parsi journalist, Feroze Gandhi.Indira's younger son, Sanjay, in addition showed an aura of rebellion against custom by marrying a Sikh. Her son, Rajiv, went a step further from tradition when he espouse Sonia Maino, a crook company executive's daughter he met in England. Not only was Indira Gandhi aloof from the citizenry, she also did not constituent the Fabian values of her father. The principle of equality in political life requires above all else a respect for the viewpoints of other individuals and a tolerance for ersatz schools of vox populi . Assuming people are more than or less equal, one person or group of people cannot claim an absolute monopoly on truth. But Indira Gandhi did precisely that. Although precise little of the Fabian school of thought could be found in her attitudes toward politics and religion, she nevertheless went along to advocate an economic program of populism that included land reforms, construction of rural housing, liquidation of rural indebtedness, abolition of bonded labor, expansion of thespian participation in industry, and the enhancement of employment opportunities for women. Klieman, Although Gandhi had usurped so much authority as to justifiably be labelled a tyrant, she did not cancel national elections-probably out of a firm belief that she would be reelected. To the bewilderment of most observers, however, Mrs. Gandhi and her Congress party were defeated in the 1977 elections, winning only 34.5% of the popular vote. But the price for democracy was very high. On the first day of the emergency decree, the government arrested more than 600 'dissidents'; by the end of the first week, more than 1,200 Indians had been arrested. The government tabu 26 different political organizations and clamped down severe censorship restrictions on the press. When the courts attempted to intervene on behalf of polished liberties, they were soundly rebuked.

Analysis
Indira Gandhi was a tyrannical leader. She did not tolerate dissent.Even though her priority was the well-being of the nation her means were not necessarily correct.She still receives criticism for the atrocities committed during emergency.She is also credited with maintaining good relations with other nations.She also pioneered the Green Revolution in India which led to selfsufficiency in food for India. Her ideas were radical , and she took her contemporaries and rivals by surprise with her measures and actions.She was voted to power initially as the people in the party thought they could easily manipulate her.She proved them wrong and stood strong against any opposition.Removing people who opposed her in any way. She has received criticism for the operation blue star in which more than 400 people died.Her Sikh bodyguards also killed her due to this very reason.But the fact remains that this step helped India to retain Punjab and to prevent it from becoming another Kashmir. Despite all she did she was a strong force in Indian politics and will always be remembered for her hard decisions and commitment to the people of India.She was the iron lady of Indian Politics.

Comparitive Analysis
What is common between all these leaders.What was in them that despite their tyrannical ways they still had support of the people?What is it that binds these four personalties. I would say commitent to a goal.Focus and determination.Their primary goal was clear in their mind and they were able to move people around them to achive that goal. The means was not important.They dint care a bout their reputaion among peers.All that mattered was whether the goal was met. Hitler aroused the masses with his speeches, Osama bin Laden understood the increasing dissent among people against USA and mobilized them , organized them to attack USA. Steve Jobs had a passion for creating amazing products.He was mercyless with people who did not meet his expectations.Indira Gandhi showed the promise of a developed , prosperous India to people. She had the power to get what she wanted by the right way or wrong way. Osama bin Laden and Steve Jobs were very choosy with the people they selected ensuring only the best and commited people are in their core group. Hitler and Indira Gandhi held power over the people.They were feared yet respected by the public. How are they different? Steve Jobs is the only non-political figure I have considered.Therefore he has not been involved in killing anyone. The other three at some point in their life have been involved with mass murder of civilians.Laden expected discipline and loyalty to the cause from his subordinates where as Jobs expected excellence.Indira Gandhi and Hitler usurped power.Where as Laden was naturally powerful due to his actions.There was no political institution from where he wanted to usurp power.For Jobs power did not matter as much as perfection.He just made sure the product was perfect. He din t care what he had to do for it.So he was not power hungry. All of them have ideologies that do not coincide that of a normal person.No one would ever call them politically correct.The source of these ideologies has been their environment and their inherent nature.In the individual analysis the source of these ideologies has been understood.

Symbolism of the background

Osama bin Laden: It shows the gun which is often found in his videos on the left.On the right Al-Queda is written Adolf Hitler: The background is the cover of his book Mein Kampf.On the left is the swastika symbol he used. Steve Jobs: The background is the texture that is used in the i-devices as background for many features.To the left is the iconic apple logo.I felt this coincided with Steve Jobs minimalist aesthetic sense.
Indira Gandhi: On the left is the postage stamp with which she was honoured

Final Conclusion
Despite all their diffent goals and means all these people had an impact on the society.Some of the things that bind them are Vision: They had a clear idea of what they wanted and what they expected from people.They did not muddle different agendas and ensured that the worked towards the result in focused way. No-nonsense attitude: If they did not get the expected standard of results they were mercyless with their subordinates Propoganda:All though not as expilicitly as Hitler all of them had some amount of propoganda which help built their image in the public eye.eg:Osama bin Ladens videos, Steve Jobs ads, Indira Gandhis rallies. Focus and determination:They did not let anybody influence them.They knew what they wanted and worked towards it with complete focused and determination.Anyone who opposed them was eliminated or duly punished for their impudence.

What I learnt
The best leaders are not always the best people.You can be a nice sweet person but without the abilty to shout at people and tell them when they are wrong you cannot be a good leader.The quality to deal with people effectively is not present in all people as many care more about maintaing good relations and their reputaion then telling someone they are wrong and scolding them.There are very few leaders who manage to do both effectively.I chose leaders with some dark qualities as I found it interesting to understand their nature and find out what influenced their decisions.